Foster Mothers Research Articles

Local Government Policy on Handling Stunting in Mandailing Natal Regency

Stunting is an issue that requires serious attention from the Central Government to the Regional Governments, particularly the Regional Government of Mandailing Natal Regency. This is because Mandailing Natal Regency is one of the regions in North Sumatra with a high stunting rate, reaching 47.7% in 2021, placing Mandailing Natal at the top rank in North Sumatra for stunting cases, according to the Indonesian Nutrition Status Study (SSGI). In 2022, Mandailing Natal dropped to third place with a stunting rate of 34.2%. However, this figure is still far from the national target set for Mandailing Natal, which is 14% by 2024. This study aims to analyze the policies of the Mandailing Natal Regional Government to reduce the stunting rate to 14% by 2024 and examine the various challenges faced. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive analysis. Data collection techniques include interviews, observation, and documentation. The informants for this study included officials from the Mandailing Natal Health Office, Family Planning Office, village heads, and village assistants. The study found that the Mandailing Natal Government has implemented cross-sectoral policies, specific interventions, and the "Foster Father" program to reduce stunting. Success depends on policy continuity, program optimization, and increasing public awareness. The main challenges are limited funding, poor sanitation, and cultural barriers.

Exploring the Long-Term Effects of the IB Curriculum on Students' Academic Achievement: A case study of International Maarif Schools Erbil

This study examines International MaarifSchool Erbil pupils' long-term academic performance under the International Baccalaureate (IB) curriculum. The study examines the IB's PYP, MYP, and DP. Examine how these IB curriculum elements affect students' academic performance over time. The quantitative study used 89 international instructors from International MaarifSchools in Erbil. The independent variable, IB Curriculum, has three dimensions (PYP, MYP, and DP), while the dependent variable, Students' Academic Attainment, is collected online. The study demonstrates positive relationships between the IB curriculum dimensions (PYP, MYP, and DP) and students' academic achievement through correlation and regression analysis. Results show that the IB program helps students succeed academically. The report also emphasizes excellent implementation and ongoing professional development for teachers to successfully administer the IB curriculum. The study sheds light on how the IB curriculum affects student performance. The findings confirm International MaarifSchools Erbil's IB curriculum and emphasize teacher training and parental involvement. The report also proposes evaluating and improving curriculum delivery and assessment techniques. This study shows that the IB curriculum improves students' academic performance and lays the groundwork for future research on its long-term benefits. These findings can help schools improve their curriculum and foster kids' holistic development.

Intrinsic timing of brood care in shell-dwelling cichlids.

Brood care relies on interactions between parents and offspring. Emergence of nestlings from their nest has been hypothesized to rely on the readout by the parent of the maturational state of the young. Theoretical considerations predict a conflict: parents should push for early emergence, if possible, to reduce care demands and maximize the number of reproductive cycles, whereas offspring should delay leaving to maximize resource allocation and protection by the parents. We tested this prediction in Lamprologus ocellatus, a shell-dwelling cichlid from Lake Tanganyika. We developed a laboratory paradigm to investigate the factors influencing emergence from the shell and found that mothers ensure their young stay inside the nest until 9days after egg laying. Emergence coincides with an inversion of larval phototactic tendency from dark-seeking to light-seeking behavior on day 9. When we experimentally created a timing conflict by introducing older larvae to a foster mother, the mother resisted the (subjectively) premature emergence of her adopted fry. Removing the mother did not alter the larval intrinsic schedule, provided fresh water was supplied inside the shell. These findings suggest that, in L.ocellatus brood care, maternal and offspring behavior is normally synchronized by independent timing mechanisms. Our findings highlight the intricate coordination of parental and offspring behavior, offering insights into the evolutionary pressures shaping brood care in cichlids and challenging the traditional view of parent-offspring conflict over emergence timing.

