Fossil Fuels For Electricity Generation Research Articles

Unveiling the Sensitivity Analysis of Port Carbon Footprint via Power Alternative Scenarios: A Deep Dive into the Valencia Port Case Study

The Port of Valencia, a prominent maritime center, is actively working towards minimizing its carbon emissions and aims to become a completely carbon-neutral port soon. This research uses data-driven sensitivity analysis to explore realistic power-generating options for a seaport to reduce its emissions. This approach comprises changing key parameters in power consumption and deploying renewable energies (rather than electricity and infrastructure prices, which are beyond the scope of this study) to assess their impact on the port’s overall emissions profile. Through sensitivity analysis, policymakers and managers discover each scenario’s efficacy and find the best decarbonization strategies. After thoroughly examining four realistic scenarios, our research findings show that each scenario’s emission reduction share and sensitivity are practical and feasible. It becomes clear that gradually replacing traditional fossil fuels for electricity generation with renewables is a reasonable and realistic option for emissions reduction. The results demonstrate that focusing on reasonable targets, such as replacing 30% and 50% of electricity generation with renewables, is more achievable and beneficial in the medium term than ambitious goals, like replacing all electricity with renewable energy. This research contributes to reducing emissions of the Port of Valencia by using data-driven sensitivity analysis to find practical renewable energy strategies. It provides actionable insights for managers and policymakers to implement feasible decarbonization plans, emphasizing gradual adoption of renewables over ambitious goals, thus supporting sustainable maritime operations.

Long-Term Energy System Modelling for a Clean Energy Transition and Improved Energy Security in Botswana’s Energy Sector Using the Open-Source Energy Modelling System

This research examines Botswana’s significant reliance on coal and imported fossil fuels for electricity generation, contributing to high carbon emissions and energy insecurity influenced by volatile fuel prices and supply challenges. The study utilizes the Open-Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS) to explore cost-effective renewable energy strategies to meet Botswana’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and enhance energy security by 2050, analysing six scenarios: Least Cost (LC), Business-As-Usual (BAU), Net Zero by 2050 (NZ), Coal Phase Out by 2045 (CPO), Fossil Fuel Phase Out by 2045 (FFPO), and Import Phase Out by 2045 (IMPPO). Our key findings highlight the critical role of solar technologies—photovoltaic (PV), storage, and concentrated solar power (CSP)—in transitioning to a sustainable energy future, especially under the Net Zero and Import Phase Out scenarios. This research demonstrates the economic and environmental benefits of transitioning away from fossil fuels, with the Fossil Fuel Phase Out scenario yielding a USD 31 million saving over the Business-As-Usual approach and reducing investment costs by USD 2 billion, albeit with a slight increase in light fuel oil imports. The study underscores the need for substantial capital investments, particularly in the Net Zero and Import Phase Out scenarios, necessitating private sector financing. Policy recommendations include adopting detailed strategies for solar PV and storage expansion, updating renewable energy targets, phasing out coal and natural gas, and bolstering the regulatory framework. These strategies are crucial for Botswana to achieve decarbonization and energy independence, aligning with global climate goals and national energy security objectives.

A hybrid method of system dynamics and design of experiments for investigating the economic and environmental indicators of electricity industry

Electricity plays a pivotal role in the socio-economic development of nations. However, heavy reliance on fossil fuels for electricity generation, as observed in Iran, poses significant environmental challenges. This study proposes a novel hybrid methodology that combines system dynamics modeling and Design of Experiments (DOE) to examine economic and environmental indicators within Iran's electricity sector. The system dynamics model delineates four key subsystems: consumption, production, CO2 emissions, and power trade. By integrating DOE into this framework, various economic and environmental metrics are assessed for the year 2040. Through a comprehensive analysis of variable impacts on these indicators, optimal levels are identified to achieve favorable outcomes. Notably, variables such as the allocation coefficient of export income to capacity development and electricity export price emerge as critical determinants. Due to economic, environmental, and economic-environmental indicators, the most appropriate level of allocation of export income towards capacity development is estimated at 30, 10, and 20 percent, respectively. The study recommends allocating 80 % of the capacity development budget to renewable energy sources and 20 % to thermal power plants to optimize future conditions. In business as usual, the Export CO2 emission damage to export income index will be 0.19. In implementing the proposed scenario, according to the economic-environmental index, this value will decrease and reach 1.73E-06, which indicates the improvement of electricity export from the economic-environmental dimension. This research underscores the importance of balancing economic prosperity with environmental sustainability in electricity industry planning and policy formulation.

