Fossorial Mole Rat Research Articles

Mole senses.

Many people are familiar with the meandering tunnels of moles, far fewer are familiar with the creatures that made them. Such secrecy is, of course, one of the great benefits of burrowing through the earth where few predators can follow. But it's not the only benefit. Soil contains a smorgasbord of nutritious invertebrate prey - hence all the tunneling. In fact the richness of the soil niche has given rise to a diversity of mole species that could be said to resemble the evolutionary diversification of bats, though on a smaller scale. In both cases, mammals have evolved a suite of unique anatomical traits (coincidentally involving modification of the forelimb) that allows them to exploit a huge resource of invertebrate prey that is largely inaccessible to their competitors. For bats the thin, delicate wings were the key innovation, for moles the forelimbs have undergone a similarly dramatic structural shift, but in the opposite direction - the bones have become short, stout, and powerful to act as shovels.

Inhibition of oxygen sensors as a therapeutic strategy for ischaemic and inflammatory disease

Cells in the human body need oxygen to function and survive, and severe deprivation of oxygen, as occurs in ischaemic heart disease and stroke, is a major cause of mortality. Nevertheless, other organisms, such as the fossorial mole rat or diving seals, have acquired the ability to survive in conditions of limited oxygen supply. Hypoxia tolerance also allows the heart to survive chronic oxygen shortage, and ischaemic preconditioning protects tissues against lethal hypoxia. The recent discovery of a new family of oxygen sensors--including prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins 1-3 (PHD1-3)--has yielded exciting novel insights into how cells sense oxygen and keep oxygen supply and consumption in balance. Advances in understanding of the role of these oxygen sensors in hypoxia tolerance, ischaemic preconditioning and inflammation are creating new opportunities for pharmacological interventions for ischaemic and inflammatory diseases.

Hemoglobin–oxygen-affinity and acid-base properties of blood from the fossorial mole-rat, Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae

Oxygen affinity and other hematological parameters in strictly subterranean mole-rats, Cryptomys hottentotus (subspecies pretoriae) were measured immediately upon capture and after 14-21 days in captivity. The pH, hematocrit, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, blood oxygen content, 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate (2,3 BPG) concentration and oxygen dissociation curves (ODC), as well as tonometric measurements, were determined using whole blood. Additionally ODCs were also determined for stripped hemolysates of individual animals. Compared to other mammals, blood of freshly caught animals had low pH (7.32+/-0.22), elevated hematocrits (48.4+/-3.8 %) and significantly lower P50 values for whole blood (21.1+/-1.6 mm Hg at pH 7.4) than those reported for other similar-sized fossorial and terrestrial mammals. Blood carbon dioxide content (22.4+/-3.9 mMol L(-1)), hemoglobin concentration (1.9+/-0.15 mMol L(-1)), oxygen content (164.8+/-26 mL L(-1)), bicarbonate concentrations (22.5+/-3.5 mMol L(-1)) were within the range of values reported for similar-sized mammals. We conclude that high blood-oxygen affinity, low body temperature and possibly also high hematocrit enable C. h. pretoriae to maintain an adequate oxygen supply to the tissues in a potentially hypoxic burrow atmospheres, but that the blood of this species shows no exceptional CO2 sensitivity or buffering capacity.

Understanding the limitation of O 2 supply through comparative physiology

Comparative physiology and morphometry are used to explore the role of the lung in the limitation of oxygen supply to working muscle as it is experienced at aerobic capacity and in hypoxia such as at high altitude or in subterraneous burrows. In the human lung, as in that of most mammals, the pulmonary diffusing capacity is about 1.5 times larger than what is needed at aerobic capacity. In athletic species (horse, dog) there is no such excess diffusing capacity. As an exception the pronghorn antelope from the Rocky Mountains is a high performance athletic mammal whose lung shows an excess diffusing capacity. This is interpreted as a means to develop hypoxia tolerance as this animal performs its vigorous runs at high altitude. Information on the fossorial mole rat demonstrates that the lung’s diffusing capacity is important in developing hypoxia tolerance. It is concluded that the lung is designed in relation to both internal and external constraints.