Fostering Children's Dispositional Autonomy and AI Understanding through Co-Designing AI systems: A Learning Science Perspective

Co-designing AI systems with children to foster their autonomy has gained traction in the child-computer interaction community. However, the prerequisites for co-designing with a focus on fostering children's dispositional autonomy, their intentional inclination to determine their own actions, and their understanding of AI, have not been thoroughly examined. This study contributes to child-centered co-design research methodologies from the perspective of learning science, aiming to enhance children's dispositional autonomy and AI understanding. A 14-week curriculum based on the Learning by Design (LBD) framework was developed, incorporating activities that require co-designing AI systems with students. 116 middle school students, organized into 24 groups, engaged with the curriculum. Through the analysis of pre-and post-questionnaires, storytelling drawings, and co-design worksheets, we assessed how the LBD curriculum influenced students’ dispositional autonomy and how students’ understandings, (perceptions and demands) of AI systems changed during this process. Our findings indicate that the LBD curriculum significantly impacted students’ dispositional autonomy in two of the three dimensions that were assessed (authorship/congruence and interest-taking), and students transitioned from passive users to active engagers of AI. Based on students’ designs, we further propose designing AI systems with children-in-the-loop approaches. `We provide a conceptual framework for categorizing the types of external prompts and nudges used by AI systems. This framework aims to foster children's dispositional autonomy and enhance their understanding of AI by facilitating self-regulation in their interactions with these systems.

Parental Warmth of Non-Offending Primary Caregiving Fathers Rearing Children in the U.S. Child Welfare System: Associations with Children’s Socioemotional Development

SYNOPSIS Objective. Fathers who are impacted by the child welfare system are often examined through a deficit lens. This cross-sectional study aims to assess paternal warmth as a positive dimension of non-offending, primary caregiving men’s fathering and examine the links between paternal warmth and children’s socioemotional development among families impacted by the U.S. child welfare system. Design. Data came from a subsample (N = 192) included in the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being-Second Cohort. Primary caregiving fathers were from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds, with biological fathers making up the largest group followed by foster fathers and grandfathers. Children’s internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and social competence were regressed on paternal warmth assessed using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment-Short Form. Results. Paternal warmth did not differ by father type. Greater paternal warmth was associated with lower levels of children’s externalizing symptoms and higher levels of children’s social competence. Conclusions. Non-offending, primary caregiving fathers engage in positive fathering—in the form of paternal warmth—despite the multiple disadvantages they face, and such fathering is associated with beneficial socioemotional outcomes for their children. Family and child welfare practitioners should provide father-inclusive services to support fathering, especially within the often complex system of child welfare.

IgA facilitates the persistence of the mucosal pathogen Helicobacter pylori

IgA antibodies have an important role in clearing mucosal pathogens. In this study, we have examined the contribution of IgA to the immune control of the gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens Helicobacter pylori and Citrobacter rodentium. Both bacteria trigger a strong local IgA response that results in bacterial IgA coating in mice and in gastritis patients. Class switching to IgA depends on Peyer’s patches, T-cells, eosinophils, and eosinophil-derived TGF-β in both models. In the case of H. pylori, IgA secretion and bacterial coating also depend on a functional bacterial type IV secretion system, which drives the generation of Th17 cells and the IL-17-dependent expression of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor PIGR. IgA−/− mice are hypercolonized with C. rodentium in all examined tissues, suffer from more severe weight loss and develop more colitis. In contrast, H. pylori is controlled more efficiently in IgA−/− mice than their WT counterparts. The effects of IgA deficiency of the offspring can be compensated by maternal IgA delivered by WT foster mothers. We attribute the improved immune control observed in IgA−/− mice to IgA-mediated protection from complement killing, as H. pylori colonization is restored to wild type levels in a composite strain lacking both IgA and the central complement component C3. IgA antibodies can thus have protective or detrimental activities depending on the infectious agent.