Electricity climate-compatibility index: Measuring global progress towards decarbonising the power sector

This paper proposes a novel index, ECI (Electricity Climate-Compatibility Index), to measure global fossil fuel electricity generation alignment with climate targets. Net anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) must approach zero by mid-century to stabilise the mean temperature to well below 2°C. Pursuing carbon neutrality will require immediate action if we are to avoid the economic risks associated with a delayed, more abrupt energy transition. This paper reviewed the existing literature and found insufficient indicators for country-level climate targets in electricity generation. Therefore, the paper proposes a novel electricity climate-compatibility index (ECI) to address the gap. The index computes climate compatibility or incompatibility as the difference between fossil fuel electricity generation permitted in the Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) country-level climate scenarios and that which is generated from operational, under-construction and planned power generation assets. The ECI correlates positively in specific instances with relatable metrics such as Energy Transition Index (ETI) and Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) but provides a better understanding of the climate-incompatible generation of fossil fuel plants for a decarbonised power sector.

Do the various sources of energy consumption affect the environmental degradation in India?

India possesses ample opportunities for economic growth, resulting in a surge in electricity demand. As per the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), India's rank on environmental health and ecosystem viability stands at a lowly 168th out of 180 countries. Historically, India relied on fossil fuels for electricity generation, leading to substantial environmental degradation that have harmed the environment. In recent times, India has diversified its electricity generation sources, incorporating not only fossil fuels but also nuclear power and renewable resources. However, despite these changes, India still struggles with high CO2 emissions which indicates the level of environmental degradation. Hence, this study aims to investigate the sources of energy consumption in India: fossil fuels, renewable energy, and nuclear energy. By utilising the ARDL and NARDL methodologies, this study enriches the empirical studies by examining energy consumption trends in India from 1985 to 2021. The findings of this study shed light on whether the adoption of renewable energy and nuclear energy significantly aids in reducing carbon emissions in India, thereby facilitating the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), Therefore, it is of the utmost necessity for India to emphasize the formation of clean energy in their energy policy to achieve the SDG7 by the year 2030. This study found a positive correlation between GDP per capita and CO2 emissions, highlighting the urgent need to reduce India's dependency on fossil fuels. The ARDL analysis further confirms that fossil fuel-generated energy contributes to CO2 emissions, whereas nuclear-generated energy reduces them.

Analyzing Policy Framework of Agrovoltaics Across the Water Energy and Food (WEF) Nexus in The Gambia

The projected increase in demand for food, water, and energy owing to systemic shocks has heightened the need for innovative solutions and integrated resource governance. The Agrovoltaics for Mali and Gambia (APV MaGa) Project, focuses on sustainable electricity production through agrovoltaics' triple land-use system and is leveraged with digital technologies. The project addresses The Gambia’s high food importation gap, growing dependency on fossil fuels for electricity generation, and high electricity tariffs. However, the nascence of agrovoltaics presents a new energy dimension that calls for increased coordination of sectoral policy and management, a domain of WEF nexus governance detached mainly from governance practice. Thus, a policy and institutional foresight of the potential implications of agrovoltaics’ integration is warranted, since Gambia’s decision-making for land, water, energy, and agriculture remains mainly sectoral. A qualitative research design was adopted, using a sample of twenty-eight key informative interviews, policy document analysis, and grey literature. Research findings show that the existing policy frameworks such as ‘Feed-in tariffs for excess RE, renewable energy funds, and capital subsidies can practically accommodate the frame of the agrovoltaics. However, clarification is required on the siting aspect of solar panels within the compartmentalized land policy structures. Institutionally, the Ministry of Energy’s nexus platform allows for technical coordination of agrovoltaics projects. However weak institutional harmonization, technical/financial incapacities, and overriding national interests due to sectoral bias present challenges. Therefore, harmonizing sectoral divergent policy provisions, interests, and prioritization of sustainability concerns will foster the pertinent integration of agrovoltaics for fast expansion.

