Fort Saskatchewan Research Articles

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on elective cataract surgery wait times

ObjectifLa prolongation du temps d'attente avant une chirurgie de la cataracte risque d'avoir des effets négatifs sur la qualité de vie des patients et d'accroître l'incidence de chutes et de dépression. La pandémie de COVID-19 a posé de sérieux défis quant à la réalisation des chirurgies de la cataracte sans caractère d'urgence. On a donc examiné, grâce aux données du ministère de la santé de l'Alberta, les effets de la pandémie sur le temps d'attente avant une chirurgie de la cataracte dans la région d'Edmonton en comparant les temps d'attente avant et pendant la pandémie. MéthodesIl s'agissait d'une étude fondée sur une population rétrospective. Les données provenaient d'une base de données centralisée portant sur les chirurgies de la cataracte réalisées en milieu hospitalier (Hôpital Royal Alexandra, Hôpital communautaire de Fort Saskatchewan et Centre de santé WestView) entre avril 2019 et mars 2022 (soit 3 années financières). RésultatsL'attente moyenne avant une chirurgie de la cataracte est passée de 14,4 ± 1,4 semaines en 2019–2020 à 18,2 ± 2,7 semaines en 2020–2021 (p = 0,005) pour redescendre à 11,5 ± 1,3 semaines en 2021–2022 (p < 0,001). Le nombre de chirurgies réalisées est passé de 13 103 en 2019–2020 à 9308 (p = 0,09) et à 10 365 (p = 0,1) au cours des 2 années suivantes, respectivement. Le nombre d'heures de bloc opératoire réservées aux cas prévus chaque année a chuté à 4463 heures (p = 0,42) et à 4552 heures (p = 0,15) pendant la pandémie, comparativement à 5541 heures avant la pandémie. Cela dit, le nombre moyen de patients en attente d'une chirurgie est passé de 6629 à la fin de 2019–2020 à 6122 (p = 0,029) et à 4011 (p < 0,001) au cours des 2 années suivantes, respectivement. ConclusionLe temps d'attente moyen précédant une chirurgie de la cataracte sans caractère d'urgence a significativement augmenté pendant la première année de la pandémie de COVID-19. Or, le temps d'attente a diminué pendant la deuxième année de la pandémie, vu la réduction du nombre de patients en attente d'une chirurgie.

Quest CCS facility: Time-lapse seismic campaigns

In August 2015, CO2 injection commenced at the Quest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Facility located near Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada. Quest is a fully integrated CCS operation with a capture target of just over one million metric tonnes of CO2 per year. CO2 is injected into a deep saline aquifer, the Basal Cambrian Sandstone (BCS), at a depth of about two kilometers below ground.In order to demonstrate containment and conformance of the injected CO2, a Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV) plan has been implemented. Multiple domains are monitored as part of the plan, including the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and wells. Time-lapse seismic methods are utilized primarily for conformance monitoring and secondarily for containment monitoring of the CO2 plume within the Geosphere domain. These methods currently include 3D surface seismic (SEIS3D), 2D surface seismic (SEIS2D) and 2D multi-azimuth walk-away borehole vertical seismic profiles with distributed acoustic sensing (VSP2D).The first goal of this paper is to summarize the role of seismic, subsurface modeling efforts and the different baseline and monitor datasets that have been acquired at the Quest CCS Facility. The second goal is to describe the current Quest time-lapse strategy. Five key seismic acquisition campaigns have occurred at Quest through the pre- and post-start of injection periods, including an initial SEIS3D acquisition, a pre-injection baseline VSP2D acquisition, and three monitor VSP2D acquisitions. SEIS2D acquisitions have also been acquired as part of two of the most recent monitor campaigns. All campaigns have occurred over the winter season, to facilitate surface access, minimize impact on the land and farming/harvest activities, and to ensure maximum repeatability. Time-lapse seismic methods yield an image of the CO2 that is injected into the BCS pore space, displacing some of the brine in the saline aquifer. Since the injected CO2 is more compressible and less dense than brine, the velocity of seismic primary-waves traveling through the BCS is reduced in those places containing CO2 and remain unchanged elsewhere.Petrophysical data from the injection wells (IWs) were used to calculate the acoustic properties of the BCS. Gassmann fluid substitution was used to model the effect of CO2 saturation on the expected seismic response. Modeling showed that differences in the seismic images of the BCS obtained before and during CO2 injection should be seen in two characteristics ways:1) Travel-times across the BCS increase due to the slower primary-wave velocity inside the BCS.2) Reflections from the base of the BCS become stronger as the impedance contrast with the underlying granite basement increases. The contrast between the BCS and underlying basement is much larger than between the BCS and the overlying sediments. The large contrast between the BCS and basement produces a prominent reflection which is easily mapped during baseline and monitor surveys and is more practical for amplitude extractions.Modeling also indicated that, while the acoustic changes are sufficient to define the CO2 front qualitatively, it is unlikely that they can be used to quantify the distribution of CO2 saturations within the plume.The initial time-lapse seismic strategy called for SEIS3D to be employed after a few years of injection. Borehole distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) VSPs were proposed as a cost-effective and flexible alternative to SEIS3D while injection volumes are small. With the optical fiber cemented in place behind the casing, data can be acquired at any time without suspending injection, something not achievable with conventional VSPs that use retrievable downhole geophone arrays. The effectiveness of VSPs is inherently dependent upon the injection volume, plume offset from the IWs and acquisition geometry. After evaluating the concentric plumes predicted from dynamic modeling results and considering the acquisition logistics at the Quest CCS well sites, a VSP2D program was executed.In 2017 and 2019, SEIS2D was recorded in addition to the VSP2D surveys. Surface geophones were deployed along the VSP2D shot locations, recording a pseudo-3D or cross-spread survey. SEIS2D will be evaluated as another seismic method to potentially monitor CO2 plume development in the BCS.