Психологическое благополучие и жизнестойкость замещающих матерей

<p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">This article analyzes the relationship between psychological well-being and resilience in the context of attitudes toward adopted children among foster mothers. The hypothesis suggests that a mother’s active participation in upbringing promotes democratic relationships with the child and creative approaches to problem-solving, and that her psychological well-being depends on an optimistic attitude and willingness to cooperate with the child. The respondents were 48 foster mothers, raising between 1 and 7 adopted children. The average age of the substitute mothers was 40 ± 6 years. To test the hypothesis, the following methods were used: the “Resilience Test” by S. Maddi, the “Psychological Well-Being Scale” by K. Ryff, the “Parental Attitude Diagnostics” questionnaire by A.Ya. Varga and V.V. Stolin, and the “Personal change-readiness survey” in the adaptation by N.A. Bazhanova, G.L. Bardier. The study confirmed the hypothesis and identified a connection between psychological well-being and resilience in substitute mothers. It was also established that the well-being and ability of a substitute mother to withstand social pressure depend on her ability to cope with stress, her readiness for self-realization, and her ability to achieve goals. A high level of psychological well-being contributes to the enjoyment of raising an adopted child.</span></p>

Специфика родительской идентичности замещающих матерей

<p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">The article presents the results of a master’s study of the specifics of the parental identity of substitute mothers with teenage children. Parental attitudes, the degree of acceptance of the parental role, the ratio of ideas about the ideal mother and about oneself as a mother, the stage of personal identity were considered as components of their parental identity. It is proved that the identity of foster mothers has its own specifics, which is expressed in inconsistency, insufficient acceptance of the parental position, attitudes towards an overprotective parenting style of foster children, insufficient attention to the emotional side of the relationship with the child, with higher assessments of their parental competencies compared to biological mothers. The study involved 60 mothers, 30 of whom raised their own children and 30 adopted ones.</span></p>

Behavioral addictions and psychosis

M.K* is a 27-year-old, single, unemployed male that was driven to the Emergency Department by his foster father, four weeks ago with first episode of psychiatric symptoms of tactile hallucinations, auditory hallucinations of male and female voices making inappropriate sexual comments about him, persecutory delusions and delusions of control for the past five days. M.K is a daily cannabis user of 0.5-1g use for the past 2 years and has 5.5 pack year smoking history. M.K also reports having a pornography and masturbation addiction for 2 years with marked intrusive thoughts of sexual nature the past week. M.K has no medical or psychiatric history. Recent stressor was moving out of foster father’s house 8 days ago. The symptoms led to significant impact at work which he has quit since then. On presentation, M. K showed partial insight into his third person running commentary hallucinations but believed adamantly that he was being watched, followed and controlled. He reported hearing his female neighbour stating that he has sexual interest in animals and later heard his manager making pedophilic allegations on him. M.K was so distressed, he quit work and isolated himself in his room. He reported poor concentration and lack of appetite for the past week. M.K describes his baseline mood to have “always been not the greatest” and denied anhedonia, fatigue, or sleep changes. He denied thoughts of self- harm, harm to others or suicidal ideation. Four weeks following inpatient, referral to HBCT and cannabis abstinence has shown improvement in psychiatric symptoms with absence of hallucinations, however, there has been increased symptoms of anxiety with “panic attacks”. M.K’s biological mother is reported to have history of substance misuse and sister with depressive symptoms. He continues to withdraw from society with increased time spent indoors gaming and shows emotional dependence on foster father.

Parenting stress, dyadic coping and endocrine markers of stress and resilience in foster and biological mothers.

Foster parents have been shown to report higher levels of parenting stress but also more dyadic coping (DC) behaviors in their partnership than biological parents, which might be an important protective factor that helps them cope with daily stressors. Here, we examined how parenting stress and DC are related in foster and biological parents and whether these are reflected in long-term alterations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity. A total of 79 foster mothers and 131 biological mothers participated in a longitudinal study. At the initial assessment, children were aged 2-7 years and lived for an average of 18 months in their current foster family. Mothers' cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentrations and their cortisol/DHEA ratios were assessed in scalp hair twice with approximately 11 months in between, while their perceived parenting stress and DC were measured by self-report questionnaires. Results showed no significant differences between foster mothers and biological mothers in cortisol, DHEA and cortisol/DHEA concentrations. While more DC was longitudinally related to lower levels of parenting stress across both study groups, no significant associations were found to endocrine markers. Thus, these findings indicate that increased parenting stress levels were not, or not strongly, reflected in HPA axis alterations as assessed in hair. Our findings thus add evidence for non-significant associations between self-reported perceived stress and chronic HPA axis markers. Future studies may explore whether early interventions, including those aimed at promoting and maintaining positive DC, are beneficial in preventing the development of stress-related illnesses in foster parents.