Wind power density in areas of Northeastern Brazil from Regional Climate Models for a recent past.

Investments in renewable energy sources are increasing in several countries, especially in wind energy, as a response to global climate change caused by the burning of fossil fuels for electricity generation. Thus, it is important to evaluate the Regional Climate Models that simulate wind speed and wind power density in promising areas for this type of energy generation with the least uncertainty in recent past, which is essential for the implementation of wind farms. Therefore, this research aims to calculate the wind power density from Regional Climate Models in areas at Northeast of Brazil from 1986 to 2005. Initially, the ECMWF-ERA5 reanalysis data was validated against observed data obtained from Xavier. The results were satisfactory, showing a strong correlation in areas of Ceará and Rio Grande do Norte (except during the SON season), and some differences in relation to the wind intensity registered by observed data, particularly during the JJA season. Then, the Regional Climate Models RegCM4.7, RCA4 and Remo2009 were validated against the ECMWF-ERA5 reanalysis data, with all models successfully representing the wind speed pattern, especially from December to May. Four specific areas in Northeast of Brazil were selected for further study. In these areas, the RCMs simulations were evaluated to identify the RCM with the best statistical indices and consequently the lowest associated uncertainty for each area. The selected RCMs were: RegCM4.7_HadGEM2 (northern coastal of Ceará and northern coastal of Rio Grande do Norte) and RCA4_Miroc (Borborema and Central Bahia). Finally, the wind power density was calculated from the selected RCM for each area. The northern regions of Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará exhibited the highest wind power density.

Energy Management System: The Engine for Sustainable Development and Resource Optimization

In the background of traditional energy sources, people primarily rely on fossil fuels for electricity generation, but this leads to environmental issues and energy dependency. Therefore, the introduction of the Energy Management System (EMS) becomes crucial, which helps optimize electricity distribution and management to integrate new energy sources effectively, achieving a more sustainable, stable, and efficient electricity supply. It is not just a simple technical solution, but is a strategic approach aimed at optimizing the use and allocation of energy resources to maximize efficiency as well. The intelligent management provided by the EMS enables collaboration between new energy sources and the traditional power grid, reducing electricity costs and decreasing carbon emissions. This overview aims to delve into the core concepts, technological applications, and future trends of the EMS. It will comprehensively analyze the practical applications of the EMS in various fields from various perspectives, including system architecture and data analysis methods, and provide an in-depth understanding of their positive impact on energy efficiency, environmental sustainability, and economic development.

Heteroatom-Doped Carbon-Shelled Iron Phosphide Microcuboids as Freestanding Negative Electrodes for Long Cycling Sodium-Ion Batteries

