Forwarding Services Research Articles

국제물류기업의 서비스지향성이 경영성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 실증연구 - 복합운송주선업을 중심(中心) 으로 -

본 연구의 목적은 국제물류서비스 제공자인 복합운송주선업체와 그 수요자인 화주간의 관계에서 복합운송주선업체의 서비스지향성과 종업원만족, 경영성과간의 구조적인 관계를 검정하고자 하는 것이다. 연구목적을 효과적으로 달성하기 위하여 문헌연구와 함께 복합운송주선업체를 대상으로 한 설문조사를 통한 실증분석을 병행하였다. 연구결과 복합운송주선업체의 서비스지향성은 종업원만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 종업원만족은 기업의 재무적 성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. This study aims to verify the structural relationship among service orientation, employees' satisfaction and business performance primarily on the International Freight Forwarders. For carrying out the study, literature survey relating to service orientation, satisfaction and performance along with empirical analysis was carried out. Results of analyses were found to be as follows: first, International Freight Forwarder's service orientation has had influence on employees' satisfaction second, employees' satisfaction in the freight forwarding companies has had influence on financial performance.

Principle and benefits of third party logistics approach when managing logistics supply chain

Abstract The principle of third party logistics has grown into a very important and a well‐functioning logistics concept, mainly due to outsourcing trends in transport business. Providers of 3PL services complemented the effectiveness of logistics supply chain management extending the performance of hauliers and forwarders to what might be called outsourced logistics services providers. The main driver for this was large transportation companies that have striven to render their limited services to the whole transport chain. Firstly, this extended to what now is called forwarding services, i.e. responsibility and transport service was extended from only physical transportation to additional services. Then some transport and forwarding companies continued enlarging their responsibility so that it included an increased part of the transport chain up to a total responsibility for the entire transportation, from production to consumption. A nature of transportation services became more and more the nature of ...

PRINCIPLE AND BENEFITS OF THIRD PARTY LOGISTICS APPROACH WHEN MANAGING LOGISTICS SUPPLY CHAIN

The principle of third party logistics has grown into a very important and a well‐functioning logistics concept, mainly due to outsourcing trends in transport business. Providers of 3PL services complemented the effectiveness of logistics supply chain management extending the performance of hauliers and forwarders to what might be called outsourced logistics services providers. The main driver for this was large transportation companies that have striven to render their limited services to the whole transport chain. Firstly, this extended to what now is called forwarding services, i.e. responsibility and transport service was extended from only physical transportation to additional services. Then some transport and forwarding companies continued enlarging their responsibility so that it included an increased part of the transport chain up to a total responsibility for the entire transportation, from production to consumption. A nature of transportation services became more and more the nature of logistics. Companies started offering complete logistics solutions, instead of only isolated physical transportation services. This allowed a customer to concentrate on the core business instead of paying much attention to material flows.

On improving the efficiency of truthful routing in MANETs with selfish nodes

In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), nodes depend upon each other for routing and forwarding packets. However, nodes belonging to independent authorities in MANETs may behave selfishly and may not forward packets to save battery and other resources. To stimulate cooperation, nodes are rewarded for their forwarding service. Since nodes spend different cost to forward packets, it is desirable to reimburse nodes according to their cost so that nodes get incentive while the least total payment is charged to the sender. However, to maximize their utility, nodes may tell lie about their cost. This poses the requirement of truthful protocols, which maximizes the utility of nodes only when they declare their true cost. Anderegg and Eidenbenz recently proposed a truthful routing protocol, named ad hoc-VCG. This protocol incurs the route discovery overhead of O ( n 3 ) , where n is the number of nodes in the network. This routing overhead is likely to become prohibitively large as the network size grows. Moreover, it leads to low network performance due to congestion and interference. We present a low-overhead truthful routing protocol for route discovery in MANETs with selfish nodes by applying mechanism design. The protocol, named LOTTO (Low Overhead Truthful rouTing prOtocol), finds a least cost path for data forwarding with a lower routing overhead of O ( n 2 ) . We conduct an extensive simulation study to evaluate the performance of our protocol and compare it with ad hoc-VCG. Simulation results show that our protocol provides a much higher packet delivery ratio, generates much lower overhead and has much lower end-to-end delay.