Application of Multivariable Data Analysis in Mineral Processing

Data analysis and application of machine learning (ML) have demonstrated successful performance in various data rich industrial applications. Mineral processing and metallurgical operations are considered suitable for implementation of novel ML-based algorithms. The key operating performance and product outputs are usually obtained from the lab measurements and analyses that can be expensive, complex, and time consuming. Therefore, the development and application of a soft sensor and/or a state observer is a useful option to be considered due to their ability to provide the distribution of desired outputs in a continuous manner. In addition, the motivation to apply a soft sensor (a data-based model) is to provide guidance and/or information feedback to the operator in charge of making operational decisions. The soft sensor was developed at Sherritt's Metal Plant in Fort Saskatchewan as a nonlinear neural network model and it was based on two years of plant historical data. The model was also validated based on historical data, live testing, and additional sampling of process streams during simultaneous sampling campaign.

Dow details bold green plans

At an Oct. 6 investor day, Dow, the largest US chemical maker, unveiled a plan intended to improve its environmental performance without compromising profits. Dow last year set a goal of achieving net-zero carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. In the nearer term, the company aims to reduce carbon emissions by 15% this decade while increasing its output by 20%. “We turn 125 years old next year, and we’re turning the corner into a low-carbon, sustainable world,” Dow CEO Jim Fitterling told reporters. Dow said it will allocate $1 billion in annual capital spending to decarbonize its manufacturing sites one by one. Its biggest initiative is to build the world’s first carbon-neutral ethylene cracker at its site in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta. The cracker will have 1.8 million metric tons (t) per year of ethylene capacity when it opens in 2027, and Dow said it will implement carbon capture at the entire