Energy storage devices (ESDs) have become indispensable for maximum renewable energy penetration and progress towards the elimination of fossil fuels in electricity generation. Also, high-performance ESDs are urgently needed for wearable and flexible devices, electric vehicles, and internet of things (IOT) applications. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) presently occupy the largest share of the EES market, however the cost-per watt stored is too high and the finite supply of Li means that they cannot offer a long-term solution to the world’s energy challenge. On the other hand, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as complementary ESDs and potential replacements for LIBs due to their relatively lower cost, abundance, and uniform global distribution of Na.[1] Furthermore, SIBs can operate in a wide temperature range and inert with Al, benefiting the construction of low cost and safe ESDs. Nonetheless, the performance of SIBs is limited by sluggish diffusion of Na+ in Na-insertion materials owing to large size of Na+ (1.02 Å).[2]The major challenge to developing SIBs is the lack of suitable electrode materials capable of efficiently accommodating Na+. SIBs are rocking-chair cells like LIBs, however, Na-ion storage in traditional graphite is extremely poor (< 35 mAh g-1) due to insufficient interlayer spacing.[3] Phosphorous presents the highest theoretical capacity (2596 mAh g-1) for a SIB anode, however, it suffers from poor cycling and large volume expansion (490 %) during sodiation/desodiation.[4,5] Low cost and environmentally benign iron phosphides present slightly better volume expansion and a theoretical capacity of 926 mAh g-1, but its charge storage mechanism is unclear.[6] The lack of suitable SIB anode with high capacity and long cycle life remains a major hurdle to the full-scale development of SIBs.In this work, we synthesized core-shell FeP microcuboids on freestanding carbon cloths substrate as a high capacity (< 800 mAh g-1), long-cycling anode for SIBs. The synthesized FeP microcuboids exhibit distinct physical and morphological features for efficient sodium-ion storage. It possesses a porous core within a 10 nm carbon shell, which enhances the surface area, enable fast Na+ diffusion and buffers the FeP anode against large volume variations during cycling. The integration of different heteroatoms including fluorine and nitrogen successfully improved the electronic conductivity and structural stability. Finally, using techniques such as in-situ X-ray diffraction analysis and ex-situ TEM and electroanalytical methods, we probed the conversion reaction storage mechanism and uncovered a pseudocapacitive dominated storage process. Finally, our work provides crucial insights on the rational design of high-performing metal-based phosphide anodes for alternative-ion batteries.

Electric vehicle (EV) and driving towards sustainability: Comparison between EV, HEV, PHEV, and ICE vehicles to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 from EV

This study explores the environmental and economic implications of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and Electric Vehicles (EVs). A case study in Indonesia is selected, focusing to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and improve air quality. The research compares key factors such as emission costs, fueling time costs, maintenance costs, and vehicle selection for a comprehensive understanding of each vehicle type's viability in the automotive landscape. The analysis reveals that EVs exhibit the lowest CO and CO2 emissions of about 20 %, while HEVs and PHEVs demonstrate significant reductions compared to ICE vehicles. However, EVs produce higher NOx and N2O emissions of more than 70 %, indicating a dependence on fossil fuels for electricity generation. Air quality-related emissions, including SOx and PM10, are 90 % and 85 % higher in EVs, emphasizing the need for enhanced emission control technologies and the adoption of renewable energy sources. Despite their higher selling price and emission costs, EVs possess the lowest maintenance costs among the evaluated vehicles at only 0.00419 USD/km. Ultimately, HEVs present the most balanced combination of selling price, emission cost, and maintenance cost, making them an appealing option for the market. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, automotive manufacturers, and consumers in transitioning towards more sustainable transportation solutions.

The impact of climate change mitigation policies on European labour markets

We study the impact of climate change mitigation policies intended to reach the Paris Agreement’s two-degree target on the structure of European labour markets. Employing a three-sector macro-econometric model with a rich labour market extension, we show that the measures targeted at shrinking the use of fossil fuels in electricity generation and the road transport sector – both of which have an overall modest, positive impact on GDP and total employment – could make occupational structure less unequal and polarised in 2030, the target deadline. This could occur in more than half of the European Union’s member states, particularly where the industries most affected by the transition to a low-carbon economy (i.e., mining and quarrying, utilities and manufacturing of coke and refined petroleum products) remain most important.