Molecular Phylogeny of Rodents, with Special Emphasis on Murids: Evidence from Nuclear Gene LCAT

Phylogenetic relationships among 19 extant species of rodents, with special emphasis on rats, mice, and allied Muroidea, were studied using sequences of the nuclear protein-coding gene LCAT (lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase), an enzyme of cholesterol metabolism. Analysis of 705 base pairs from the exonic regions of LCAT confirmed known groupings in and around Muroidea. Strong support was found for the families Sciuridae (squirrel and marmot) and Gliridae (dormice) and for suprafamilial taxa Muroidea and Caviomorpha (guinea pig and allies). Within Muroidea, the first branching leads to the fossorial mole rats Spalacinae and bamboo rats Rhizomyinae. The other Muroidea appear as a polytomy from which are issued Gerbillinae (gerbils), Murinae (rats and mice), Sigmodontinae (New World cricetids), Cricetinae (hamsters), and Arvicolinae (voles). Evidence from LCAT sequences agrees with that from a number of previous molecular and morphological studies, both concerning branching orders inside Muroidea and the bush-like radiation of rodent suprafamilial taxa (caviomorphs, sciurids, glirids, muroids), thus suggesting that this nuclear gene is an appropriate candidate for addressing questions of rodents relationships.

Blood capillary density in locomotor muscles of the fossorial mole‐rat, Heterocephalus glaber

African Journal of EcologyVolume 34, Issue 2 p. 231-233 Blood capillary density in locomotor muscles of the fossorial mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber J.M. Mwangangi, J.M. Mwangangi Department of Animal Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya.Search for more papers by this authorG.M. Mutungi, G.M. Mutungi Department of Animal Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya.Search for more papers by this author J.M. Mwangangi, J.M. Mwangangi Department of Animal Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya.Search for more papers by this authorG.M. Mutungi, G.M. Mutungi Department of Animal Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya.Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1996 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1996.002-89002.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume34, Issue2June 1996Pages 231-233 RelatedInformation

Heuweltjies (earth mounds) in the Clanwilliam district, Cape Province, South Africa: 4000-year-old termite nests

Examination of eroded and intact earth mounds in the Clanwilliam district, South Africa, indicates that they are well-established active termitaria of the harvester termite Microhodotermes viator. Unoccupied lower portions of the mounds contain ubiquitous trace-fossil evidence of earlier inhabitation by the same species. Previous studies indicating that fossorial molerats played a major role in the formation of the mounds are not supported by the observations presented here. Calcretization of the basal parts of the earth mounds has been caused by groundwater interaction with the more alkaline mound soil. 14C dating of this calcrete indicates that the earth mounds have been in existence for at least 4000 years, an order of magnitude greater than any previously recorded longevity for termitarium inhabitation.

Blood Capillary Density in Heart and Skeletal Muscles of the Fossorial Mole Rat

Blood capillary and muscle fiber densities were measured in histological sections of heart and skeletal muscles of the fossorial mole rat (Spalax ehrenbergi) and compared with those of the white rat. Average capillary densities in the masseter, gastrocnemius, rectus abdominis, and heart of the mole rat are 860, 750, 300, and 2,340 per mm² as compared with 490, 190, 190, and 1,420, respectively, in the white rat. The corresponding fiber densities are 680, 650, 540, and 3,430; and 510, 230, 280, and 2,280 per mm², respectively. The differences still exist when corrected for difference in body mass. Individual fiber area of the mole rat's muscles is one-half that of the rat. Erythrocyte diameter is 6.3 μm for the mole rat and 7.0 μm for the rat in accordance with the capillary diameter. The calculated tissue diffusion distance in the mole rat, 70% that of the rat, is regarded as an adaptation to fossoriality.

