Forward Citation Research Articles

Director Job Security and Corporate Innovation

AbstractIn this article, we show that firms can become conservative in innovation when their directors face job insecurity. We find that after the staggered enactment of majority voting legislation that strengthens shareholders’ power in director elections, firms produce fewer patents, particularly exploratory patents, and fewer forward citations. This effect is stronger for directors facing higher dismissal costs or threats and for firms with greater needs for board expertise and is mitigated by institutional investors’ expertise in innovation. Overall, our results suggest that heightened job insecurity induces director myopia, which leads to a reduction in investment in risky, long-term innovation projects.

Digital technologies, technological improvement rates, and innovations “Made in Switzerland”

Technologies evolve at different paces and their rate of improvement varies considerably. We demonstrate that the fastest technological progress currently occurs in the digital domain and empirically investigate the relationship between technologies’ improvement rates and breakthrough innovations as measured by forward citations of patents. Our empirical estimates suggest that patents from the digital sphere, as well as those related to fast-improving technologies, are associated with a higher probability to produce breakthrough innovations. We then investigate Swiss core industries’ specialization patterns toward these potential high-impact technologies and compare the state of cutting-edge innovation in Switzerland to other countries. Our findings imply that the Swiss innovation system is among the laggards regarding innovations in today’s fastest improving digital technologies.

Construção de um Índice de Valor de Patentes por meio da medição do valor econômico indireto e tecnológico

Abstract The present research intends to create an index of indirect economic (through patent family size and paid renewals) and technological value (forward citations), in order to identify possible innovations among inventions. The novelty of the research lies on the construction of equations reproducible by any field of knowledge, due to their intelligibility. In addition, it details the different steps to create the search database, which comprises free resources, trial versions and personal effort. After the construction of the index and its application, the patent population was divided into quartiles. Quartile 1 possibly houses innovation patents, as it was found that the value indicators assessed go together and relate to each other. Their behavior was shown to be such that, when one is present, there is a higher chance of the others appearing as well. The logical justification for this is that, if an invention has broad market potential, depositors will also protect the patent outside their own country; the most practical way of doing so is the Patent Cooperation Treaty application. Thus, the higher the number of countries where a patent is published and translated, the more likely it is to be cited. And if by then patents prove somehow profitable for their holders, they will continue to pay for renewals on time. This index is configured as a decision-supporting tool that seeks to rely on qualitative and strategic information.

A Comparative Study of Factors Influencing the Survival Time of Invention Patents in Chinese Universities

Based on the fact that the granted amount of patents in Chinese universities have increased significantly, we took the invention patents applied by universities in Sichuan Province from 2001 to 2015 as a sample and adopted Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards model. We found significant differences in the survival time of invention patents in the three types of universities Based on this, we conducted an empirical study and comparative analysis on the factors influencing the survival time of the three types of universities. It was found that the number of citations and the number of patent families have different effects on the survival time of invention patents in the three types of universities; the examination time and the number of inventors have negative effects on the survival time of invention patents in the three types of universities; the number of claims, the number of IPCs and the number of forward citations have positive effects on the survival time of invention patents in the three types of universities. This paper can provide some reference for universities to cultivate high-value patents.

Research on Correlation Control of Subjective Patent Indicators Based on Progressive Constraint

Patent indicator evaluation is a relatively objective patent quality evaluation method recognized by academia. Some subjective patent indicators are often related, which to some extent interferes with the objectivity of patent evaluation. This study selects five commonly used subjective patent indicators that are directly related to the compilers of patent documents, which includes patent forward citations, patent family, four digit international patent classifications, patentees, and patent inventors. Through the progressive limitation of the three constraints of patentees, patent priority countries, and patent disclosure years, the correlation between the subjective patent indicators is compared. The research results show that under the control of progressive constraint conditions, the positive correlation between subjective patent indicators is increasingly strengthened as a whole and has strong controllability. Further verification shows that the direct compilers of patent documents can affect the results of patent indicator evaluation by controlling the subjective patent indicator data, thus interfering with the evaluation of patent quality. It is recommended that researchers carefully select multiple subjective patent indicators with strong correlation before using patent indicators to evaluate patent quality, and complete the correlation analysis and screening of subjective patent indicators in advance.

