Foundation Level Research Articles

Novel Design Proposal for the Seismic Retrofit of Existing Buildings with Hybrid Steel Exoskeletons and Base Sliding Devices

Background: Existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures and brittle buildings are often exposed to seismic events that may have significant resistance and displacement demand compared to their actual capacity. Accordingly, an optimal retrofit intervention can ensure enhanced and safe structural performances for them. Among the techniques that have been addressed for the retrofit of existing RC frames, steel exoskeletons can notoriously improve the seismic performance of existing buildings due to their input stiffness, ductility and resistance. In this paper, the attention is focused on the interaction of steel exoskeletons with RC frames and the consequent details to achieve a more effective design of the retrofit intervention. Objective: Based on parametric calculations, a new hybrid design concept that takes advantage of traditional steel exoskeletons with additional base sliding devices (at the foundation level of the RC frame to retrofit) is addressed in this paper. Methods: As shown through SDOF and 2D-MDOF calculations, the definition of the optimal operational conditions (and thus mechanical configurations) for the so-assembled hybrid solution can maximize the potential of the retrofit intervention, with marked benefits in terms of ductility, resistance, and overall efficiency, ensuring very low damage in the existing building. Results: Given that the used base sliders are bidirectional, it is expected that the proposed solution could be efficiently extended to 3D structures, once the exoskeleton systems are optimally designed along the two principal directions of the hybrid structure to retrofit. Conclusion: The potential of the hybrid approach is shown based on parametric analyses. Furthermore, general design recommendations are proposed for the hybrid solution.

Numerical Study of the Seismic Response of an Instrumented Building with Underground Stories

Engineering practitioners do not usually include soil-structure interactions in building design; rather, it is common to model and design foundations as embedded joints with joint–based reactions. In some cases, foundation structures are modeled as rigid bodies, embedding the first story into lower vertical elements. Given that the effects of underground floors on the seismic response are not generally included in current building design provisions, it has been little explored in the literature. This work compares and analyzes models to study the effects of different underground stories modeling approaches using earthquake vibration data recorded for the 16–story Alcazar building office in downtown Viña del Mar (Chile). The modeling expands beyond an embedded first story structure to soil with equivalent springs, representing soil-structure interaction (SSI), with varying rigid soil homogeneity. The building was modeled in a finite element software considering only dead load as a static load case because the structure remained in the framing stage when the monitoring system was operating. The instruments registered 72 aftershocks from the 2010 Maule Earthquake, and this study focused on 11 aftershocks of different hypocenters and magnitudes to collect representative information. The comparisons between empirical records and models in this study showed a better fit between the model and the real vibration data for the models that do consider the SSI using horizontal springs attached to the retaining walls of the underground stories. In addition, it was observed that applying a stiffness reduction factor of 0.7 to all elements in deformation verification models for average-height buildings was suitable to analyze the behavior under small earthquakes; better results are obtained embedding the structure in the foundation level than embedding in the street level; the use of horizontal springs with Kuesel’s model with traction for the analysis of the structure yields appropriate results; it is necessary to carefully select the spring constants to be used, paying special attention to the vertical springs. Even though the results presented herein indicate that the use of vertical springs to simulate the SSI of the base slab can result in major differences concerning the real response, it is necessary to obtain more data from instrumentation across a wider variety of structures to continue to evaluate better design and modeling practices. Similarly, further analyses, including nonlinear time-history and high-intensity events, are needed to best regulate building design.

