Forwarding Routing Protocol Research Articles

Relative Entropy-based Energy Efficient Multi-hop Forwarding Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Recently, cluster distribution and selection have been made in the most advanced protocols based on Low Power Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical Protocol (LEACH), followed by cluster head election. Conversely, it is not thought that data redundancy is sufficient. This study suggests a modified Leach approach incorporating relative information entropy (Leach-CIE). The relative entropy value of the data’s probability distribution in the node’s two subsequent periods is calculated in conjunction with the close entropy model. The information is then compared with a threshold value to determine the degree of redundancy. The network accomplishes reducing energy consumption by refusing to transmit redundancy data. Instead, a multi-hop routing (MFRCRE) considers its residual energy, the energy consumption of each node in the network during the data transmission phase, by optimizing node forwarding conditions and considering factors such as communication distance and energy consumption. It is proposed to balance the rate—account ratio. The results of the experiments demonstrate that this approach can successfully reduce and balance the energy consumption of network nodes to increase the life of the network.

A Cluster Based Directional Forwarding Routing Protocol for Bandwidth Constrained Networks

A Cluster Based Directional Forwarding Routing Protocol for Bandwidth Constrained Networks

Overload Detection and Energy Conserving Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Communication

The Underwater Wireless Acoustic Sensors are facing several challenges due to their limited energy power that can significantly affect their network performances, hence the design of an efficient and reliable routing protocol for the underwater sensor communication is becoming the main purpose for the researchers, however, in this article, a new mechanism is proposed to balance the underwater network energy consumption due to the frequent data packet forwarding, whereas the protocol uses a method that is based on the historical nodes energy, where sensor that are excessively consuming energy are considered as overloaded node and has to be excluded from the forwarding process depending on their priority value. The implementation and simulation have been performed using NS-2 network simulator, based on the well-known protocol for the underwater acoustic communication ‘Vector-Based Forwarding routing protocol’, the results shows the performance of the proposed mechanism over the VBF in term of energy consumption and efficiency, successful delivery data, and end to end delay.

Impact of Denial-of-Service Attack on Directional Compact Geographic Forwarding Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Directional Compact Geographic Forwarding (DCGF) routing protocol promises a minimal overhead generation by utilizing a smart antenna and Quality of Service (QoS) aware aggregation. However, DCGF was tested only in the attack-free scenario without involving the security elements. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to examine the routing protocol algorithm whether it is secure against attack-based networks in the presence of Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack. This analysis on DoS attack was carried out using a single optimal attacker, A1, to investigate the impact of DoS attack on DCGF in a communication link. The study showed that DCGF does not perform efficiently in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy consumption even on a single attacker.

A secure routing protocol for low power and lossy networks based 6LoWPAN networks to mitigate DIS flooding attacks

Routing protocols for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) is considered as one of the significant information forwarding routing protocols for IPV6-based low-power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPAN). However, RPL suffers in lack of an appropriate load balancing mechanism and malicious node attack whenever it communicates the DODAG information solicitation (DIS) messages to join in the network. Moreover, in the existing system, the uneven load leads to packet losses, delay, consumes more power, and degrades the lifespan of the network. In order to avoid the drawbacks this research work proposes a novel adaptive load balancing and route discovery mechanism to eradicate the DIS flooding attacks and improve the network lifespan with the aid of enhanced secure RPL routing protocol. This proposed secure RPL routing protocol distributes the load between the several modes efficiently and mitigates the DIS flooding attack in the network. The proposed approach is implemented using Cooja platform simulator with static and dynamic network scenarios. To compare the performance of the proposed system, the standard RPL protocol and RPL without any security are used. The experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme outperforms the other routing protocol by eradicating the DIS flooding attacks and load distribution over the network. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme could decrease the average packet loss ratio, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, control overheads, and enhance packet delivery, throughput, and network lifespan.

Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

In the recent past, a significant increase has been observed in the use of underwater wireless sensor networks for aquatic applications. However, underwater wireless sensor networks face several challenges including large propagation delays, high mobility, limited bandwidth, three-dimensional deployments, expensive manufacturing, and energy constraints. It is crucial for underwater wireless sensor networks to mitigate all these limitations primarily caused by the harsh underwater environment. To address some of the pertinent challenges, adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding routing protocol is proposed in this article which is based on the adaptive hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding. The novelty of adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding includes increasing the transmission reliability in sparse sensor regions by changing the base angle of the cone according to the network structure. The number of duplicate packets and end-to-end delay is also reduced because of the reduced base angle and a smart selection criterion for the potential forwarder node. The proposed routing protocol adaptively tunes the height and opening of the cone based on the network structure to effectively improve the performance of the network. Conclusively, this approach significantly reduces energy tax, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio.