Quest CCS Facility: Microseismic System Monitoring and Observations

In August 2015, CO2 injection commenced at the Quest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Facility located near Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada. Quest is a fully integrated CCS facility with a capture target of just over one million metric tonnes of CO2 per year. CO2 is injected into a deep saline aquifer, the Basal Cambrian Sandstone (BCS), at a depth of about two kilometers below ground. In order to demonstrate containment and conformance of the injected CO2, a Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV) plan has been implemented. Although Quest is in an extremely quiet tectonic location, induced seismicity has been recognized as a potential risk for all large-scale injection sites. As a result, microseismic monitoring is a key component of the Quest MMV Plan to ensure the continued assessment of that risk and to provide early notice of any changes. The aim of this presentation is to detail why we monitor for microseismic activity and how we do this efficiently using proactive technical monitoring (PTM) and exception based surveillance (EBS), to report on six years of microseismic monitoring observations through the pre- and post-start of injection periods and to describe the empirical analysis that has allowed the Quest CCS Facility to de-risk microseismicity as an active threat to containment. Microseismic data is continuously recorded at the Quest CCS storage site using a commercial downhole geophone array installed in a deep monitoring well (DMW). The data are processed to produce trigger files using a common algorithm for event detection and triggering, based on the ratio of short-time-average to long-time-average (STA/LTA) amplitudes. The triggered events are analyzed, classified and reported daily. Categories for various trigger types are defined based on the characteristics of each event. Operationally, the status of the microseismic array is continually assessed by the presence of trigger events. A trigger event is defined to be locatable when it shows clear primary (P) and secondary (S) wave field arrivals. The locatable events are processed and located using an anisotropic velocity model. The p-wave velocities were derived from a vertical seismic profile survey, and the s-wave velocities were obtained from sonic well logs. Pre-CO2 injection recording of microseismic data began in November 2014. Most of the trigger files generated were related to surface, automatic and noise triggers. These events were used to assess the health of the system. No locatable events were detected during the pre-injection monitoring phase. The first locatable event was recorded 10 months after start of CO2 injection in July 2016 with a magnitude of -1.3. Since January 2017, sustained low level, small magnitude microseismic activity have been located within the Quest microseismic area of review (AOR) within the Precambrian basement. The AOR as defined in the 2017 Quest MMV plan, extends 10 km radially outwards from each active injection well (IW). As of December 31st, 2020, 486 locatable events have been detected, with an average magnitude of -0.7, a maximum magnitude of 0.8 and a typical occurrence rate of 1-2 events per week. Using the current methodology, all locatable events have been located within the Precambrian basement, below the injection zone. None of this microseismic activity has represented a risk to containment.

Moisture and soil strength monitoring of a railway embankment remediated with wicking geotextile

A 45 m section of a railway embankment located at Fort Saskatchewan County in Alberta, Canada, was remediated as a part of the Canadian Pacific Railway’s (CP) Grade Stabilization/Remediation Plan. The embankment materials were replaced while a 4.6 m wide reinforcing geotextile (Mirafi® RS580i) and a 7.3 m wide wicking geotextile (Mirafi® H2Ri) were installed in the ballast and sub-ballast interface and between the subgrade and sub-ballast, respectively, aiming to address issues such as poor drainage and moisture retention. The studied site consists of an instrumented track including a remediated and an adjacent control section that provided the opportunity to measure volumetric water content (VWC) within the sub-ballast and clayey subgrade at both configurations. The VWC variation with seasonal weather change is continuously monitored by nine moisture sensors, and an antecedent precipitation index (API) model was developed to evaluate the influence of precipitation events on the VWC in both sections and to interpret the impact of the in situ VWC on the unsaturated strength of the soil according to the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) results. An initial evaluation of the moisture-suction relationship has shown that the subgrade soil strength is improving within the remediated section; nonetheless, these trends are anticipated to be more consistent with long-term observation.

Quest carbon capture and storage offset project: Findings and learnings from 1st reporting period

Quest is a fully integrated Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project that started CO2 injection in August of 2015. The Quest CCS Project is located near Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada. It includes a capture facility which uses a Shell amine technology, a pipeline of about 65 km length, and three injection well pads. Each injection well pad has an injection well, a deep monitoring well, and shallow groundwater wells. The storage complex is geologically defined by the injection reservoir, a deep saline aquifer called the Basal Cambrian Sand (BCS) (about 45 m thick) and several seals, including the Middle Cambrian Shale (about 50 m thick) and Lotsberg Salts (about 120 m thick). As of August 2018, over three million tonnes of CO2 have been safely injected and permanently stored in the BCS. The Alberta Carbon Competitiveness Incentive Regulation (CCIR) requires the use of standard methods of quantification for reporting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for facilities with over 100,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per year. An emission offset project is required to comply with CCIR, associated standards and protocols, to demonstrate a reduction in the specified gas emissions and, in the case of Quest, geological sequestration. Quest is the first CCS project to implement an offset project in the context of commercial scale on-shore CO2 geological sequestration within a saline aquifer. Quest uses the Quantification Protocol for CO2 Capture and Permanent Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers, from Alberta Environment and Parks. An offset project must develop an offset project plan (OPP) which demonstrates how the project meets the requirement of the protocol, describes how GHG emissions reductions are achieved, identifies risks associated with the quantification of emission reduction benefits, and describes methodologies used to quantify sources and sinks. Subsequent to completing the OPP, an offset project will put together offset project reports (OPR) to report on the net reductions of GHG emissions for a specific period. The intent of this paper is a) to provide an overview of the OPP and OPR for the Quest CCS project, and b) to discuss learnings from the initial compilation and submission of offset project reports. The key learning at this time is associated to the equipment improvements to the injection gas online analyzer.