Fragility curves of non-ductile RC frame buildings on saturated soils including liquefaction effects and soil–structure interaction

Liquefaction constitutes the most common source of seismic damage to buildings resting on saturated soils. Soil-structure interaction (SSI) may also significantly affect the seismic response of structures, modifying their dynamic characteristics and the seismic response at the foundation level. Although progress has been made on the investigation of the influence of soil liquefaction and SSI on the structural response, studies combining both phenomena are very limited. To bridge this gap, we investigate the integrated influence of both liquefaction and SSI on the seismic response and vulnerability of low-code reinforced concrete (RC) moment resisting frame buildings. A two-storey non-ductile RC frame building is adopted as reference. The following numerical models are developed: (1) a fixed-base structure subjected to free-field (FF) motion neglecting liquefaction (and SSI); (2) a fixed-base structure subjected to FF motion allowing liquefaction; (3) a flexible-base structure (i.e. including SSI) resting on soil subjected to outcrop bedrock motion neglecting liquefaction; (4) a flexible-base structure resting on soil subjected to outcrop bedrock motion allowing liquefaction. Conducting nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis for the above-described configurations, we derive seismic fragility curves considering (or not) SSI and/or liquefaction effects for different damage limit states through statistical correlation of the calculated engineering demand parameter with appropriate intensity measures. We also generate vulnerability curves to quantify the expected structural losses. Results show the substantive role of liquefaction and SSI in altering the seismic fragility and vulnerability of non-ductile low-rise RC frame buildings.

Reimagining physiology education with interactive content developed in H5P

The amalgamation of educational technologies in higher education is widespread and has become essential for contemporary practice on a large scale. Foundational anatomy and physiology knowledge is integral to all courses in health education. To tackle the volume and complexity of the content taught at the foundation level, the incorporation of online tools embedded within curricula provides a unique opportunity to engage students through active learning strategies in a blended design (Means B, Toyama Y, Murphy R, Baki M. Teach Coll Rec 115: 1-47, 2013). This article reports on the use of H5P as a platform to foster self-paced and self-directed learning, critically outlining the developmental process involved in scaffolding activities to learning outcomes. The H5P activities were embedded within the online learning management system, which enabled tracking of student access to these resources. Students were asked to complete an online survey about their perspectives on the effectiveness of H5P activities. This work is part of a comprehensive study evaluating the blended design for delivery of first-year physiology subjects.

Implications of high-frequency decay parameter, “κ-kappa”, in the estimation of kinematic soil-structure interaction effects

In the present study, the difference between the peak seismic response measures recorded on building basements and those at nearby free-field conditions is studied by means of estimating the high-frequency spectral decay parameter, “κ” (known as “kappa”). Computation of “κ” is performed for selected accelerographic stations belonging to three strong motion networks, namely the Hellenic National Accelerographic Network (HNAN) in Greece, the Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data (CESMD) in California, USA and the Building Research Institute (BRI) in Japan. Parameter “κ” is computer according to Anderson and Hough (1984), while an automated signal energy-based procedure is developed to calculate the S-wave windows of each waveform, accounting for any errors. Site-specific restrictions on the upper frequency limit, f2, for the calculation of “κ” at the foundation level are imposed, based on the empirical transfer functions between foundation and free-field motions. Based on the above procedure, non-linear regression analyses are conducted to relate “κ”, as computed for free-field and foundation motions (κff, - κfnd), to magnitude Mw, source-to-site distance Repi and shear wave velocity VS30. Simulation of ground motions though the point-source stochastic method is accomplished, utilizing the regression expression to define “κ” and assess its effectiveness to predict the variation of intensity between free-field and foundation motions as a proxy for assessing soil-structure interaction effects. It is shown that the regression-based expressions, combined with stochastic simulations, consist a promising tool for correcting seismic motions recorded at a building foundation or basement levels and thus, for reliably predicting the corresponding intensity and characteristics of the actual “building-free” ground motions.