Fuzzy Logic Based Multi-criteria Intelligent Forward Routing in VANET

Vehicular ad-hoc network have the capability for enhancing the road safety using intelligent transportation system by communicating with each other (V–V) as well as with road side infrastructure unit (V–I) through driver information system and internet access. It becomes more challenging issue in VANET to provide a reliable multi-hop communication, due to high speed of vehicles movement, limited wireless resources, and the lose characteristic of a wireless channel. To overcome the above problem, this paper presents a fuzzy logic based multi-criteria intelligent forward routing protocol. Which is operable in dynamic network condition and compatible with both communication modes like vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure. To select the greedy next node for data forwarding our proposed protocol calculate node stability cost and positive progress value. Here fuzzy logic based multi-criteria has been used to dynamically evaluate the node stability cost for selecting the next hop forward vehicle or road side units (RSUs), for forwarding the data reliably toward the destination. Three parameters, packet reception probability with changes of intra communication distance, speed difference and link expiration time between relay and neighbor vehicles or RSUs has been used to evaluate the weight of node using fuzzy logic. Also positive progress value has been considered to identify the distance with direction of a node from the destination at a particular time. In framework evaluation, an infrastructure-based fuzzy next hop forwarding mechanism has been presented in urban areas. The simulation results has been shown an improvement of performance of the given solution in comparison with existing protocol performance.

Energy aware routing for efficient green communication in opportunistic networks

Opportunistic networks are characterised by intermittent connectivity, unstable topology, and no assurance of a fixed end-to-end path to transfer the messages because of nodes mobility. Due to this, the store-carry and forward mechanism is used for routing the data in such networks. Considering that the energy of relaying nodes during the routing operation get depleted, there is a clear demand for power-aware routing schemes for opportunistic networks. This article proposes an energy-efficient altruism-based trust-dependent message forwarding routing protocol for opportunistic networks (called E-ATDTN), where social matrices are exploited to determine the trustworthiness of a node in participating in the message forwarding procedure. Extensive simulations are conducted to assess the performance of the newly proposed E-ATDTN protocol against that of the power-aware PRoPHET, energy efficient PRoWait, and power-aware EDR protocols showing that E-ATDTN outperforms E-PRoPHET, E-ProWait, and E-EDR in terms of average residual energy, overhead ratio, dropped messages, and number of dead nodes under varying time-to-live, and message generation interval.

An Energy-Efficient and Obstacle-Avoiding Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks.

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) have become one of the promising technologies for exploring underwater natural resources and collecting scientific data from the aquatic environment. As obstacles hinder the communications among sensor nodes in UASNs, designing an effective bypass routing protocol to avoid obstacles is an urgent need. Moreover, the sensor nodes are typically powered by batteries, which are difficult to replace, restricting the network lifetime of UASNs. In this paper, an Energy-efficient and Obstacle-Avoiding Routing protocol (EOAR) is proposed not only to address the issue of marine animals acting as obstacles that interfere with communications, but also to balance the network energy according to the residual energy. In the EOAR protocol, when the current node perceives the existence of marine animals, the interference area of the animal-nodes is first calculated using the underwater acoustic channel model, and then the candidate forwarding relay set of the current node is obtained according to the constraint conditions. The optimal candidate forwarding relay is determined by a fuzzy logic-based forwarding relay selection scheme based on considering the three parameters of the candidate forwarding relay, which includes the propagation delay, the included angle between two neighbor nodes, and the residual energy. Furthermore, in order to solve the problem of energy waste caused by packet collision, we use a priority-based forwarding method to schedule the packet transmission from the candidate forwarding relay to the destination node. The proposed EOAR protocol is simulated on the Aqua-sim platform and the simulation results show that proposed protocol can increase the packet delivery ratio by 28.4% and 11.8% and can reduce the energy consumption by 53.4% and 32.7% and, respectively, comparing with the hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding routing protocol (HHVBF) and void handling using geo-opportunistic routing protocol (VHGOR).

A Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have earned a gigantic consideration in the recent era. Wide deployment of VANETs for enhancing traffic safety, traffic management, and assisting drivers through elegant transportation system is facing several research challenges that need to be addressed. One of the crucial issues consists of the design of scalable routing algorithms that are robust to rapid topology changes and frequent link disconnections caused by the high mobility of vehicles. In this article, first of all, we give a detailed technical analysis, comparison, and drawbacks of the existing state-of-the-art routing protocols. Then, we propose a novel routing scheme called a Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol (RPSPF). The novelty of our protocol comes from the fact that firstly it establishes an optimal route for vehicles to send packets towards their respective destinations by considering connectivity and the shortest optimal distance based on multiple intersections. Secondly, it uses a novel reliable packet forwarding technique in-between intersections that avoids packet loss while forwarding packet due to the occurrence of sudden link ruptures. The performance of the protocol is assessed through computer simulations. Simulation outcomes specify the gains of the proposed routing scheme as compared to the earlier significant protocols like GSR (Geographic Source Routing), GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing), E-GyTAR (Enhanced Greedy Traffic Aware Routing), and TFOR (Traffic Flow-Oriented Routing) in terms of routing metrics such as delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead.

Fuzzy logic vector–based forwarding routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks

AbstractThe sensor nodes working in the underwater environment are generally powered by batteries, which are undesirable or infeasible to replace and recharge. Thus, limited energy is one of the major constraints in underwater acoustic sensor networks. It is of great significance to design an energy‐efficient routing algorithm to prolong network lifetime. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy logic vector–based forwarding routing protocol wherein we consider both the position information and energy information of sensor nodes in the calculation of desirableness. In addition, parameters such as valid distance to forwarder nodes, projection, and the battery level of nodes are also considered in fuzzy logic system. The fuzzy logic–based energy‐efficient routing algorithm can achieve multiparameter and fuzzy routing decision. The performance analyses show that the routing protocol we proposed has better performance in energy consumption and average end‐to‐end delay compared with the similar algorithms; meanwhile, reliability can be guaranteed.

A new model of vehicular ad hoc networks based on artificial immune theory

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are highly mobile and wireless networks intended to aid vehicular safety and traffic monitoring. To achieve these goals, we propose a VANET model based on immune network theory. Our model outperforms the delay tolerant mobility sensor network (DTMSN) model over a range of node numbers in terms of data packet arrival delay, arrival ratio, and throughput. These findings held true for the on-demand distance vector and connection-based restricted forwarding routing protocols. The model performed satisfactorily on a real road network.

Algorithm for the most surviving nodes selection based on adaptive forwarding control under the impact of network storm

In order to improve the survivability of wireless network nodes under the impact of network storm to improve the adaptive forwarding performance of network and control the nodes selection optimisation, an algorithm for the most surviving nodes selection based on adaptive forwarding control under the impact of network storm is proposed in this paper. In this algorithm, a node distribution model under the impact of network storm is constructed; the automatic regulation and control method is adopted for optimal localisation and deployment of target nodes; based on node location, an output link forwarding routing protocol is constructed for interference wave filtering and adaptive forwarding control of output package, so as to select the most surviving nodes and improve the survival rate of nodes. The simulation result shows that this method can realise 100% success rate of data forwarding, reduce the average transmission power by 5 kW than that before optimisation, and stabilise the transmission power. The calculation cost and time delay are 5-20 ms lower than that of other methods, which proves the high efficiency of this method.

A new model of vehicular ad hoc networks based on artificial immune theory

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are highly mobile and wireless networks intended to aid vehicular safety and traffic monitoring. To achieve these goals, we propose a VANET model based on immune network theory. Our model outperforms the delay tolerant mobility sensor network (DTMSN) model over a range of node numbers in terms of data packet arrival delay, arrival ratio, and throughput. These findings held true for the on-demand distance vector and connection-based restricted forwarding routing protocols. The model performed satisfactorily on a real road network.

Algorithm for the most surviving nodes selection based on adaptive forwarding control under the impact of network storm

In order to improve the survivability of wireless network nodes under the impact of network storm to improve the adaptive forwarding performance of network and control the nodes selection optimisation, an algorithm for the most surviving nodes selection based on adaptive forwarding control under the impact of network storm is proposed in this paper. In this algorithm, a node distribution model under the impact of network storm is constructed; the automatic regulation and control method is adopted for optimal localisation and deployment of target nodes; based on node location, an output link forwarding routing protocol is constructed for interference wave filtering and adaptive forwarding control of output package, so as to select the most surviving nodes and improve the survival rate of nodes. The simulation result shows that this method can realise 100% success rate of data forwarding, reduce the average transmission power by 5 kW than that before optimisation, and stabilise the transmission power. The calculation cost and time delay are 5-20 ms lower than that of other methods, which proves the high efficiency of this method.