Depth of Bacterial Penetration into Dentinal Tubules after Use of Different Irrigation Solutions: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies

(1) The objective of the study is to conduct a comprehensive systematic review of in vitro studies in order to assess the depth to which E. faecalis bacteria penetrate human dentinal tubules after the use of various irrigation solutions. (2) Methods: A literature search of the MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Embase databases was conducted, as well as a backward and forward citation search. Two independent reviewers then selected suitable studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted and the risk of bias and methodology of the studies were evaluated. (3) Results: Out of a total of 504 papers evaluated following the removal of duplicates, 7 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. The heterogeneity of the studies made it impossible to perform a meta-analysis. The majority of the studies reported that sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) can affect the penetration depth of E. faecalis suspensions. The studies included in this review possess a moderate to high risk of bias and thus represent moderate evidence that the antimicrobial activity of NaOCl and CHX affects the intra-tubular penetration of bacteria. (4) Conclusions: The evidence indicates that irrigants may affect the bacteria inside human dentinal tubules. Standardized high-quality methods are needed to evaluate bacterial penetration in in vitro studies.

User Experience of COVID-19 Chatbots: Scoping Review.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had global impacts and caused some health systems to experience substantial pressure. The need for accurate health information has been felt widely. Chatbots have great potential to reach people with authoritative information, and a number of chatbots have been quickly developed to disseminate information about COVID-19. However, little is known about user experiences of and perspectives on these tools. This study aimed to describe what is known about the user experience and user uptake of COVID-19 chatbots. A scoping review was carried out in June 2021 using keywords to cover the literature concerning chatbots, user engagement, and COVID-19. The search strategy included databases covering health, communication, marketing, and the COVID-19 pandemic specifically, including MEDLINE Ovid, Embase, CINAHL, ACM Digital Library, Emerald, and EBSCO. Studies that assessed the design, marketing, and user features of COVID-19 chatbots or those that explored user perspectives and experience were included. We excluded papers that were not related to COVID-19; did not include any reporting on user perspectives, experience, or the general use of chatbot features or marketing; or where a version was not available in English. The authors independently screened results for inclusion, using both backward and forward citation checking of the included papers. A thematic analysis was carried out with the included papers. A total of 517 papers were sourced from the literature, and 10 were included in the final review. Our scoping review identified a number of factors impacting adoption and engagement including content, trust, digital ability, and acceptability. The papers included discussions about chatbots developed for COVID-19 screening and general COVID-19 information, as well as studies investigating user perceptions and opinions on COVID-19 chatbots. The COVID-19 pandemic presented a unique and specific challenge for digital health interventions. Design and implementation were required at a rapid speed as digital health service adoption accelerated globally. Chatbots for COVID-19 have been developed quickly as the pandemic has challenged health systems. There is a need for more comprehensive and routine reporting of factors impacting adoption and engagement. This paper has shown both the potential of chatbots to reach users in an emergency and the need to better understand how users engage and what they want.

Expert searchers identified time, team, technology and tension as challenges when carrying out supplementary searches for systematic reviews: A thematic network analysis.

Systematic reviews require detailed planning of complex processes which can present logistical challenges. Understanding these logistical challenges can help with planning and execution of tasks OBJECTIVES: To describe the perspectives of expert searchers on the main logistical challenges when carrying out supplementary searches for systematic reviews, in particular, forward citation searching and web searching. Qualitative interviews were undertaken with 15 experts on searching for studies for systematic reviews (e.g. information specialists) working in health and social care research settings. Interviews were undertaken by video-call between September 2020 and June 2021. Data analysis used thematic network analysis. We identified three logistical challenges of using forward citation searching and web searching which were organised under the global theme of 'tension': time, team and technology. Several subthemes were identified which supported the organising themes, including allocating time, justifying time and keeping to time; reviewer expectations and contact with review teams; and access to resources and reference management. Forward citation searching and web searching are logistically challenging search methods for a systematic review. An understanding of these challenges should encourage expert searchers and review teams to maintain open channels of communication, which should also facilitate improved working relationships.

Indigenous Cultural Safety in Recognizing and Responding to Family Violence: A Systematic Scoping Review.