A randomized controlled trial of an app-delivered mindfulness program among university employees: effects on stress and work-related outcomes

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact on stress and work-related outcomes of an app-delivered mindfulness-based program (MBP; Headspace®) offered to employees in a UK higher education (HE) institution.Design/methodology/approachUsing a randomized waitlist control trial design, participants were randomly allocated to be offered a mindfulness-based program (MBP) immediately for 2 months or after a waiting list period of 2 months (WLC). Data were analyzed using Intention to Treat (ITT; MBP n = 62; WLC n = 63); with supplementary analysis restricting to those who completed all measures; (MBP n = 45; WLC n = 56) and then further restricting the MBP group to those who completed at least foundation level 1 of the app; (MBP n = 31; WLC n = 56).FindingsThe ITT analysis showed significant increases in several aspects of mindfulness and a significant reduction in perceived stress but no significant effects for work-related outcomes. Analysis restricted to MBP participants who completed the app foundation course showed a similar pattern but in addition showed significant increases in work-life balance and the emotional aspect of job engagement.Practical implicationsThe offer of the Headspace® app in the HE sector may result in reduced perceived stress. If improvements in work-related outcomes are also to be seen, then users need to be encouraged to complete a minimum level of practice.Originality/valueEffect size estimates for stress and work-related outcomes of an app-delivered MBP contribute to the evolving picture of MBPs in the workplace.

English

This paper examined library policy formulation and implementation as well as its implications in relation to school library services in Nigeria. The paper reviewed the concept of library and information science policy and school library services in today’s society as one that is required at every step of the way, highlighting that the progress of any nation depends on information generation, dissemination and use which is required early enough at the primary and secondary foundation levels of education. The paper reviewed the present situation of school libraries in the country and found that the school libraries were characterized with poor accommodation, unavailability of trained staff, inadequate relevant materials and apathy on the part of school administrators and government and posited that the situation of school libraries in the country is still unsatisfactory. This paper highlighted the importance of library and information science policy formulation and implementation to achieve a progressive education and development via the provision of access to and the availability of information and knowledge with speed and efficiency to all. The paper takes a position that formulating policy for school library services will lead to a massive infrastructural development in school library development. It will also enhance quality library service delivery and ensures that school libraries are managed by professionals. The paper was concluded with recommendations that government should set up a committee of experts made up of librarians, school managers and publishers to help in policy formulation and implementation for school library development in Nigeria. Key words: Policy, formulation, implementation, school library, services.

Direct Method for Generating Floor Response Spectra considering Soil–Structure Interaction

ABSTRACT A methodology is developed for generating floor response spectra (FRS) considering the effect of dynamic soil–structure interaction (SSI) based on the substructure technique and a recently-developed direct spectra-to-spectra method. Dynamic stiffness matrix of a three-dimensional structure with a rigid foundation subject to three translational and three rotational base excitations is derived, and is expressed in terms of the modal information of the structure. A transfer matrix, depending on the dynamic stiffness matrices of the structure-foundation system and generalized soil springs, is developed to modify the tri-directional response spectra at the foundation level of free-field (FIRS) in soil medium. The modified response spectra, called foundation level input response spectra (FLIRS), are used as the input to the fixed-base structure to generate FRS using the direct spectra-to-spectra method. Numerical examples of a reactor building and a service building in nuclear power plants demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. FRS with % and % Non-Exceedance Probability (NEP) given by the proposed method agree well with the FRS obtained from a large number of time history analyses. Furthermore, the effect of SSI on FRS is studied, the physical meaning, and the advantages of the proposed method are highlighted.

Causes and Consequences of Examination Malpractice among Senior Secondary School Students in Eti-Osa L.G.A. of Lagos State, Nigeria

This study investigated the causes and consequences of examination malpractice among senior secondary school students in Eti-Osa Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey research method was used for the study as was a simple random sampling technique to select 540 students from twenty selected secondary schools that supplied information to the questionnaire tagged Causes and Consequences of Examination Malpractice Questionnaire (CCEMQ). The instrument was validated by experts in the Department of Social Sciences Education of University of Ilorin. The reliability of the instrument was determined using test re-test method. A reliability coefficient of 0.74 was obtained. The instrument was analysed using percentages and t-test statistics were used to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that the major cause of examination malpractice was sexual harassment by teachers and the main consequence of examination malpractice was that it deprived innocent students’ the opportunity for admission. Findings also revealed that there was no significant difference in the causes of examination malpractice based on gender and age. Based on the results, the researcher recommended that sound educational policy should be put in place with the de-emphasis on the supremacy of certificates over skills and professional competence. There should be improvement in the delivery of instruction especially from the foundational level to the secondary level. Also, stakeholders should stop leap services to examination malpractice.