Heart Rate Responses of the Mole Rat (Spalax ehrenbergi) in Hypercapnic, Hypoxic, and Cold Conditions

Heart rate of the fossorial mole rat at rest was compared with that of the similarsized white laboratory rat at normoxic, hypercapnic, and hypoxic conditions, in both thermoneutrality and cold. The heart rate of the mole rat in thermoneutrality and normoxia is 142 ± SD 15 min⁻¹. It is less than 0.5 the heart rate of the white rat and about 0.4 the expected value for a normal mammal of its size. The heart rate is arrhythmic. The heart rate of the mole rat is insensitive to hypercapnia up to . The mole rat is able to increase its heart rate in thermoneutrality and hypoxia down to of 32 torr. The mole rat is capable of maintaining a stable heart rate in cold and hypoxia (10 C; 41 torr), whereas the white rat cannot. The mole rat is prominent compared with other rodents in its ability to maintain and to increase heart rate in hypoxia.

Habitat selection in evolving mole rats.

The actively speciating four chromosomal species of fossorial mole rats of the Spalax ehrenbergi complex in Israel (2n=52, 58, 54 and 60) which inhabit an increasingly arid environment in this order were tested to determine their habitat preference. The testing apparatus simulated four climatic regimes based on temperature and humidity combinations corresponding to the climatic origins of the four chromosomal species: coolhumid, cool-dry, warm-humid and warm-dry, respectively. The tests involved 175 adults comprising all four chromosome species and representing 10 populations. Out of the 139 analyzed animals 88% selected the warm cages and only 12% selected the cool cages. The four karyotype progressively preferred the warm-dry cage in the following order: 53, 59, 60 and 72% for 2n=58, 52, 54 and 60 respectively, largely in accord with their increasingly arid climatic origins. Even larger differences were found in populations within karyotypes in accord with the local climatic variation within a karyotype range.The results of our analysis indicate that the chromosomal species and populations select their climatic habitat in accord with the climatic conditions of their geographic localities. The humidity index appears to be the prime differentiator of habitat selection and may have been a substantial ecological factor in species differentiation and distribution of the Spalax ehrenbergi complex in Israel.

The atmospheric environment of the fossorial mole rat ( Spalax ehrenbergi): Effects of season, soil texture, rain, temperature and activity

1. 1. The fossorial mole rat ( Spalax ehrenbergi) may inhabit heavy soil with low gas permeability. 2. 2. Air composition in burrows in heavy soil deviates from atmospheric air more than that of burrows in light soil. 3. 3. In winter and spring O 2 and CO 2 concentrations in breeding mounds were 16.5% O 2 and 2.5-3% CO 2; and the extreme values measured were 14.0% O 2 and 4.8% CO 2. 4. 4. Hypoxia and hypercapnia in the burrow develop shortly after rain and when ambient temperature drops. 5. 5. Composition of the burrows air is influenced by the solubility of CO 2 in soil water and by faster penetration of oxygen than outflowing of CO 2.

Genetic differentiation during speciation.

SPECIATION theory is still largely descriptive. How many and what kind of genes are implicated in speciation is a central unresolved problem of evolutionary biology1,2. Does speciation require major genomic changes3–5 or may minor ones suffice1,6–9? Similarly, does speciation depend on structural or on regulatory genes10? We have investigated these questions with reference to the actively speciating fossorial mole rats of the Spalax ehrenbergi complex in Israel, which comprises four morphologically indistinguishable chromosome forms (2n = 52, 54, 58, 60)11 adapted in that order to increasing aridity12. Narrow hybrid zones between karyotypes13 and mate selection14 (through olfaction15, vocalisation16 and aggression17) suggest that the recently18 formed species represent progressive stages of final speciation13. Genic diversity proved low, and genic similarity between karyotypes very high, in the previous test based on 17 gene loci of tissue proteins8. The test of eight additional loci of blood proteins, which is reported here, reinforces earlier conclusions and sheds light on the allozyme–environment association and on the amount of genetic differentiation during speciation.