A fair bandwidth distribution mechanism in a Diffserv network

Previous works for the Assured Forwarding (AF) service in a Diffserv network have no sufficient consideration on the target rate and the effect of RTT and UDP in achieving the fairness of bandwidth share. Also previous works act like Best-effort service in an Under-Provisioned Network (UPN) condition. In this paper, in order to solve these problems, we propose the Proportionally Fair Differentiated Service Architecture (PFDSA), which is composed of tcp-microflow based Target rate and RTT Aware Three Color Marker (tmTRA3CM), udp-microflow based Three Color Marker (um3CM), Target Rate Based Dropper (TRBD), and Target Rate Adjusting Function (TRAF). In the results of comparisons on the performance among existing mechanisms and the PFDSA in the OPN (Over-Provisioned Network) and the UPN conditions, the PFDSA was able to further mitigate the RTT and UDP effects than the previous works. The PFDSA was shown to provide better fair bandwidth distribution proportional to various target rates even in the UPN condition.

Demand choices of high-tech industry for logistics service providers—an empirical case of an offshore science park in Taiwan

This study presents a methodological framework for analyzing factors that influence market share of third-party logistics (TPL) in high-tech industry. An emerging science park located in Southern Taiwan was chosen as the empirical case for the study. Confirmatory factor analysis was first conducted to examine the reliability and validity of the census data (136 outsourcing cases from 68 high-tech manufacturers). This was followed by calibrations of a binary logit model that examines the demand choices of the manufacturers in selecting two types of TPLs, express and forwarder. Results indicate that the strongest determinant of industrial demand choices is the service performance of the TPL, followed by service cost, and added value. In improving these service factors, the market share effect of express-based TPL is found to be slightly greater than that of forwarder-based. The analysis indicates that high-tech manufacturers with larger annual sales or smaller shipments favor express services over forwarding services.

The effects of AQM on the performance of Assured Forwarding Service

Several active queue management (AQM) mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to provide better support for congestion control. However, their performance is examined mainly in best-effort networks. In this paper, we present an empirical study of the effects of AQM mechanisms on the performance of the Assured Forwarding (AF) Service in the non-oversubscribed Differentiated Services networks. The AQM mechanisms to be studied include some existing mechanisms and a new AQM scheme, proposed in this paper. The study is carried out in the cases of the standard traffic conditioner and intelligent traffic conditioners. Extensive simulation results show: (i) when the standard traffic conditioner is employed at the ingress routers, the transient and steady-state behaviors of an AQM scheme in controlling the queue length not only affect the achievement of bandwidth assurance, but also affect the attainment of excessive bandwidth and link throughput; (ii) the behaviors of an AQM affect the ability of an intelligent traffic conditioner in improving bandwidth assurance; (iii) self-tuning AQM schemes perform better than AQMs with fixed-gains in terms of the achievement of bandwidth assurance and link throughput.

Toward Distributed service discovery in pervasive computing environments

The paper proposes a novel distributed service discovery protocol for pervasive environments. The protocol is based on the concepts of peer-to-peer caching of service advertisements and group-based intelligent forwarding of service requests. It does not require a service to be registered with a registry or lookup server. Services are described using the Web Ontology Language (OWL). We exploit the semantic class/subClass hierarchy of OWL to describe service groups and use this semantic information to selectively forward service requests. OWL-based service description also enables increased flexibility in service matching. We present simulation results that show that our protocol achieves increased efficiency in discovering services (compared to traditional broadcast-based mechanisms) by efficiently utilizing bandwidth via controlled forwarding of service requests.