Development of cost models of algae production in a cold climate using different production systems

AbstractResearch into the potential use of microalgae to produce biofuels is receiving significant attention. In the cold climates of countries like Canada, algae cultivation in open raceway pond (ORP) systems is limited to a short period of the year when pond surface water temperatures and ambient light conditions enable optimal culture growth. In this study we develop techno‐economic assessment models to predict, evaluate, and compare the techno‐economic results from three autotrophic algae cultivation scenarios to produce algae biomass. The first is a modeled ORP site located in the southern USA, which has a minimum biomass selling price (MBSP) for algae of $541 tonne−1 (T−1). The second scenario models an identical ORP system co‐located at a site near Fort Saskatchewan, a northern city in the province of Alberta, Canada. The resulting MBSP is $1288 T−1. A third scenario models a photobioreactor (PBR) cultivation system co‐located at the same northern Alberta site and shows algae production with an MBSP of $550 T−1. Each system is scaled to produce 2000 T day−1 ash‐free dry weight (AFDE) algae biomass. The study concludes that PBR systems deployed at this scale have the potential to reduce production costs significantly ($ T−1) compared to similarly sited ORP systems in Canada, despite climatic factors and high initial capital costs associated with PBR construction. Furthermore, the modeled PBR system required 0.3% of the water required by the ORP cultivation platforms (153 × 103 versus 59 527 × 103 m3) and 0.04% of the land (32 versus. 82 038 ha). © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd

Novel satellite based analytical model developed to predict microalgae yields in open pond raceway systems and applied to Canadian sites

Interest in microalgae cultivation continues to increase based on its potential commercial value. Algae converts CO2, nitrates, phosphates and other nutrients into a biomass that can be processed into biofuels, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, food, fertilizers, and other active compounds. Solar irradiance and media temperatures are key parameters in determining microalgae cultivation yield and hence these parameters are fundamental in existing models that have been constructed to predict yields in different locations for open pond raceway (OPR) cultivation systems. The challenge in estimating OPR yields in higher and lower latitudes (colder climates) is that there are no known attempts to cultivate algae at any scale in these regions, nor are there data sets that include shallow pond site-specific daily water temperature measurements, from which to construct algae cultivation models. To address these challenges, our research introduces a new data-intensive analytical SATOPR (SATellite Open Pond Raceway) model, relying on ubiquitous historical satellite data. Local solar irradiance and ambient temperature values which are used to predict microalgae production yields at any geographic location including the colder latitudes of central Alberta and the Northwest Territories in Canada. The model predicts that annual open pond algae cultivation to produce 1000 T biomass would require 17–20 ha at Mesa, AZ, 45–56 ha at Medicine Hat, AB, 57–68 ha at Fort Saskatchewan, AB and 71–80 ha at Great Slave Lake, NWT. The Mesa, AZ results are more conservative than forecast by a NREL model predicting 12 ha to produce 1000 T biomass. Modeled land area information provides the basis for life cycle assessments (LCAs), techno-economic analyses (TEAs), and photobioreactor (PBR) versus OPR performance studies, yields simulations based on various parameters, and can assist with algae production platform optimization.