Identifying Causes of Urban Differential Subsidence in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta by Combining InSAR and Field Observations

The Mekong delta, like many deltas around the world, is subsiding at a relatively high rate, predominately due to natural compaction and groundwater overexploitation. Land subsidence influences many urbanized areas in the delta. Loading, differences in infrastructural foundation depths, land-use history, and subsurface heterogeneity cause a high spatial variability in subsidence rates. While overall subsidence of a city increases its exposure to flooding and reduces the ability to drain excess surface water, differential subsidence results in damage to buildings and above-ground and underground infrastructure. However, the exact contribution of different processes driving differential subsidence within cities in the Mekong delta has not been quantified yet. In this study we aim to identify and quantify drivers of processes causing differential subsidence within three major cities in the Vietnamese Mekong delta: Can Tho, Ca Mau and Long Xuyen. Satellite-based PS-InSAR (Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) vertical velocity datasets were used to identify structures that moved at vertical velocities different from their surroundings. The selected buildings were surveyed in the field to measure vertical offsets between their foundation and the surface level of their surroundings. Additionally, building specific information, such as construction year and piling depth, were collected to investigate the effect of piling depth and time since construction on differential vertical subsidence. Analysis of the PS-InSAR-based velocities from the individual buildings revealed that most buildings in this survey showed less vertical movement compared to their surroundings. Most of these buildings have a piled foundation, which seems to give them more stability. The difference in subsidence rate can be up to 30 mm/year, revealing the contribution of shallow compaction processes above the piled foundation level (up to 20 m depth). This way, piling depths can be used to quantify depth-dependent subsidence. Other local factors such as previous land use, loading of structures without a piled foundation and variation in piling depth, i.e., which subsurface layer the structures are founded on, are proposed as important factors determining urban differential subsidence. PS-InSAR data, in combination with field observations and site-specific information (e.g., piling depths, land use, loading), provides an excellent opportunity to study urban differential subsidence and quantify depth-dependent subsidence rates. Knowing the magnitude of differential subsidence in urban areas helps to differentiate between local and delta wide subsidence patterns in InSAR-based velocity data and to further improve estimates of future subsidence.

СВЯЗЬ ЭТИКИ АВТОНОМИИ И ЭТИКИ СООБЩЕСТВА С ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯМИ РОССИЯН О РОДИНЕ

Patriotism and attitude to the motherland attract much interest of researchers in the field of social sciences, although psychological foundations of these phenomena have not been sufficiently studied. On the basis of Moral Foundations Theory (by J. Haidt) we hypothesized that the characteristics of the moral sphere may be associated with some ideas about the motherland. In particular, binding moral foundations (including loyalty, authority and purity) which are more typical for conservatives should support positive patriotic ideas about the homeland. The low level of binding moral foundations can be related with a critical attitude towards the motherland, the presence of negative assessments of their country. This assump-tion is supported by the results of past studies of patriotism among individuals with different ideological views. The individualizing moral foundations dominating among liberals can be associated with a less global and narrower view of the motherland, which is linked with con-cepts of “family” and “home” rather than “society” or “country”. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between the individualizing and binding moral foundations with the content of ideas about the motherland. The important task of the study was to develop the Russian version of the moral foundations dictionary, which is necessary for analyzing the moral content of ideas about the motherland. To test the hypotheses we conducted a paper-pencil and online survey, obtained data included the answers on Moral Foundations Question-naire and textual answers characterizing the image of the motherland. The sample comprised 831 people (72% women) from 11 regions of Russia. Text responses were processed via com-puter content analysis in the LIWC program (by J. Pennebaker) using the moral foundations dictionary (all categories) and the general dictionary (10 categories most relevant to the prob-lem). To analyze the relations between the results of content analysis and MFQ questionnaire we calculated correlations of the individualizing and binding moral foundations with the presence or absence of each category in the participants’ responses. The results of the correlation analysis indicate that the individualizing moral foundations supports relatively narrow ideas about the motherland, associated with family and home, while people with a high level of binding moral foundations associate the motherland mostly with society and religion. Binding moral founda-tions support a positive image of the motherland, which is manifested in the more frequent use of positive assessments and avoidance of negative evaluations. Persons with a high level of binding moral foundations tend to ignore negative phenomena in the country, reflecting a violation of the individualizing moral norms (care and fairness). In particular, they less often mention violations of human rights and the poverty of the country's inhabitants. The necessary condition analysis revealed the effect of binding moral foundations as a necessary but insuffi-cient condition for maintaining a positive image of the motherland and the absence of negative ideas about it.