Blood-gas properties and function in the fossorial mole rat under normal and hypoxic-hypercapnic atmospheric conditions

Blood and tissue gas exchange properties of mole rats in normoxic and hypoxic-hypercapnic conditions were compared to the common mammalian pattern. RBC count was 14.0±1.2. 10 6/gml Hb concentration was 15.0±0.4g/100ml. P50 (at pH 7.4 and 37 °C) was 29.5 ±0.5 mm Hg. Oxygen capacity averaged 20.2±0.4 vol% and the Hill coefficient was 2.9±0.1. The Bohr effect was -0.53±0.02 (°log P/°pH). The temperature coefficient was 0.0152±0.0014 (°log P/° C). The Haldane effect was 4.8±0.5 (°Cco 2 vol%) at pco 2 = 40 mm Hg. Steady-state partial pressures in gas pockets were Po 2 = 15.1±1.4 mm Hg and Pco 2 = 85.8±3.9 mm Hg in normoxia, and 11.5±3.0 and 101.8±3.5, respectively in hypoxiahypercapnia (Plo 2 ⋍ 54 and PIco 2 ⋍ 85 mm Hg). Under the same conditions 2,3-DPG dropped from 0.87 and 0.88 to 0.62 and 0.65 (mol/mol Hb) in the mole rat and in the white rat, respectively. Heart muscle myoglobin concentration of the mole rat (1.44 mg/g) did not differ significantly from that of the white rat (1.96 mg/g), whereas masseter myoglobin was 4.0 mg/g - significantly different from the rat (1.21 mg/g). Results indicate that the strategy used by the mole rat to maintain a normal metabolic rate under variable atmospheric conditions, besides having high oxygen affinity, is to expand the physiological range of the oxygen dissociation curve to very low oxygen tensions, at the expense of its acid-base regulation. The regulation of the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve is discussed.

Hybridization and Speciation in Fossorial Mole Rats

Hybridization and Speciation in Fossorial Mole Rats

HYBRIDIZATION AND SPECIATION IN FOSSORIAL MOLE RATS.

Hybrid zones between parapatric chromosomal species are of prime evolutionary significance as natural testing grounds for assessing the degree of reproductive isolation between parental species. Major problems of evolutionary dynamics and of species formation may be resolved in hybrid zones. These involve, among others, the stage of speciation, degree of genetic and ecological divergence of the derivatives of speciation, and the types and modes of perfection of isolating mechanisms. This study investigated hybrid zones between chromosome forms of the fossorial mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi as a dynamic model of speciation (Nevo, 1973). Fossorial mole rats of the S. ehrenbergi superspecies complex in Israel involve four main chromosome forms with 2n = 52, 54, 58 and 60. The four karyoptic forms inhabit extensive regions which are distributed clinally and parapatrically along a north-south ecological gradient of increasing aridity (Wahrman et al., 1969). Their distribution is correlated with the humidity index and the climatic regimes as defined by Thornthwaite (1948). Karyotype 2n = 52 is found in the Upper Galilee Mountains in a humid to subhumid climate (55-65 days of rain and 650-1000 mm rainfall annually). Karyotype 2n = 54 extends over Mount Hermon and the Golan Heights which is a subhumid to humid region (4565 days of rain and 500-1400 mm rainfall annually) with lower mean annual temperatures than the previous region. Karyotype 2n = 58 ranges in the Lower Galilee Mountains and Central Israel in a subhumid to semiarid climatic regime (44-55 days of rain and 500-650 mm rainfall annually). Finally, karyotype 2n = 60 is found in the Samaria and Judea Mountains extending toward the southern and eastern deserts of Israel, a semiarid to arid region with some subhumid mountainous enclaves (15-45 days of rain and 100-500 mm rainfall annually). Only rare natural hybrids between karyotypes have been previously reported along the contact zones. The four karyotypes have been considered sibling species on distributional as well as ethological evidence (Nevo, 1969). Further, their extremely close genic relationships (Nevo and Shaw, 1972; Nevo and Sarich, 1975) suggest that they represent very recent species. The present study is a test of their stage of speciation under natural conditions by exploring actual and potential hybrid zones along contacts of contiguous karyotypes. Our present observations of very narrow hybrid zones and lower than expected proportions of hybrids in the narrowest zones suggest an increasing effectiveness of isolating mechanisms between the diverging karyotypes and progressive terminalization of species formation.

Assortative mating between chromosome forms of the mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi.