Assessment of Baseline Groundwater Physical and Geochemical Properties for the Quest Carbon Capture and Storage Project, Alberta, Canada

Abstract The Shell Quest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project will capture CO2 from the Scotford Upgrader Facility in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada, and inject approximately 1 million tonnes of CO2 per annum over 25 years into the Basal Cambrian Sandstone aquifer. An MMV program has been designed and is being implemented. A key MMV component is the ongoing hydrological and geochemical monitoring of a number of groundwater wells. As part of the MMV process, this project has re-evaluated the shallow geology in the study area where necessary, and based upon this, defined four aquifers including the Surficial, Oldman, Foremost and Basal Belly River Sandstone (BBRS). Historic and ongoing groundwater monitoring data has been used to develop a hydrologic and geochemical baseline for the four target aquifers. Inferred regional groundwater flow directions and velocities have been calculated based upon the available hydraulic head, well pump test data and aquifer properties. Groundwaters from the Surficial, Oldman and Foremost aquifers cannot be separated based upon hydraulic head or upon aqueous chemistry. However, groundwater data from the BBRS aquifer suggests that the BBRS aquifer is hydraulically isolated from the overlying aquifers within the limits of the Quest Project Sequestration Lease Area (SQL). Based on the geochemical baseline, groundwater related solution chemical triggers are being defined which may be used to identity whether or not fluid and/or gas migration is occurring from the storage complex and, if that is the case, what impact those fluids and/or gas may have upon the potable groundwaters above the Base of Groundwater Protection (BGWP) across the SQL.

Phosphogypsum Capping Depth Affects Revegetation and Hydrology in Western Canada

Phosphogypsum (PG), a byproduct of phosphate fertilizer manufacturing, is commonly stacked and capped with soil at decommissioning. Shallow (0, 8, 15, and 30 cm) and thick (46 and 91 cm) sandy loam caps on a PG stack near Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada, were studied in relation to vegetation establishment and hydrologic properties. Plant response was evaluated over two growing seasons for redtop ( L.), slender wheatgrass ( (Link) Malte ex H.F. Lewis), tufted hairgrass ( (L.) P. Beauv.), and sheep fescue ( L.) and for a mix of these grasses with alsike clover ( L.). Water content below the soil-PG interface was monitored with time-domain reflectometry probes, and leachate water quantity and quality at a depth of 30 cm was measured using lysimeters. Vegetation responded positively to all cap depths relative to bare PG, with few significant differences among cap depths. Slender wheatgrass performed best, and tufted hairgrass performed poorly. Soil caps <1 m required by regulation were sufficient for early revegetation. Soil water fluctuated more in shallow than in thick caps, and water content was generally between field capacity and wilting point regardless of cap depth. Water quality was not affected by cap depths ≤30 cm. Leachate volumes at 30 cm from distinct rainfall events were independent of precipitation amount and cap depth. The study period had lower precipitation than normal, yet soil caps were hospitable for plant growth in the first 2 yr of establishment.

Assessment of a Reclamation Cover System for Phosphogypsum Stacks in Central Alberta, Canada

Phosphogypsum (PG), a byproduct of the phosphate fertilizer industry, was produced and stockpiled at the Agrium Fort Saskatchewan facility from 1965 to 1991. Upon decommissioning, the outer slopes of the PG stacks were reclaimed by applying 15 cm of topsoil and planting a non-native seed mix. Physical, chemical, and hydrologic evaluations of the cover system confirmed that plants were successfully growing in various soil capping depths and were often rooting more than 200 mm into the PG. Percolation past the substrate into PG during a typical storm event was low (< 10 mm), and runoff from the stacks was negligible. Runoff quality met most guidelines, but some parameters, including fluoride, were up to 18 times higher than provincial or federal guidelines for soil and water quality. However, the cover system, when applied appropriately, does meet basic reclamation objectives. The exceedances are found in areas where the cover system has been compromised by erosion or mixing or in areas where the cover system has not been fully applied, such as roads or the inner basin. In areas where the cover system has been applied successfully, basic reclamation requirements are met.