Perspectives of first-year Business Studies students on the Certificate of Information Literacy: a case study of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology

This paper presents the results of a survey on the perspectives of students and lecturers after students had attended a course on information literacy (IL) training. A student self-assessment survey aimed to explore what IL skills students are applying and how they feel about completing the IL course. A second survey gained feedback from lecturers to verify whether students had applied IL skills within their subjects after taking the IL course. The population studied was Business Studies students at first year and foundation level, drawing a sample from Communication and English courses. Findings indicate that lecturers have seen an improvement in the academic work of students after their IL training. Students perceived an improvement in their skills to evaluate sources – a skill most applied in their academic work. The value of the study lies in its focus on how students view their IL skills. The study finds that students see IL training as beneficial, not only in Communication and English, but in their other subjects as well. They also see the benefit it will have for all students at a university. Literature suggests that soliciting students’ perspectives on IL is under-researched. This case study adds to research in that area.

Voices on Diversity: Combating Racial Inequality to Increase Diversity

As part of our commitment to amplifying the voices of underrepresented scientists, we are publishing the insights and experiences of a panel of underrepresented scientists in a series of questions and answers. Here, they discuss ways that the scientific community can combat racial inequality and increase diversity. These are the personal opinions of the authors and may not reflect the views of their institutions.

后疫情时代全球可持续发展目标加速行动的推动

“SDGs加速行动”是国际组织、政府部门、私营机构和其他利益攸关方为加快落实2030年可持续发展议程采取的全球行动。2019年联合国可持续发展目标峰会后，政府、国际组织、私营部门等提出了214项SDGs加速行动。2019年爆发的新型冠状病毒肺炎（Corona Virus Disease 2019，COVID-19）对实现可持续发展目标带来了系列影响，后疫情时代如何推动全球SDGs加速行动的实施成为重要的问题。对可持续发展评估报告（2019）和可持续发展目标加速行动等政策文件进行信息提取，建立加速行动匹配性指数模型和各国应对新冠疫情的恢复力指数模型，根据匹配性-恢复力分类体系将各国按照17项可持续发展目标分为9类，为推动后疫情时代全球可持续发展目标加速行动提供支撑。研究发现：（1）现有可持续发展目标加速行动的实施与区域需求不匹配，且这种不匹配的情况在COVID-19爆发前已经出现；（2）加速行动的实施受限于现有可持续发展水平和国家经济基础，区域关注的可持续发展目标与其自然地理位置和社会发展水平有着密切的关系，多边组织机构和其他利益攸关方需要在发展中国家大力推动可持续发展加速行动；（3）下一步实施加速行动需要加强国际间的合作，根据分类框架和可持续发展目标的关联关系，分重点推进加速行动的实施，完善可持续发展指标监测体系，分类设立后疫情时代不同时期的阶段目标，分阶段循序渐进，定期反馈追踪，以在2030年促进17项可持续目标的实现。;SDGs Accelerated Actions are a series of global actions taken by international organizations, government departments, private institutions, and other stakeholders to accelerate the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. After the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Summit in 2019, a total of 214 SDGs Accelerated Actions were put forward by various stakeholders. The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in 2019 has a series of impacts on the achievement of the SDGs. How to implement SDGs Acceleration Actions in the post-epidemic era has become an important issue. This paper extracts information from the Sustainable Development Report 2019 and the SDGs Accelerated Action policy, and establishes a matching index model and resilience index model to explore the matching of SDGs Accelerated Action and the ability of countries to recover from COVID-19. According to the matching-resilience classification system, countries are divided into 9 categories to provide support for implementing SDGs Acceleration Actions in the post-epidemic era. The study found that:(1) the currently implemented SDGs Acceleration Actions did not match the regional needs, and the mismatch occurred before the COVID-19. (2) The implementation of SDGs Acceleration Actions was limited by the current level of sustainable development and economic foundation, and the sustainable development goals of regional concern were closely related to its natural geographical location and development level. Multilateral organizations and other stakeholders need to vigorously promote SDGs Acceleration Actions in the developing countries. (3) The focus of the SDGs Acceleration Actions in the next step was to strengthen international cooperation, promote the implementation of accelerated actions based on the classification framework and the nexus relationship of SDGs, improve the sustainable development indicator monitoring system, establish stage goals of different types countries for different periods in the post-epidemic era, and regular feedback and track to promote the realization of SDG1-17 in 2030.