Females of two parapatric chromosomal forms (2n = 52 and 2n =58) of the fossorial mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi, in Israel, were tested for mate selection between two alternative, a homo- and a heterochromosomal, males. Estrous females significantly preferred the male of their own chromosomal form, on the basis of several behavioural criteria. The evolutionary significance of the positive assortative mating found, lies presumably in reinforcing reproductive isolation between the chromosome forms, thereby contributing to finalize speciation.

Responses to graded hypoxia at high and low 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations.

ArticleResponses to graded hypoxia at high and low 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations.P W Rand, J M Norton, N D Barker, M D Lovell, and W H AustinP W Rand, J M Norton, N D Barker, M D Lovell, and W H AustinPublished Online:01 Jun 1973https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1973.34.6.827MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByEffects of storage on efficacy of red cell transfusion: When is it not safe?Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 31, No. SupplementEffect of prophylactic transfusion of stored RBCs on oxygen reserve in response to acute isovolemic hemorrhage in a rodent modelTransfusion, Vol. 41, No. 7Oxygen-binding properties of bat hemoglobins26 September 2008 | Archives Internationales de Physiologie, de Biochimie et de Biophysique, Vol. 99, No. 1The effects of CO2 and fixed acid on the O2-Hb affinity of rabbit and cat bloodPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 408, No. 52,3-diphosphoglycerate in high- and low-altitude populations of the deer mouseRespiration Physiology, Vol. 48, No. 1Effects of High Altitude (Low Arterial $${{\text{P}}_{{O_2}}}$$ ) and of Displacements of the Oxygen Dissociation Curve of Blood on Peripheral O2 Extraction and $${{\text{P}}_{{O_2}}}$$Use of Rejuvenation Solutions in Blood Preservation27 September 2008 | CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 4The Significance of 2, 3–DPG in Red Blood Cell Transfusions27 September 2008 | CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 2What is the Clinical Importance of Alterations of the Hemoglobin Oxygen Affinity in Preserved Blood - Especially as Produced by Variations of Red Cell 2, 3 DPG Content?Vox Sanguinis, Vol. 34, No. 2Methemoglobin in hypoxic ratsExperientia, Vol. 33, No. 12Blood-gas properties and function in the fossorial mole rat under normal and hypoxic-hypercapnic atmospheric conditionsRespiration Physiology, Vol. 30, No. 1-2The influence of the position of the oxygen dissociation curve on oxygen-dependent functions of the isolated perfused rat liverPflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 366, No. 1Drugs acting on hemoglobin and the oxygen transport systemPharmacology & Therapeutics. Part B: General and Systematic Pharmacology, Vol. 2, No. 3Effects of Shifts in Hemoglobin-Oxygen Affinity During HypoxiaVox Sanguinis, Vol. 29, No. 6The Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve in Acute DiseaseSurgical Clinics of North America, Vol. 55, No. 3Survival of Rats Subjected to Acute Anemia at Different Levels of Erythrocyte 2, 3-Diphosphoglycerate8 July 2009 | Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, Vol. 35, No. 8The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in health and diseaseThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 57, No. 3 More from this issue > Volume 34Issue 6June 1973Pages 827-32 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1973.34.6.827PubMed4711593History Published online 1 June 1973 Published in print 1 June 1973 Metrics

Effect of different levels of simulated altitude on O 2 transport in llama and sheep

Effect of different levels of simulated altitude on O 2 transport in llama and sheep

Stress response in chronic hypercapnia.