Towards BitCO2, an individual consumption-based carbon emission reduction mechanism

Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels for electricity generation, heating, and transport, are the primary drivers of a large amount of greenhouse gases emission. The individual consumers, able to influence the supply-chains behind the commodities their chose to fulfil their needs is the driver behind production and, consequently, its impacts. Thus, the active and willing participation of citizens in combatting climate change may be pivotal to address this issue. The present work is aimed at presenting and modelling a novel market-based carbon emission reduction mechanism, called BitCO2, designed to incentivize individual consumption choices toward lower carbon footprints. This mechanism is tested for the Italian private transportation sector thanks to an ad hoc developed System Dynamics model. The Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) adoption, if compared with the Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV) one, cause less CO2 emissions per km travelled. After a certain number of travelled km, a BitCO2 token is assigned to BEV owners for each ton of avoided CO2. This token can be exchanged in a dedicated market and used to get a discount on insurance services. Assuming a Social Cost of Carbon of 9.22 [2.13–22.3] €/tonCO2eq, model results show that the BitCO2 mechanism would allow for a cumulated CO2 emission reduction of 973 [68.9–5’230] ktonCO2eq over 20 years of operation with a peak of 39.3 [5.34–189] thousand additional BEV registration per year.

Adaptive Active Disturbance Rejection Load Frequency Control for Power System with Renewable Energies Using the Lyapunov Reward-Based Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient Algorithm

The substitution of renewable energy sources (RESs) for conventional fossil fuels in electricity generation is essential in addressing environmental pollution and resource depletion. However, the integration of RESs in the load frequency control (LFC) of power systems can have a negative impact on frequency deviation response, resulting in a decline in power quality. Moreover, load disturbances can also affect the stability of frequency deviation. Hence, this paper presents an LFC method that utilizes the Lyapunov reward-based twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (LTD3) algorithm to optimize the linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC). With the advantages of being model-free and mitigating unknown disturbances, LADRC can regulate load disturbances and renewable energy deviations. Additionally, the LTD3 algorithm, based on the Lyapunov reward function, is employed to optimize controller parameters in real-time, resulting in enhanced control performance. Finally, the LADRC-LTD3 is evaluated using a power system containing two areas, comprising thermal, hydro, and gas power plants in each area, as well as RESs such as a noise-based wind turbine and photovoltaic (PV) system. A comparative analysis is conducted between the performance of the proposed controller and other control techniques, such as integral controller (IC), fractional-order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller, I-TD, ID-T, and TD3-optimized LADRC. The results indicate that the proposed method effectively addresses the LFC problem.

Projection of future carbon benefits by photovoltaic power potential in China using CMIP6 statistical downscaling data

Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is an affordable solution that significantly contribute to climate adaptation and resilience, energy security and greenhouse gas abatement with respect to fossil fuel electricity generation. Currently, available studies on the benefits of PV power generation only consider the electricity consumption and do not account for the possible future benefits from carbon trading under the combined impacts of pollution emissions and socio-economic. In this study, the downscaling and bias correction were applied to the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) multi-model mean data based on the historical data from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) stations. The corrected measurements of meteorology were used to explore the PV power potential and the environmental and economic benefits offset by solar power generation under SSP126, SSP245 and SSP585 in China during 2023–2100. We found that the annual mean PV power potential across mainland China ranged from 1 to 37 Wm−2 and demonstrated a decreasing trend in the Northwest China and an increasing trend in the Southeast China. Compared to thermal power generation, electricity from solar energy will counteract the total emissions of annual mean 139.54 × 105 t CO2, 1702 t SO2, 2562 t NO X and 3710 t dust in China in SSP126 scenario. The results of variable importance assessment showed that the West Texas Intermediate crude oil price (47.77%), coal price (41.76%), natural gas price (6.65%) and gross domestic product (2.44%) contribute the most to the carbon emissions allowances (CEAs) price. Against a ‘carbon peak’ background in China, the CEA price will reach 80 CNY/t CO2 by 2030 in China, with the carbon trading value potential ranging from 20 billion to 200 billion CNY of each pixel (10 km × 10 km) by 2030. This study would have important implications for the environmental construction and future investment and construction of PV systems in China.

