Fossil Names Research Articles

A new name and seventeen new combinations in the Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) of China and Vietnam

BackgroundA new name is proposed and seventeen new combinations are made as a result of the previous reduction of the remaining genera of subfamily Magnolioideae (Magnoliaceae) into the genus Magnolia.ResultsThe replacement name Magnolia fansipanensis is proposed for Manglietia crassifolia Q. N. Vu et al., since its transfer to Magnolia would create an illegitimate later homonym of the fossil name M. crassifolia Göpp. A further 17 new combinations are made to transfer the following taxa to Magnolia: Manglietia guangzhouensis A. Q. Dong et al., M. kaifui Q. W. Zeng & X. M. Hu, M. lawii N. H. Xia & W. F. Liao, plus Michelia concinna H. Jiang & E. D. Liu, M. jianfenglingensis G. A. Fu & K. Pan, M. viridipetala Y. W. Law et al., M. wuzhishangensis G. A. Fu & K. Pan, M. xianianhei Q. N. Vu and Yulania carnosa D. L. Fu & D. L. Zhang, Y. cuneatofolia T. B. Chao (probably Zhao) et al., Y. dabieshanensis T. B. Zhao et al., Y. dimorpha T. B. Zhao & Z. X. Chen, Y. fragarigynandria T. B. Zhao et al., Y. shirenshanensis D. L. Fu & T. B. Zhao, Y. shizhenii D. L. Fu & F. W. Li, Y. verrucata D. L. Fu et al. and Y. xinyangensis T. B. Zhao et al.ConclusionsThe transfer of the above taxa to Magnolia is necessary following the present almost universal recognition of Magnolioideae as one of two monogeneric subfamilies within Magnoliaceae.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1999-3110-54-53) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Changes to publication requirements made at the XVIII International Botanical Congress in Melbourne - what does e-publication mean for you?

Changes to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are decided upon every six years at Nomenclature Sections associated with International Botanical Congresses (IBC). The XVIII IBC was held in Melbourne, Australia; the Nomenclature Section met on 18–22 July 2011 and its decisions were accepted by the Congress at its plenary session on 30 July. Several important changes were made to the Code as a result of this meeting that will affect publication of new names. Two of these changes will come into effect on 1 January 2012, some months before the Melbourne Code is published. Electronic material published online in Portable Document Format (PDF) with an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) or an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) will constitute effective publication, and the requirement for a Latin description or diagnosis for names of new taxa will be changed to a requirement for a description or diagnosis in either Latin or English. In addition, effective from 1 January 2013, new names of organisms treated as fungi must, in order to be validly published, include in the protologue (everything associated with a name at its valid publication) the citation of an identifier issued by a recognized repository (e.g. MycoBank). Draft text of the new articles to do with publication is provided and best practice is outlined. © The Authors. Journal compilation © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 167, 133–136. To encourage dissemination of the changes made to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, this article will be published in BMC Evolutionary Biology, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Brittonia, Cladistics, MycoKeys, Mycotaxon, New Phytologist, North American Fungi, Novon, Opuscula Philolichenum, PhytoKeys, Phytoneuron, Phytotaxa, Plant Diversity and Resources, Systematic Botany and Taxon.

A re–examination of the type specimens of Yuania H.C. Sze 1953 and its junior synonym Russellites Mamay 1968 (Noeggerathiales)

AbstractThe noeggerathialean fossil names Yuania H.C. Sze and Russellites Mamay are shown to be synonymous, with the latter being the junior synonym of the former. Examination and re–illustration of the type material of both Yuania and Russellites shows that they are indistinguishable taxonomically. Both sets of material have pinnules with clasping bases and concave apices in which the veins converge but do not anastomose. Sze's original description of Yuania was incorrect in indicating that the leaves were petiolate and that the veins converged. Yuania may be the first plant taxon identified in the Permian floras of China and North America with vegetative and reproductive organs represented on both continents.