This systematic scoping review synthesizes the recommended approaches for providing culturally safe family violence interventions to Indigenous peoples in health care and social service settings. A total of 3783 sources were identified through our electronic database searches, hand-searching of Indigenous-focused journals, and backward and forward citation chaining. After screening those sources in duplicate, 28 papers were included for synthesis in June 2020. Forward citation chaining of these 28 included articles in June 2022 identified an additional 304 possible articles for inclusion; following the screening of those 304 articles, an additional 6 were retained in the review. Thus, a total of 34 articles were included for data extraction and narrative synthesis. Initial results were presented to members of the Six Nations of the Grand River Youth Mental Wellness Committee, and their feedback was incorporated into our inductive organization of findings. Our findings represent three thematic areas that reflect key recommendations for health care and social service provision to Indigenous families for whom family violence is a concern: (1) creating the conditions for cultural safety; (2) healing at the individual and community level; and (3) system-level change. These findings demonstrate the need to center Indigenous peoples and perspectives in the development and implementation of cultural safety approaches, to acknowledge and address historically contingent causes of past and present family violence including colonization and related state policies, and to transform knowledge and power relationships at the provider, organization, and government level.

Myocardial perfusion imaging in the era of COVID-19: a systematic review.

As COVID-19 was uncovered, it became evident that specific individuals could experience multi-organ complications for quite a while after infection. Among them, there were several cardiovascular complications. Myocardial perfusion imaging single photon emission computed tomography (MPI SPECT) can be utilized to detect and evaluate cardiac problems regardless of whether COVID caused them. By examining all publications relevant to the impacts of the pandemic on SPECT MPI imaging, we aimed to understand how the COVID pandemic affected different aspects of the MPI, how intense these effects were, and what the consequences were. On the 6th of June, 2022, a four-domain search strategy was developed and implemented by searching the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The retrieved records have been put through two levels of screening. The search for forward and backward citations provided more results. This study contained 32 papers, divided into the following three categories: 1. Case reports and series; 2. A comparison of the number of MPIs conducted before and after the pandemic; and 3. SPECT MPI findings. We observed through the article review that CT scans performed in combination with MPI are crucial and should be interpreted within the context of COVID, especially during outbreaks. Moreover, we discovered that in the initial months of the pandemic, the number of SPECT MPIs performed globally decreased, with the fall being more significant in some countries, primarily in low- to middle-income regions. Lastly, we found that individuals with a history of COVID-19 may be more prone to having MPIs that demonstrate abnormalities, such as ischemia.

Predicting neurological outcome in adult patients with cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis of prediction model performance

This work aims to assess the performance of two post-arrest (out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, OHCA, and cardiac arrest hospital prognosis, CAHP) and one pre-arrest (good outcome following attempted resuscitation, GO-FAR) prediction model for the prognostication of neurological outcome after cardiac arrest in a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic search was conducted in Embase, Medline, and Web of Science Core Collection from November 2006 to December 2021, and by forward citation tracking of key score publications. The search identified 1′021 records, of which 25 studies with a total of 124′168 patients were included in the review. A random-effects meta-analysis of C-statistics and overall calibration (total observed vs. expected [O:E] ratio) was conducted. Discriminatory performance was good for the OHCA (summary C-statistic: 0.83 [95% CI 0.81–0.85], 16 cohorts) and CAHP score (summary C-statistic: 0.84 [95% CI 0.82–0.87], 14 cohorts) and acceptable for the GO-FAR score (summary C-statistic: 0.78 [95% CI 0.72–0.84], five cohorts). Overall calibration was good for the OHCA (total O:E ratio: 0.78 [95% CI 0.67–0.92], nine cohorts) and the CAHP score (total O:E ratio: 0.78 [95% CI 0.72–0.84], nine cohorts) with an overestimation of poor outcome. Overall calibration of the GO-FAR score was poor with an underestimation of good outcome (total O:E ratio: 1.62 [95% CI 1.28–2.04], five cohorts). Two post-arrest scores showed good prognostic accuracy for predicting neurological outcome after cardiac arrest and may support early discussions about goals-of-care and therapeutic planning on the intensive care unit. A pre-arrest score showed acceptable prognostic accuracy and may support code status discussions.Graphical

Potential Value of Patents With Provisional Applications: An Assessment of Bibliometric Approach