Understanding the Relationship Between Students’ Mathematics Anxiety Levels and Mathematics Performances at the Foundation Level

For many students, mathematics is regarded as a challenging subject to learn and master in class. One of the significant factors contributing to the students’ difficulties in learning mathematics is caused by a phenomenon called mathematics anxiety. Mathematics anxiety is a feeling of unease and anxiety toward mathematics and it can be different from person-to-person. Understanding the effects of mathematics anxiety levels on students’ mathematics performances in class can be the key to help students’ mastery of mathematics. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between mathematics anxiety levels and students’ mathematics performances at the foundation level. A sample of 545 students from a local foundation centre was chosen for this study. Data collection via questionnaire was used where quantitative data were analysed using correlation, t-test, and descriptive analyses. The results showed that there was a weak positive correlation between students’ anxiety levels and the students’ mathematics performance in their final examination. Recommendations and future potential for this study were further discussed in this paper.

Learning and Engagement in the Flipped Classroom of Analytical Mathematics

Learning techniques have changed over time in order to try and improve student engagement across different subjects in higher education. Mathematics has dominantly adhered to certain learning methods that use a more conventional approach. Interactive and active learning in Mathematics tend to be more common in further education yet, university level Mathematics is more complex, heavy in content and poses more difficulty in applying active learning approaches as a passive approach of traditional lectures has always been applied. The issues of learning problems in mathematics is ignored and the lack of metacognitive awareness of mathematical thinking and problem-solving skills seem to persist despite differences amongst educators on an effective learning methodology.
 Following the reform movement in mathematics education in the mid 1980’s, resulting from the dissatisfaction of conventional approaches, recommending the restructuring of mathematical delivery marked the need for modifications in teaching methodology. Employing multiple models to deliver lessons may implement the changes needed to drive student engagement and satisfaction to improve the experience in learning mathematics. In order for these methods to become applicable and effective in students’ experiences in mathematical education, educators need to be encouraged to present active learning techniques so that students can begin to facilitate their own learning which can be done through introducing approaches specific to the individual such as student-centred approaches.
 This paper evaluates the techniques used by mathematicians to deliver lessons and how it reflects on learning and engagement of students in comparison to the flipped classroom approach which inverts the common traditional lecture style used in classrooms. The flipped classroom model in this study is adopted to a topic from the university foundation level module, Analytical Mathematics, whereby results from the quantitative analysis undertaken show a decrease in the success of students’ performance suggesting a lesser impact on improved learning. With regards to engagement, observations from the qualitative analysis of the study highlight positive aspects of the flipped classroom model, specifically an optimistic engagement amongst peers.