Fossil names dedicated to Erik Flügel

There are 3 genera and at least 19 species names of fossils, attributed to calcareous algae, sponges, hydrozoans, corals, ammonites, gastropods, foraminifers, and radiolarians that have been dedicated to Erik Flugel. These are listed with their original diagnosis or description and re-illustrations of the holotypes.

Statistical uncertainty associated with histograms in the Earth sciences

Two types of quantitative information can be distinguished in the Earth sciences: categorical data (e.g., mineral type, fossil name) and continuous data (e.g., apparent age, strike, dip). Many branches of the Earth sciences study populations of such data by collecting a random sample and binning it into a histogram. Histograms of categorical data follow multinomial distributions. All possible outcomes of a multinomial distribution with M categories must plot on a (M − 1) simplex ΔM−1 because they are subject to a constant sum constraint. Confidence regions for such multinomial distributions can be computed using Bayesian statistics. The conjugate prior/posterior to the multinomial distribution is the Dirichlet distribution. A 100(1‐α)% confidence interval for the unknown multinomial population given an observed sample histogram is a polygon on ΔM−1 containing 100(1‐α)% of its Dirichlet posterior. The projection of this polygon onto the sides of the simplex yields M confidence intervals for the M bin counts. These confidence intervals are “simultaneous” in the sense that they form a band completely containing the 100(1‐α)% most likely multinomial populations. As opposed to categorical variables, adjacent bins of histograms containing continuous variables are not mutually independent. If this “smoothness” of the unknown population is not taken into account, the Bayesian confidence bands described above will be overly conservative. This problem can be solved by introducing an ad hoc prior of “smoothing weights” w = e−sr, where r is the integrated squared second derivative of the histogram and s is a “smoothing parameter.”

Illustrating the Holy Cow

TAXONVolume 51, Issue 1 p. 175-177 Nomenclatures Illustrating the Holy Cow Alessandro Rapini, Alessandro Rapini [email protected] Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 11416, São Paulo, CEP 05422-970 BrazilSearch for more papers by this author Alessandro Rapini, Alessandro Rapini [email protected] Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 11416, São Paulo, CEP 05422-970 BrazilSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 February 2002 https://doi.org/10.2307/1554977AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume51, Issue1February 2002Pages 175-177 RelatedInformation

Reinstatement of the fossil name Russellites (not a synonym of Yuania)

SummaryMamay, S. H.: Reinstatement of the fossil name Russellites (not a synonym of Yuania). – Taxon 44: 43‐51. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The Permian genus Russellites, first described from Texas, U.S.A., is now known from several localities in China. However, Yuania, the name of a dissimilar Chinese plant, has been misapplied consistently to the Chinese Russellites, thereby obscuring an important palaeo‐floristic link between North America and Asia. The taxonomic independence of the two genera is emphasized, and the appropriate nomenclatural adjustments are made.

The creation of specific hominid names: Gloria in excelsis deo? or ego? or praxis?

The recent recommendation that it is preferable to recognize too many rather than too few species in the fossil record has led to a growing proliferation of specific names. Single specimens are being referred to different species by different authors, and new species are being proposed based on the juxtaposition of specimens from different sites and time levels representing different anatomical parts. In part this may represent the continuity of the Medieval assertion that a multitude of species is a better demonstration of the goodness of a divinely created world than a multitude of individuals in a single species. This has apparently accompanied the resurgence of the Medieval faith that species relationship are best demonstrated by the application of hierarchical Aristotelean logic. On the other hand, the suspicion remains that the vanity of the namer is frequently involved in the creation of new nomina. In general, anthropologists do not exhibit the “wide experience” and consequent “sound judgment” that Darwin recommended as necessary for those giving specific names. If the same criteria used to assign specific fossil names were applied to modern Homo sapiens, the different regional human populations would have to be recognized as specifically distinct. In opposition to the recommendation that we should recognize ever more specific names, there should be a moratorium called and no new species names should be proposed at all. The continuation of patterns of trivial trait configurations associated with the various inhabited regions of the world clearly indicates genetic continuity through time but, unless it can be shown that there is no reproductive continuity between one region and another, these differences do not warrant taxonomic recognition. Major adaptive changes such as significant increases in relative brain size do warrant formal named recognition.