This article used nine patent value indicators to compare the differences in the characteristics of U.S. patents for which provisional applications (PAs) were submitted and other patents without PAs (NPAs). The findings revealed significant differences in the average numbers of backward and forward citations, patent and nonpatent references, and patent claims, patent family size (number of patents and number of countries), and duration of examination between the two groups of patents granted between 2005 and 2017 by United States Patent and Trademark Office. Increasing trends were observed in the average number of backward citations and average percentage of patents renewed per year in both PA and NPA groups, whereas decreasing trends were observed in the average numbers of forward citations, countries, claims, and average duration of examination per patent and per year in PA and NPA groups. Differences in patent characteristics based on type and field were observed. This article also revealed more significant differences in PAs than in NPAs because of a larger number of pairs of fields. The results of this study confirmed that PAs have a stronger association with patent value and provided further justification for filing PAs, in addition to obtaining an early effective date for new inventions.

Normal reference values for aerobic fitness in cystic fibrosis: a scoping review

ObjectiveThe importance of aerobic fitness (VO2peak) in cystic fibrosis (CF) is well established, and regular exercise testing is recommended. To standardise VO2peak, a ‘percentage of predicted’ (%pred) derived from normative...

Empirical Evidence Regarding Financial Capability Interventions Used With Diagnostic Populations is Increasing: A Scoping Review

<h3>Objective(s)</h3> To explore literature concerning interventions aimed at improving financial capability (FC) in diagnostic populations that have documented challenges with FC including individuals living with brain injury, mental health conditions, mild cognitive impairment/dementia, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. <h3>Data Sources</h3> With librarian consultation, researchers searched five databases (Medline, CINAHL, PsychInfo, EconLit, EMBASE), completed backward and forward citation searching, and contacted expert authors. <h3>Study Selection</h3> Two independent reviewers completed title/abstract screening and full article selection using online review software. A priori inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed, written in English, involved adults with aforementioned diagnoses, and described any intervention regarding FC. <h3>Data Extraction</h3> Two independent reviewers extracted data using a piloted extraction form. Reviewers created an inclusive model to categorize intervention components across selected articles. <h3>Data Synthesis</h3> Database searching identified 7063 titles, and reviewers included 24 articles published between 1981-2018. Most articles were aimed at individuals with substance use and/or mental health conditions (n=20); less in other diagnoses (brain injury (n=2), multiple sclerosis (n=1) and mixed diagnoses (n=1). Articles included only four randomized control trials (RCTs); with more case series/cohort design studies (n=6), or opinion/editorial articles (n=4). Others were intervention frameworks, case studies or qualitative (n=10). Interventions discussed were heterogenous and complex, including components of education (n=10), skills training (n=21), individualized budgeting (n=18), metacognitive strategies (n=2), structured goal setting (n=7), savings building (n=5), representative payeeship (n=11), and assistive technology (n=1). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Despite FC being a common goal in rehabilitation, there is insufficient literature to review and appraise FC intervention efficacy in these select populations. There is limited literature overall, with very few RCTs and many populations having zero to two articles. The interventions described have varied components that limits inter-article comparison. The literature provides possible intervention options, but further research is imperative to guide evidence-based rehabilitation practice. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> Authors do not have any conflicts to disclose.

Patented knowledge capital and implied equity risk premium

Patented knowledge capital improves the transparency of research and development expenditures, converts intangible intellectual property into collateralizable and salable assets, enhances sustained competitive advantage by enabling firms to weather business cycles, withstand obsolescence risk and competitive threats, and lowers future financing risk and growth uncertainties. Consistent with this conjecture, we find that knowledge capital, proxied by stocks of patents, their forward citations and estimated market value, is associated with lower future cost of equity as well as firm risk. These findings appear robust to controlling for the stock of R&D expenses, potential endogeneity concerns about firms’ innovative activities, controls for technology spillovers from industry rivals, and product market competition.

Utility of temporal self-regulation theory in health and social behaviours: A meta-analysis.