Harnessing wind potential in Covenant University

Energy is one of the major necessities for economic growth and development of any nation. It is one of the most demanded commodities globally, which measures the growth of both government and private settings. Due to the emission of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels in electricity generation, greater attention has been directed towards the generation and application of renewable sources of energy that can be used with little or no carbon and/or greenhouse gas emission. It is therefore necessary to explore the applicability of renewable energy resources in our local domains. The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of using wind turbines in the generation of electricity in Covenant University. This study reports the wind potential in Covenant University and explores the utility that is attainable from the use of wind turbines in Covenant University and its environs. The wind data profile for Covenant University was collected from World Weather Online from May 2017 to May 2022 and then compared with some models of wind turbines. The wind speed data for Kano state was acquired and analyzed to gain insight into the turbine efficiency in Covenant University. The average wind speed in Covenant University over the 5-year period was found to be 3.75 m/s, while the average wind speed in Kano State over a 3-year period was found to be 4.02 m/s. The available data revealed that the wind potential is not sufficient to substantially drive wind energy conversion in Covenant University, especially with turbines of higher ratings.

Investigating photovoltaic module performance using aluminium heat sink and forced cold-air circulation method in tropical climate conditions

Solar energy is seen as a good option to replace fossil fuels in electricity generation. However, PV panels produce unnecessary heat energy during power generation which increases the temperature and affects the efficiency of PV cells. This article investigates the performance of PV modules using aluminum heat sinks and forced air cooling techniques. A cooling circuit configuration connecting a 6-inch pipe plenum with 5 T-shaped pipes is installed under the solar cell to provide better cold air distribution to the PV panels. The study was conducted on-site and in real-time conditions in a public hospital with high energy consumption as it operates continuously throughout the year. The combination of the two methods has optimized the performance of solar panels in terms of efficiency and electrical energy output. The average electrical efficiency of the studied PV panels is 17% and is very close to the PV module efficiency of 19.38% under standard test conditions (STC). The actual energy yield recorded for the installed PV panel is 12.35% higher than the estimated solar energy output under nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) conditions. The results of the study show that solar energy generation can be optimized by considering the design, use of materials and proper cooling methods even when using the same solar panel.

Design and Simulation of a PV Solar System with Silicon Hetero-Junction Technology (HJT) for a Residential Stand-Alone "off Grid" System with Batteries Using PV Syst Software in Iraq/Baghdad

Recently, the environment has been negatively impacted by the excessive CO2 emissions caused by the wide usage of fossil fuels in electricity generation. If this continued, it is predicted that the temperature of the atmosphere would rise, causing an increase in storms, hurricanes, droughts, dust, and floods. Therefore, as renewable energy produces little to no emissions, there is an urgent need to adapt it in recent times. Meanwhile, The PV sector has experienced rapid growth in recent years. The PV sector is embracing new technology, and the cell efficiency has been rising rapidly like Silicon Hetero- junction technology HJT which has offered additional benefits: It offers a well-suited application to reach efficiencies above 23% with process temperatures below 200°C. HJT solar panels have &gt;90% module bifaciality and a low temperature coefficient (-0.3 %/C°), and provide additional benefit to the Levelized Cost of Energy LCOE and output power for PV systems. This study intends to assess the efficiency of a residential off-grid system with (HJT) PV panels at a total power of 2.0 kWh and the daily power close to 10 KWh/day with a 48V system in Iraq/Baghdad. PVsyst (7.2.11 version) software has been used for the analysis to calculate the energy output, and enhancing the system design. The characteristics, solar radiation, and ambient temperature are also included in the meteorological data used for evaluation, which is taken from PVsyst's database.