An advanced forwarding routing protocol for urban scenarios in VANETs

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to give an insight in to the routing protocols in Vehicular ad hoc Network (VANET). In this direction, for the efficient data dissemination in VANETs, a street-based forwarding protocol (SBFP) has been proposed.Design/methodology/approachThe interferences among different street segments are considered and a unique street-based forwarding concept is introduced to reduce the local maximum problem. In this protocol, the greedy forwarding concept along with the broadcasting mechanism and suppression technique is implemented to minimize the overhead created in the regular beacons forwarding processes. QualNet simulator is used to implement and simulate SBFP. SUMO and MOVE tools are used to create the vehicle’s movement pattern and network topology.FindingsThe simulated results demonstrated improved packet delivery ratio (PDR) with a minimum average number of broadcast by each individual vehicle in the proposed SBFP than in its peer protocols.Originality/valueThis paper will be discussing a unique street-based forwarding technique exploring the advantages of global positioning system to obtain the location of vehicles and streets. This technique results in higher PDR and reduced network overhead.

ZONE BASED OPTIMAL SELECTIVE FORWARDING (ZBOSF) ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANET

Ponte Academic JournalDec 2017, Volume 73, Issue 12 ZONE BASED OPTIMAL SELECTIVE FORWARDING (ZBOSF) ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETAuthor(s): G. T. Chavan ,Vemuru SrikanthJ. Ponte - Dec 2017 - Volume 73 - Issue 12 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2017.12.23 Abstract:Owing to limited transmission range of mobile devices, the information between two nodes in a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is transmitted using multi-hop communication network. Multi-hop routing along with the support of node mobility make data transfer in Ad-hoc network extremely dynamic. Conventional routing protocols for wireless networks do not perform well for MANET and thus call for a completely different kind of routing protocols. Numerous routing protocols have been proposed, nevertheless, there is a scope for attaining high throughput with less routing overhead and energy consumption. In this paper, we propose a novel approach Zone-Based Optimal Selective Forwarding (ZBOSF). In said approach, we initially identify the location of each node followed by parting the whole network into six zones. If the source and destination nodes belong to the same zone, Location-Aided Routing Protocol (LAR-2) is utilized to route the data, on the other hand, transmission is done through a Base station, if otherwise. ZBOSF lessens the area of discovering a new route to smaller zones thereby brings down the energy consumption of mobile nodes and also reduces flooding of data packets. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

Theoretical framework of link stability-based forwarding strategy in vehicular ad hoc networks

The nature of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) brings challenges that prompt researchers to address relevant problems. One of serious challenges is to design a robust routing protocol that is capable of tackling the frequent link disruptions which are caused by vehicle mobility. Geographic forwarding strategy-based routing protocols are found more suitable in highly dynamic network such VANET. Link expiry time-based (LET) routing is being utilised to minimise link breakages in effectively mobile networks. However, it may cause some issues such as increasing delay and routing loops due to non-optimal selection of next-hop. This paper proposes a relative velocity based geographic forwarding (RVGF) strategy which aims to enhance the link stability with respect to geographic information. Relative velocity model is introduced where speed and direction of vehicles are utilised to improve forwarding decisions in VANET. RVGF can help in minimising the probability of link breakage and ensuring high packet delivery.

English

English

Routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks based on data forwarding: a review

Nowadays, underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is an important field for researchers due to its well know applications like seismic monitoring, disaster prevention, offshore exploration, pollution monitoring, oceanography data collection, equipment monitoring, assisted navigation, and tactical surveillance. Many research challenges are available for UWSN; the design of routing protocol is one of them. The majority of the researchers have designed the routing algorithms but still, the data forwarding mechanism needs improvement. The reliable communication between the source and sink nodes is really a complicated task due to the limitation of the acoustic channel, water pressure, and limited bandwidth. This review paper focuses on the problems of those routing protocols which are based on data forwarding. In this review paper, we further present the route development, data forwarding, and route maintenance of the proposed routing protocols. The key aspects of this review article present the limitations and advantages of data forwarding routing protocols. We also present analysis of data forwarding routing protocols with analytical and numerical simulation methods with their critical analysis. This review article helps the researchers to create further research in the field of routing protocols based on data forwarding.