Experimental Evolution of a Mammalian Holobiont? Genetic and Maternal Effects on the Cecal Microbiome in Bank Voles Selectively Bred for Herbivorous Capability.

AbstractMammalian herbivory represents a complex adaptation requiring evolutionary changes across all levels of biological organization, from molecules to morphology to behavior. Explaining the evolution of such complex traits represents a major challenge in biology, as it is simultaneously muddled and enlightened by a growing awareness of the crucial role of symbiotic associations in shaping organismal adaptations. The concept of hologenomic evolution includes the partnered unit of the holobiont, the host with its microbiome, as a selection unit that may undergo adaptation. Here, we test some of the assumptions underlying the concept of hologenomic evolution using a unique experimental evolution model: lines of the bank vole (Myodes [=Clethrionomys] glareolus) selected for increased ability to cope with a low-quality herbivorous diet and unselected control lines. Results from a complex nature-nurture design, in which we combined cross-fostering between the selected and control lines with dietary treatment, showed that the herbivorous voles harbored a cecal microbiome with altered membership and structure and changed abundances of several phyla and genera regardless of the origin of their foster mothers. Although the differences were small, they were statistically significant and partially robust to changes in diet and housing conditions. Microbial characteristics also correlated with selection-related traits at the level of individual variation. Thus, the results support the hypothesis that selection on a host performance trait leads to genetic changes in the host that promote the maintenance of a beneficial microbiome. Such a result is consistent with some of the assumptions underlying the concept of hologenomic evolution.

Pemaknaan Nilai Perjuangan dan Kasih Sayang Ibu Asuh dalam Film Air Mata Di Ujung Sajadah

Some Indonesians think that the care of a child by a foster mother will not be as good as when raised by a biological mother. Through this movie, Key Mangunsong as the director of this movie wants to convey the meaning of family, especially mothers, in caring for educating children. The purpose of this research is to find out how the representation of the meaning of the struggle for love of a foster mother in the movie air mata di ujung sajadah. This research uses a qualitative method using the Roland Barthes semiotic approach and focuses on the character Yumna as a subject who becomes a foster mother by looking at aspects of denotation, connotation, and myth. There are 9 scenes in this study which are the material for data analysis. In addition, data collection was carried out by means of observation, document study, and literature study. The results of this study show that foster mothers can educate their foster children by giving abundant love to their children.

The role of single parent in developing children’s self-awareness; A case study in the Islamic region, Aceh

This research aims to analyze the steps single parents take in fostering the self-awareness of 5-year-old children and describe their attitudes. Using a case study approach, this qualitative research involved two single parents and two children aged 5 years as research subjects. Based on interviews and observations, single parents foster children's self-awareness through several steps: recognizing one's own emotions and the emotions of others, managing one's emotions, motivating oneself, being a role model, and building social relationships. As a result, children's self-awareness manifests in self-confidence, independence in choosing activities, emotional control, understanding of rules, discipline, persistence, and pride in their work. The development of self-awareness in 5-year-old children is closely related to the steps implemented by single parents, with being a role model being the most effective method in fostering children's self-awareness.

Temporary Custody in Care Centres. Report from a Study in the Silesian Voivodeship

One of the most important assumptions about the operation of the contemporary foster care system is that caring for a child deprived of proper living conditions in their own family is temporary. The aim of a child’s stay in foster care is to rebuild the stability of the family and restore it to the child or—should that emerge as impossible—to regulate the child’s legal status and initiate the adoption procedure.The research objective is to determine to what extent care centres fulfil the assumptions of foster care temporariness and define mutual relations between variables significant for the fulfilment of this assumption. It also aims to determine differences between towns with district rights and country districts concerning the indicators of foster care temporariness. The study was conducted based on financial and material reports on the performance of tasks in the field of family support and the system of foster care in the province of Silesia. The study results show that, on average, family reintegration occurs in the instance of one in nine children placed in institutional foster care. At the same time, the adoption rate is depicted by a downward trend. Another phenomenon of concern is that an increasing proportion of children leaving institutional foster care are those who become independent. This means that the temporariness of institutional foster care is decreasing. Research also demonstrated that the indicators of deinstitutionalisation and intensity of foster care do not have a statistically significant impact on fulfilling the temporariness assumption at care institutions. The type of county, on the other hand, has a statistically significant effect on the fulfilment of adoption tasks.