Comparison of Scenarios for the Mexican Electricity System for 2050 Energy Transition Law Objectives—Pre COVID-19 Analysis

In recent years, the reports presented on climate change and its consequences highlight the need to create public policy agendas that address the problem of adaptation and mitigation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Globally, the energy sector is responsible for a significant percentage of GHG emissions, while it is one of the most important sector for economic growth. In particular, the electricity sector in Mexico relies heavily on fossil fuels for electricity generation. This problem has made it essential to design plans and policies that contribute to GHG mitigation. The General Law on Climate Change, whose objective is to determine the guidelines towards a low-carbon economy, has established a goal of reducing emissions by 50% by 2050 concerning the baseline from the year 2000 and proposes to produce 50% of electricity with clean energy by 2050 following the Mexican Energy Transition Law. For this reason, the challenge is to design and develop an environmentally sustainable energy model for the National Electric System (NES). Different scenarios are defined and evaluated considering six probable growing electricity demands, as well as mature technologies considering the potential of renewable resources in Mexico, fossil fuel reserves, efficiencies of each technology, investment costs, operation costs, and maintenance costs along with the price of the fuels. The results showed that it is possible to reduce about 50% of the emissions from the electricity sector by 2050 considering a scenario of low population growth and a yearly per capita consumption of 2.0 MWh, as well as a diversification of the electricity generation matrix.

Techno-economic assessment of hydrogen production from seawater

Population growth and the expansion of industries have increased energy demand and the use of fossil fuels as an energy source, resulting in release of greenhouse gases (GHG) and increased air pollution. Countries are therefore looking for alternatives to fossil fuels for energy generation. Using hydrogen as an energy carrier is one of the most promising alternatives to replace fossil fuels in electricity generation. It is therefore essential to know how hydrogen is produced. Hydrogen can be produced by splitting the water molecules in an electrolyser, using the abondand water resources, which are covering around ⅔ of the Earth's surface. Electrolysers, however, require high-quality water, with conductivity in the range of 0.1–1 μS/cm. In January 2018, there were 184 offshore oil and gas rigs in the North Sea which may be excellent sites for hydrogen production from seawater. The hydrogen production process reported in this paper is based on a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser with an input flow rate of 300 L/h. A financially optimal system for producing demineralized water from seawater, with conductivity in the range of 0.1–1 μS/cm as the input for electrolyser, by WAVE (Water Application Value Engine) design software was studied. The costs of producing hydrogen using the optimised system was calculated to be US$3.51/kg H2. The best option for low-cost power generation, using renewable resources such as photovoltaic (PV) devices, wind turbines, as well as electricity from the grid was assessed, considering the location of the case considered. All calculations were based on assumption of existing cable from the grid to the offshore, meaning that the cost of cables and distribution infrastructure were not considered. Models were created using HOMER Pro (Hybrid Optimisation of Multiple Energy Resources) software to optimise the microgrids and the distributed energy resources, under the assumption of a nominal discount rate, inflation rate, project lifetime, and CO2 tax in Norway. Eight different scenarios were examined using HOMER Pro, and the main findings being as follows:The cost of producing water with quality required by the electrolyser is low, compared with the cost of electricity for operation of the electrolyser, and therefore has little effect on the total cost of hydrogen production (less than 1%).The optimal solution was shown to be electricity from the grid, which has the lowest levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of the options considered. The hydrogen production cost using electricity from the grid was about US$ 5/kg H2.Grid based electricity resulted in the lowest hydrogen production cost, even when costs for CO2 emissions in Norway, that will start to apply in 2025 was considered, being approximately US$7.7/kg H2.From economical point of view, wind energy was found to be a more economical than solar.

Controlling of Electric Vehicle to with Different Hybrid Systems

Electric vehicles (EVs) are currently regarded as one of the most energy-efficient modes of transportation, emitting no tailpipe emissions. 3 million electric vehicles are already on the road, and that number is expected to reach 100 million by 2030 . Notwithstanding, the execution of the proposed plan interest for tremendous charging foundation and gigantic electrical energy. Also, EVs must be economical when the electrical energy expected for charging is created from inexhaustible and practical energy sources. However, shifting emissions from vehicles to power plants through the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation does not reduce emissions. Accordingly, the utilization of sustainable power hotspots for power age can totally take out the emanation and gives a natural advantage. Solar photovoltaic (PV) based generation is the most feasible option for EV charging out of the various renewable energy sources that are available, such as wind energy, hydro energy, fuel cell-based energy, and solar photovoltaic (PV) array.