Anellotubulates are Manufactured ‘Microfossils’

IN a world where fossil names become ever more prolific, it is unusual to have the opportunity to reverse the trend. Anellotubulates, “an independent morphologic group of organisms”, were first described by Wetzel1,2 and later placed by him in the family Mikrocalycidae3. There followed a detailed publication by McLachlan4, describing world-wide occurrences of anellotubulates and giving a detailed morphological description of these ‘fossils’.

崖を意味する地名

The difficulties of place name interpretation have long been recongnized by leading Japanese geographers. Underlying this problem is the fact that place names may be rooted in natural as well as cultural or man-made phenomena, thus introducing elements of great complexity and diversity. Furthermore, it frequently occurs that place names which may have been fresh in the beginning, later become fossil names often unfamiliar to modern ears. Most certainly, another complicating factor is the infiltration of Ainu, Korean and other foreign terms into the language. On the other hand, it appears that certain names may have their origins in surely local dialects frequently unintelligible to outsiders. Finally, the existence of ateji deserves to be emphasized as one of the major complicating factors in Japanese place name interpretation. With different Chinese characters pronounced alike and applied to the same place names, it becomes quite difficult to reinterpret such names. When binding the significance of place names to the character meanings, far-fetched interpretations often result.In studying the complicated place names of Japan, a grouping based upon certain significant criteria may be employed. Of primary interest in this paper are those place names associated with topography, more particularly, those which concern “escarpment.”Not only has the escarpment remarkable topographic characteristics but it is often associated with cultural aspects of significance to human life, for example, its functions as a barrier to communication as well as a limitation upon land utilization. Thus by its very nature, the escarpment often attracts the attention of people and is utilized as a point of origin in the development of place names. Below are ten items concerned with place names related to the topography of escarpments. Various ateji are used for these names.1. “Kura” and “Kake”Kura has two meanings. By kura is meant a mountain on one hand and a valley on the other. It often occurs that the mountain or valley having the name of kura is not a common type of either, but has conspicuous escarpments, crumbled valleys or expanses of exposed bare rock. Kake is also applied to the escarment. Many of the mountains termed kurakake have escarpments in them.2. “Mama”Mama is another of the names derived from the escarpment. It is distributed throughout Eastern Japan, southern Kwanto being its center, and is a good example of the necessity to be concerned with the pronounciation rather than the meaning of Chinese characters associated with it.3. “Kue” and “tsue”These are found in large numbers particularly in Chugoku, Shikoku and Kyushu. Both terms mean “crumbling”.4. “Hake” (Hakke, Bake, Bakke) and “Hoki” (Hokki)Hake and others of its group ……hakke, bake and bakke……are distributed over Eastern Japan particularly in the surroundings of Tokyo. Hoki (hokki) is a fossil word meaning “escarpment” and is found mainly in Western Japan especially in Shikoku and Kyushu.5. “Haba”It is found in the Nobi Plain and in areas to the east of it.6. “Nagi”, “Kama” and “Nuke”These are often applied to such narrow valleys as radiating valleys on the slopes of a volcano or escarpments of horseshoe type. In addition kama is widely applied to common escarpment or cave topography.7. “Gare”, “Zare” and “Zore”Often these are also applied to steep slopes or escarpments having many crumbled rocks and walls. They are distributed all over Japan.8. “Maku-iwa”

Popular names of fossils

Popular names of fossils

Popular names of fossils

Popular names of fossils Get access E. Leaton Blenkinsopp E. Leaton Blenkinsopp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s5-VII, Issue 176, 12 May 1877, Page 378, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s5-VII.176.378b Published: 12 May 1877

Popular names of fossils

Popular names of fossils