Deinstitutionalisation of foster care in Poland. Experiences of selected foster care organisers in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship

Placing a child in foster care is a last resort and should take place after all possible forms of support and assistance have been exhausted. However, if a child is placed under the care and upbringing of foster care, it is necessary to create conditions as close as possible to those of a family. Since 2000, the Polish foster care system has been subject to the process of deinstitutionalisation. The organisers of foster care were obliged to take actions aimed at reducing the importance of the foster care system in the full childcare system, a smooth transition to a system where full community-level childcare is provided. The aim of the article is to present the foster care system and directions of changes in foster care in quantitative terms and to evaluate the organisation of foster care in the context of the process of its deinstitutionalisation. The conclusions were based on statistical data analysis on the foster care system, which constituted the background for discussions by organisers of foster care in selected poviats of the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship. The system of foster care in Poland is based on family foster care. Reducing the number of institutional foster care facilities is possible, but in the current system, it is only likely to partially eliminate them. The most significant identified challenge of the foster care system is the dropping number of foster families. Additionally, the deinstitutionalisation of foster care requires, above all, measures to increase the effectiveness of the support system and upbringing of the child and natural family in the local environment.

Fructooligosaccharides Intake during Pregnancy Improves Metabolic Phenotype of Offspring in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

Obesity and metabolic diseases are closely associated, and individuals who become obese are also prone to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Gut microbiota is mediated by diet and can influence host metabolism and the incidence of metabolic disorders. Recent studies have suggested that improving gut microbiota through a fructooligosaccharide (FOS)-supplemented diet may ameliorate obesity and other metabolic disorders. Although accumulating evidence supports the notion of the developmental origins of health and disease, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. ICR mice are fed AIN-93G formula-based cellulose -, FOS-, acetate-, or propionate-supplemented diets during pregnancy. Offspring are reared by conventional ICR foster mothers for 4 weeks; weaned mice are fed high fat diet for 12 weeks and housed individually. The FOS and propionate offspring contribute to suppressing obesity and improving glucose intolerance. Gut microbial compositions in FOS-fed mothers and their offspring are markedly changed. However, the beneficial effect of FOS diet on the offspring is abolished when antibiotics are administered to pregnant mice. The findings highlight the link between the maternal gut environment and the developmental origin of metabolic syndrome in offspring. These results open novel research avenues into preemptive therapies for metabolic disorders by targeting the maternal gut microbiota.

Tradisi Pengangkonan dalam Pra Perkawinan Adat Lampung dan Relevansinya dengan Pengangkatan Anak dalam Hukum Nasional

Background. In the past, Lampung people were only familiar with single-tribe marriages, that is, a person with Lampung tribe only married a partner with Lampung tribe. But over time inter-ethnic marriages began to be carried out frequently, one example is the Lampung tribe marrying a Javanese tribe, as is the case with inter-ethnic marriages in Tiuh Balak Village, Baradatu Way Kanan. This does not prevent the marriage from happening because of the seangkonan (child adoption) custom, Pengangkonan must be done if Lampung people want to marry people of different tribes or different Buay (Descendants). Aim. The problem in this research is how the tradition of Pengangkonan in the pre-marriage of Lampung customary tribe in Tiuh Balak Village Baradau Way Kanan and how the relevance of Pengangkonan to the adoption of children in national law. So that this research aims to find out how the tradition of Pengankonan in pre-marriage Lampung customs in Kampung Tiuh Balak Baradatu Way Kanan and how the relevance of Pengankonan to the appointment of children in national law. Methods. This research is a type of field research. The approach used is a qualitative approach with a descriptive nature, namely research that aims to describe the pre-wedding pengangkonan of Lampung customs and its relevance to adoption in national law in Kampung Tiuh Balak Baradatu Way Kanan. Results. Based on the research that has been conducted, the tradition of pengangkonan in pre-marriage Lampung customs in Tiuh Balak Baradatu Way Kanan Village has been running in accordance with the provisions of Lampung customs prevailing in the community, where when there is a person who is native to Lampung pepadun who wants to marry someone outside the Lampung pepadun tribe, then a foster father must be found first specifically for a person who is not native to the Lampung pepadun tribe. And this anchoring is done before the marriage or pre-marriage. Furthermore, pengangkonan in the pre-marriage of Lampung customary tribe in Kampung Tiuh Balak Baradatu Way Kanan is also relevant or in accordance with the appointment of children in national law, because pengangkonan of children in Lampung customary pre-marriage has the same purpose as the purpose of adopting children in national law, namely for the best interests of the child and is carried out based on local customs