ARTICLESStress response in chronic hypercapniaKE Schaefer, N McCabe, and J WithersKE Schaefer, N McCabe, and J WithersPublished Online:01 Mar 1968https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1968.214.3.543MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByHypercapnia Regulates Gene Expression and Tissue Function20 November 2020 | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. 11Dodecandisäure [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2008]31 January 2012Toxicity of Carbon Dioxide: A Review19 July 2011 | Chemical Research in Toxicology, Vol. 24, No. 12Regulation of gene expression by carbon dioxide18 February 2011 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 589, No. 4Environmental Stress, Erythrocyte Dysfunctions, Inflammation, and the Metabolic Syndrome: Adaptations to CO 2 Increases?Journal of the CardioMetabolic Syndrome, Vol. 3, No. 1Long-term effects of the perinatal environment on respiratory controlRyan W. Bavis, and Gordon S. Mitchell1 April 2008 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 104, No. 4Gas Exchange in Acid‐Base Disturbances1 January 2011Carbon Dioxide NarcosisRegulation of blood acid base status in guinea pigs exposed to hypercapniaComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 75, No. 1Energetics of mice in stable and unstable social conditions: Evidence of an air-borne factor affecting metabolismAnimal Behaviour, Vol. 28, No. 1Blood-gas properties and function in the fossorial mole rat under normal and hypoxic-hypercapnic atmospheric conditionsRespiration Physiology, Vol. 30, No. 1-2Metabolic Responses of a Fossorial Rodent (Spalax ehrenbergi) to Simulated Burrow ConditionsPhysiological Zoology, Vol. 50, No. 1Metabolic Aspects of Adaptation to Carbon DioxideVariations d’Activité de la Cortico surrénale et de l’Appareil hypothalamo-hypophysaire chez le Rat maintenu en Hypercapnie de longue DuréeBeiträge zur Pathologie, Vol. 149, No. 4The effects of chronic hypercapnia on blood phosphofructokinase activity and the adenine nucleotide systemRespiration Physiology, Vol. 16, No. 2Methemoglobin formation and red cell metabolism in guinea pigs during chronic hypercapniaRespiration Physiology, Vol. 13, No. 3RATE OF ACCLIMATIZATION TO CHRONIC HYPERCAPNIA IN MANCOMPARISON OF PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF NORMAL MAN TO EXERCISE IN AIR AND IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC HYPERCAPNIADisplacement of oxygen dissociation curves and red cell cation exchange in chronic hypercapniaRespiration Physiology, Vol. 10, No. 3 More from this issue > Volume 214Issue 3March 1968Pages 543-548 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1968 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1968.214.3.543PubMed5638987History Published online 1 March 1968 Published in print 1 March 1968 Metrics

Erythrokinetics in high-altitude-adapted animals (llama, alpaca, and vicuña).

ArticleErythrokinetics in high-altitude-adapted animals (llama, alpaca, and vicuña).C Reynafarje, J Faura, A Paredes, and D VillavicencioC Reynafarje, J Faura, A Paredes, and D VillavicencioPublished Online:01 Jan 1968https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1968.24.1.93MoreSectionsPDF (889 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByHematology, Clinical Biochemistry, and Fluid Analysis18 February 2022Collection and Analysis of Bone MarrowConvergent evolution in human and domesticate adaptation to high-altitude environments3 June 2019 | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 374, No. 1777Hematology of CamelidsVeterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, Vol. 18, No. 1Clinical PathologyDiseases of the Cardiovascular and Hemolymphatic SystemsHemic and Lymphatic Systems30 September 2013Red Blood Cell Volume and the Capacity for Exercise at Moderate to High Altitude23 December 2012 | Sports Medicine, Vol. 42, No. 8Red Blood Cell Volume and the Capacity for Exercise at Moderate to High AltitudeSports Medicine, Vol. 141Clinical Pathology of Llamas and AlpacasVeterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, Vol. 25, No. 2Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after single dose intravenous and oral administration to alpacasJournal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 32, No. 3Oxidative phosphorylation of liver mitochondria from mice acclimatized to hypobaric hypoxiaInternational Journal of Biometeorology, Vol. 30, No. 3Turnover of Blood CellsBlood-gas properties and function in the fossorial mole rat under normal and hypoxic-hypercapnic atmospheric conditionsRespiration Physiology, Vol. 30, No. 1-2O2 transport in the alpaca (Lama pacos) at sea level and at 3,300 mRespiration Physiology, Vol. 27, No. 2Oxygen transport in the llama (LAma glama)Respiration Physiology, Vol. 13, No. 1Cardiorespiratory characteristics and adaptation to high altitudesAmerican Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 32, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 24Issue 1January 1968Pages 93-7 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1968.24.1.93PubMed5635776History Published online 1 January 1968 Published in print 1 January 1968 Metrics