Temporal self-regulation theory was developed to address an observed intention-behaviour gap across behaviours. However, a synthesis of studies has not yet been conducted to investigate the theory's utility to explain behaviour and bridge the intention-behaviour gap. This review aimed to evaluate the predictive ability of temporal self-regulation theory to understanding behaviour and pre-registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021253174). Forward citation searches on the original theory publication through Google Scholar until May 2021 identified 37 eligible articles, including, 12,555 participants assessing at least two of the three theory constructs. Random-effects meta-analyses assessed the strength of associations between theory constructs on behaviour and random effects meta-regressions assessed moderators of behaviour. Findings provide support for temporal self-regulation theory to explain behaviour with very weak (self-regulatory capacity r=.039, CI=.00, -.07) to moderate (intention r=.331, CI=.26, .40; behavioural pre-potency r=.379, CI=.32, .44) effect sizes. Further, the strength of associations varied across behaviour types and contexts. However, there was high heterogeneity across studies and some moderating effects could not be assessed due to insufficient numbers of studies assessing interactions. We urge researchers to assess and report interactions for better understanding of the drivers of behaviour to develop effective interventions for positive behaviour change.

Psychosocial family-level mediators in the intergenerational transmission of trauma: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Family-level psychosocial factors appear to play a critical role in mediating the intergenerational transmission of trauma; however, no review article has quantitatively synthesized causal mechanisms across a diversity of trauma types. This study aims to systematically consolidate the epidemiological research on family-level psychosocial mediators and moderators to ultimately produce causal diagram(s) of the intergenerational transmission of trauma. We will identify epidemiological peer-reviewed publications, dissertations, and conference abstracts that measure the impact of at least one psychosocial family-level factor mediating or moderating the relationship between parental trauma exposure and a child mental health outcome. English, French, Kinyarwanda, and Spanish articles will be eligible. We will search MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PTSDpubs, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses and will conduct forward citation chaining of included documents. Two reviewers will perform screening independently. We will extract reported mediators, moderators, and relevant study characteristics for included studies. Findings will be presented using narrative syntheses, descriptive analyses, mediation meta-analyses, moderating meta-analyses, and causal diagram(s), where possible. We will perform a risk of bias assessment and will assess for publication bias. The development of evidence-based causal diagram(s) would provide more detailed understanding of the paths by which the psychological impacts of trauma can be transmitted intergenerationally at the family-level. This review could provide evidence to better support interventions that interrupt the cycle of intergenerational trauma. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO registration ID #CRD42021251053.

A novel quality index for Latin-American inventions

In developing countries, the quality of patents has not been deeply analysed, despite its relevance for scaling up incentives in innovation and technology transfer. This paper fills this gap using a novel quality index for Latin-American patents (QILAP). Our quality index draws on a large sample computed for 28,998 patent families, estimating over 21.000 individual indicators. The QILAP was calculated using seven patent quality variables, including forward citations, number of inventors, and internationalisation. Besides, eight individual indexes for different scientific fields were generated; the combination of those indexes creates our novel QILAP measure. Results contribute to determining which Latin-American countries occupy a privileged position related to technology development and deliver valuable information for policy decisions.

Interventions for improving executive functions in children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD): A systematic review.

Interventions for improving executive functions in children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD): A systematic review.

Predicting antipsychotic-induced weight gain in first episode psychosis-a protocol for a field-wide systematic review of prognostic factor studies

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; One significant complexity associated with management of antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) is extensive interindividual variability amongst patients in initial susceptibility to AIWG, time to plateau of weight gain, and resultant final amount of weight gained. Prior to antipsychotic commencement, risk-stratified information highlighting those at increased risk of experiencing significant AIWG would allow tailored weight monitoring and subsequent management protocols to be developed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This protocol is for a planned systematic review to identify the current utility of baseline clinical, sociodemographic, and biological prognostic factors in predicting the likelihood of significant AIWG occurring prior to antipsychotic commencement. The cohort assessed will be antipsychotic-naïve adults with a first episode of psychosis. Searches for both randomised and prospective non-randomised studies will be undertaken by searching four electronic databases and two trial registers, followed by reference searching, forward citation searching and liaison with content experts. A meta-analysis of study results will be undertaken where study quality and homogeneity allow. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework modified for prognostic research will be used to assess evidence certainty. This protocol was prepared in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Protocols guideline and latest guidance from the Prognosis Methods Group of the Cochrane Collaboration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;This review will establish the current quantity, quality and clinical utility of evidence addressing the prognostic association of clinical, biological, and sociodemographic factors in prospectively identifying those more likely to experience significant AIWG.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Registration details:&lt;/strong&gt; PROSPERO registration number CRD42021258148.&lt;/p&gt;