ISLAMIC THERAPEUTIC COMMUNICATION IN TRAUMA RECOVERY OF VICTIMS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AT THE TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION UNIT OF THE ACEH WOMEN AND CHILDREN PROTECTION AREA (UPTD PPA)

<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="388"><p class="TableParagraph"><strong><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Abstract </span></em></strong><strong><em></em></strong></p></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="388"><p class="TableParagraph"><em>This research aims to find out how Islamic therapeutic communication is implemented in recovering from trauma from victims of sexual violence at the Regional Technical Implementation Unit for the Protection of Women and Children (UPTD PPA). This paper uses the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) approach. This research uses qualitative methods with descriptive data analysis. Data was obtained through interviews, document study, and observation. The research informants were the Head of the UPTD PPA, Head of the Administration Subdivision, Head of the Case Follow-up Section, Head of the Reception and Clarification Section, Clinical and Forensic Psychologists, Psychological and Legal Counselors, Social Welfare Workers and Foster Mothers. The research results show the implementation of Islamic therapeutic communication in three stages: 1) Islamic Therapeutic Communication in the Orientation or Introduction Phase, 2) Therapeutic Communication in the Working Phase, and 3) Islamic Therapeutic Communication in the Termination Phase which is carried out by service officers at UPTD PPA with good speech, an attitude full of gentleness, adjusting the language and content of the conversation, conveying information about the real situation about the victim's problem, even though it does not completely heal the trauma, it has an effect on self-acceptance, communication skills, and motivation so that the victim gets closer and closer. repent to Allah. Islamic therapeutic communication that is applied prioritizes empathy and building rapport.</em></p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Early Childhood Care and Education Institutions’ Innovative Strategies to Boost Father Participation in Parent Classes

This research aims to elucidate the integrative strategies utilized by Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) managers in Kecamatan Bandung Kulon to foster fathers' participation in parent classes. Recognizing the pivotal role of fathers in early childhood development, yet acknowledging the barriers they face, this study sought to uncover the methods and strategies ECCE institutions employ. Through a qualitative case study method, interviews with five ECCE managers were conducted as the primary data collection technique. The data was subsequently analyzed using thematic analysis to identify patterns, challenges, and innovative strategies. Findings highlight a confluence of traditional engagements, such as parenting guidance sessions, coupled with innovative tactics like cultural events and flexible scheduling. However, despite these efforts, work-centric challenges and societal expectations remain formidable barriers. This study underscores the imperative for a comprehensive, adaptive, and localized approach in enhancing father involvement in ECCE, adding a valuable dimension to the discourse on inclusive early education.

Enhancing Japanese elementary and junior high-school foreign language education

Enhancing Japanese elementary and junior high-school foreign language education Our ongoing research, fuelled by last year’s research grant, delves into the theme of “Evaluation of Foreign Language Education Fostering Children’s Thinking, Judgment, Expressiveness and Autonomous Attitude in the Digital Age.” This multi-year endeavour aligns with the significant changes unfolding in Japanese education, particularly the revision of elementary school curriculum guidelines, now entering its third year. The era of VUCA, marked by Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity, has ushered in a period of profound educational reform. The dominance of AI, DX and digital advancements underscores the need for a substantial paradigm shift in perspectives on learning, instruction, and evaluation. Japan stands at the forefront of this transformative journey, with the current educational landscape demanding the most extensive post-war reform.