Theoretical Practice and the Foundational Level of Macroeconomic Analysis: Reflections on the Work of Fernando Cardim de Carvalho

ABSTRACT This paper celebrates the contributions to Keynesian theory of the late Brazilian economist Fernando Cardim de Carvalho (1953–2018). We use Carvalho’s 12 refereed English-language papers on Keynesian theory — the first published in 1983, the last in 2016 — as a point of departure for reflecting on two questions confronting macroeconomists today. First, what is the work of the economist — in what does economic analysis consist? Second, in this post-crisis era, how might macroeconomics — and specifically Keynesian macroeconomics — be rebuilt? Carvalho’s writings show that the work of the economist can be as much about understanding the raw elements of human behavior in the real world — what we will call the foundational level of analysis — as about constructing models depicting the momentum of economic systems incorporating these behaviors. Adopting this approach to the practice of theory leads to insights and frameworks that would be lost if macroeconomic theorizing were equated with formal model building: it will enrich exchanges among economists, deepen the conceptual roots of Post Keynesian macroeconomics, and facilitate interdisciplinary exchange.

Creating the Financial Future of Integration in Primary Care: State and National Innovations

The primary care system is a fertile ground for professionals to be trained to promote positive health behaviors. However, most primary care systems that integrate physical and behavioral health struggle with financial start-up and sustainability. The growth and development of mechanisms for supporting grass roots integration highlight the creativity and sheer will of communities, states, and healthcare systems to innovate their way to health. And now, for the first time, national-level funding initiatives have begun to support integration. This article highlights funding mechanisms at the state, foundation, payor, and federal levels that have been used to champion innovation. It provides a historical and future-oriented primer of the various mechanisms for initiating and advancing integration in primary care settings.

Redistribution and Rekognition

Computer scientists, and artificial intelligence researchers in particular, have a predisposition for adopting precise, fixed definitions to serve as classifiers (Agre, 1997; Broussard, 2018). But classification is an enactment of power; it orders human interaction in ways that produce advantage or suffering (Bowker & Star, 1999). In so doing, it obscures the messiness of human life, masking the work of the people involved in training machine learning systems, and hiding the uneven distribution of its impacts on communities (Taylor, 2018; Gray, 2019; Roberts, 2019). Feminist scholars, and particularly feminist scholars of color, have made powerful critiques of the ways in which artificial intelligence systems formalize, classify, and amplify historical forms of discrimination and act to reify and amplify existing forms of social inequality (Eubanks, 2017; Benjamin, 2019; Noble, 2018). In response, the machine learning community has begun to address claims of algorithmic bias under the rubric of fairness, accountability, and transparency. But in doing so, it has largely dealt with these issues in familiar terms, using statistical methods aimed at achieving parity and deploying fairness ‘toolkits’. Yet actually existing inequality is reflected and amplified in algorithmic systems in ways that exceed the capacity of statistical methods alone. This article outlines a feminist critique of extant methods of dealing with algorithmic discrimination. I outline the ways in which gender discrimination and erasure are built into the field of AI at a foundational level; the product of a community that largely represents a small, privileged, and male segment of the global population (Author, 2019). In so doing, I illustrate how a situated mode of inquiry enables us to more closely examine a feedback loop between discriminatory workplaces and discriminatory systems.

Progress of Marine Ranching Technologies in China

China’s offshore habitats are seriously degraded, leading to continuous decrease in fishery resources. Marine ranching, which can not only conserve diverse fishery resources, but also restore the ecological environment, play an important role in the harmonious development of China’s marine fishery resources and offshore ecosystems. In this study, the definition and methods of the major technologies for the construction of marine ranching were introduced, their application in various sea areas were reviewed, and combined with the development stage of marine pasture in China, the problems faced by marine pasture in research foundation, scientific and technological level and supporting development in China were expounded. The development trend and research direction of marine pasture technology in China are prospected. Suggestions for the improvement of marine-ranching technologies in the future were proposed also.