Audiology Telepractice Moves From Theory to Treatment

Audiology Telepractice Moves From Theory to Treatment

A real-time video multicast architecture for assured forwarding services

This paper presents our work on developing an architecture for multicasting real-time MPEG4 over IP networks that provide service differentiation. In particular, this work is targeted at assured forwarding (AF) style services. This work is an attempt to find a simple solution to the problem of multicast congestion control of real-time traffic by exploiting the service differentiation capabilities of AF networks. Our architecture assumes loss differentiation in the network and assumes the network's ability to provide explicit congestion notification messages to the sender. We do not consider policing/shaping at the edge routers. Rather, we consider a more general case where packet marking and flow control are provided at the senders. For this network model, we built an end-to-end architecture and developed a rate-adaptation algorithm that can operate in both unicast and multicast applications with a minor modification. The simulation results show how the rate-adaptation algorithm accommodates different receivers with different networking capabilities and provides receivers with different levels of quality by taking advantage of the queue management capabilities of the AF service. We test how the architecture scales to a large number of receivers, how multiple multicast sessions interact, and how it interacts with TCP.

Adaptive packet marking for achieving fairness in DiffServ networks

Current Differentiated Services (DiffServ) networks supporting Assured Forwarding (AF) service succeed in providing minimum rate guarantees, but fail to distribute network capacity in a fair way. To address the unfairness problem we propose simple adaptive markers operating at the network edge, whose marking function adapts to changes of the traffic mix. Extensive simulation experiments indicate that adaptive marking can effectively address the unfairness problem, without decreasing network utilization. The proposed approach can be implemented using a Bandwidth Broker architecture, whereby a centralized Bandwidth Broker sets the control parameter of the adaptive markers, based on the current traffic contracts.

Active Queue Management Algorithms in DiffServ Networks

Current assured forwarding (AF) service in differentiated services (DiffServ) networks can provide stable guarantees in throughput, but is lacking of efficient schemes in ensuring queuing delay and loss ratio. By analyzing the steady state operating point of RIO, this paper proposes two active queue management algorithms with adaptive control policy, namely ARIO-D and ARIO-L. These two algorithms can provide differentiated performance in, respectively, queuing delay and loss ratio, in addition to throughput guarantee. By deploying ARIO-D and ARIO-L, AF service can provide quantitative guarantees for multimedia traffic with multiple QoS

Light-Weight Multicast Services (LMS): A Router-Assisted Scheme for Reliable Multicast

Building on the success of unicast IP, IP Multicast adopted a simple, open, best-effort delivery model with many-to-many semantics. Despite several years of effort, a general, scalable and reliable end-to-end transport protocol analogous to TCP has proven elusive. Proposed solutions are either inflexible, or incur high control overhead. We present Lightweight Multicast Services (LMS), which enhance the IP Multicast model with simple forwarding services to facilitate scalable and efficient (compared to pure end-to-end) solutions to problems such as reliable multicast. In LMS, routers tag and steer control packets to preselected endpoints and perform fine-grain multicast to guide responses to a subset of the group without transport-level processing. LMS divides error control into transport and forwarding components, which allows the former to remain at the end-points while the latter is pushed to the routers, where it can be implemented very efficiently. The division is clean, resulting in significant gains in performance and scalability, while reducing application complexity. LMS reaches beyond reliable multicast to applications such as scalable collect, any-cast, and in general, any application that can benefit from a hierarchy congruent with the underlying topology.

A Class of Shaped Deficit Round-Robin (SDRR) Schedulers

In the egress linecards of very high-speed Internet routers, packet schedulers must possess extremely low computation complexity and be able to handle flows of variable-length packets. Existing examples of such schedulers include deficit round-robin (DRR). In addition, it may be desirable to limit the variation about the peak-rate of certain egress flows (e.g., those under expedited forwarding (EF) service) so that their packets are not deemed out-of-profile downstream or possibly dropped as a result. Based on Shaped Weighted Round-Robin (SWRR), we propose a scheduler called Shaped Deficit Round-Robin (SDRR) and prove that it strictly limits the variation about the allocated peak-rate of every output flow. As such, our proposed SDRR is suitable for the modern Internet routers of a differentiated-service/MPLS.

Transport of TCP/IP traffic over assured forwarding IP-differentiated services

The Internet is facing a twofold challenge: to increase network capacity in order to accommodate a steadily increasing number of users; to guarantee the quality of service for existing applications and for new multimedia applications requiring real-time network response. In order to meet these requirements, IETF is currently defining the differentiated service (DiffServ) architecture, which should offer a simple and scalable platform to guarantee differentiated QoS in the Internet. In the DiffServ domain, the assured forwarding service is designed to provide data applications with acceptable performance, overcoming the limits of the Internet's current best-effort service. Since data applications mostly rely on the TCP transport protocol, it is important to examine the interaction between the congestion avoidance and control mechanisms of TCP and assured forwarding. Our main purpose is to shed light on this interaction, and to show that, in the current DiffServ framework, poor performance of TCP traffic flows can result from the existing mismatch between the assured forwarding traffic conditioning procedures and the TCP congestion management. We propose a new adaptive packet marking policy to deal with congestion situations that may occur. We show that, with this policy, the provisioned rate for TCP flows can be achieved.

Adaptive marking for assured forwarding service

This letter looks at the problem of achieving specific quality of service (QoS) goals of individual flows by flexibly managing resources available to an aggregated source. We present an adaptive marker based on a TCP performance model within a Diffserv network, and show that the aggregated marker can maintain state of individual flows at the edge of the network and utilize this state effectively in adaptively marking packets of individual flows to meet their QoS goals.

We'd Like to Ask You Some Questions, But We Have to Find You First: An Internet-Based Study of Lesbian Clients in Therapy with Lesbian Feminist Therapists

SUMMARY This paper explores some issues related to an Internet-based study dealing with lesbian clients' perceptions of their lesbian feminist therapists. A 60-item questionnaire was posted on a Web site so respondents could complete it online, submitting answers anonymously through a forwarding service. Respondents were recruited through postings to 20 listservs that focus on gay/lesbian/bisexual issues or the psychology of women. Data collection proceeded rapidly, with 182 responses within seven weeks. Results indicated that the therapist's sexual and philosophical orientation was important to the client, but that the clients tended to make assumptions about the latter. Specific activities typical of feminist therapy were often missing or were not recollected by clients. The advantages of using the Internet to draw a wide range of respondents is set against the problems of generalizability, the difficulty in communicating directly with respondents, and the sample bias inevitable in using self-identified volunteers who have Internet access.

2305 再び、我が国の「製造業」の活性化のために : 独創・先駆的新製品・新技術・新サービス開発・製品化

2305 再び、我が国の「製造業」の活性化のために : 独創・先駆的新製品・新技術・新サービス開発・製品化

The breadcrumb forwarding service

If ubiquitously deployed, IP Multicast promises to provide an efficient datagram service for an arbitrary sending host to reach an arbitrary and dynamic set of destination hosts anywhere in the Internet. Unfortunately, two very difficult problems ---interdomain multicast routing and viable end-to-end multicast transport--- have yet to be solved and deployed satisfactorily.This paper proposes that two existing but independent network mechanisms--- the EXPRESS service model and the network component of the Pragmatic Multicast protocol (PGM)--- be synthesized in a scheme we call the Breadcrumb Forwarding Service (BCFS) to simultaneously tackle the problems of interdomain multicast routing and end-to-end reliable multicast. Like EXPRESS, BCFS utilizes explicit-source group join and like PGM, enhances the network forwarding architecture with finer-grained group control. In this paper, we detail BCFS service model and router mechanisms to support the service. To demonstrate the flexibility and efficiency of BCFS, we describe the application examples built on this service model, which can accommodate not only PGM and also a novel reliable multicast transport protocol.

Inspection No.1 and No.2 of Postal Obligations Concerning Mail Parcels under Eu-Regulated Universal Services

The examination of the possibility of the nation-wide delivery of postal packets no larger than 10 kg. The comparison of the present and expected packet service level. The presentation of the new packet forwarding service and the conditions for its introduction. The putting into figures of the extra turnover at the distribution points and of the transportation tasks in the new packet delivery system. Cost calculation for the service according to the EU regulations.