Effect of Magnesium on Pressure Leaching of Moa Laterite Ore

The magnesium content of laterite ore has a significant impact on the quantity of sulphuric acid required to achieve the target nickel extraction by the high pressure acid leach (HPAL) process, both through direct consumption of acid when magnesium-bearing minerals are dissolved and through “buffering” effects via bisulphate ion equilibria at temperature in the leach reactor. This paper presents the results of HPAL batch tests conducted by Sherritt Technologies in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada with ore samples from the Moa Nickel Pedro Sotto Alba plant at Moa, Holguin, Cuba along with a comparison of the laboratory results with operating data from Moa. A significant variation in acid requirement has been demonstrated over a relatively narrow range of feed magnesium content. Further, the quantitative results of the laboratory tests allow a model to be formulated for the most economic consumption of acid at Moa.RésuméLa teneur en magnésium du minerai de latérite a un impact important sur la quantité d'acide sulfurique requise pour atteindre l'objectif d'extraction de nickel par le procédé de lessivage acide à haute pression (HPAL), tant par consommation directe d'acide lorsque les minéraux porteurs de magnésium sont dissous, que par des effets “tampons” par l'intermédiaire d'équilibres de l'ion bisulfate à la température du réacteur de lessivage. Cet article présente les résultats d'essais en lot de HPAL effectués par Sherritt Technologies à Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada, avec des échantillons de minerai de l'usine de Moa Nickel Pedro Sotto Alba, à Moa, Holguin, Cuba, ainsi qu'une comparaison des résultats de laboratoire avec des données d'opérations de Moa. On montre une variation importante du besoin en acide sur une gamme relativement étroite de la teneur en magnésium de l'alimentation. De plus, les résultats quantitatifs des essais de laboratoire ont permis de développer un modèle de consommation d'acide la plus économique à Moa.

Characterization of volatile organic compound emission sources in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta using principal component analysis

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at two sites in a highly industrialized zone in western Canada from September 2004 to March 2006. Principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation was performed on 30 VOCs to identify the pollution sources. Aliphatics, aromatics, and halogenated aliphatics were studied. The two monitoring sites were 11 km apart, with site 1 closer to the city of Fort Saskatchewan and site 2 predominantly down wind from the industrial sources. PCA results provided the basis for interpreting the relationship between the ambient 24-h integrated VOC samples and the emission sources in the region. Challenges existed in interpreting the PCA results in such a highly industrialized region; however a unique feature to this study was the fact that the region was home to the only 1,2-dichloroethane emitting facility in Canada. Other specific industry related VOCs in the region were vinyl chloride, styrene and HCFC-22. Making use of these specific VOCs in the PCA allowed for easy identification of an industrial contribution. For factors that were not easily distinguishable, further PCA tests were conducted using carbon monoxide concentrations, wind direction data and seasonal splitting of the samples. The analysis found that five factors accounted for 82% of the variance at site 1 and five factors accounted for 81% of the variance at site 2. The factor accounting for the highest variability (∼40%) at the two sites was the most difficult to interpret, but showed contributions from both industry and vehicle related emissions. Specific industrial sources were identified using 1,2-dichloroethane as a chemical tracer or by corroborating wind speed with known industry VOC emissions. Both sites had two factors identified as specific industry sources and these factors totaled to over 20% of the variance. Long range transport of stable halogenated compounds accounted for greater than 10% of the variance, and seasonal effects accounted for 5% of the variance.

Managing Flea Beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Canola with Seeding Date, Plant Density, and Seed Treatment

Fall seeding of canola can increase equipment and manpower efficiencies for producers, hasten crop maturity, and improve seed quality, but no previous studies have examined effects of this practice on infestations of flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), the major pests of crop seedlings in North America. Field experiments were conducted at Vegreville, Fort Saskatchewan, and Lethbridge, AB, Canada from 1998 through 2000 to determine the effect of fall versus spring seeding of canola (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.) on feeding damage by flea beetles. Interactions with seeding rate and seed treatment on flea beetle damage also were investigated. Flea beetle damage was greater on plants of B rapa than B napus, on spring‐seeded canola than on plants seeded in fall, and on plants that developed from seed treated with Vitavax Single (containing carboxin) than on plants treated with Vitavax rs (containing carboxin, thiram, and lindane). Mean flea beetle damage per plant declined with an increase in seeding rate. Canola seeded in fall reached 50% flowering about 10 d earlier than plants seeded in April and about 20 d before plants seeded in May. Fall‐seeded plants matured 5 to 21 d earlier than plants seeded in April and about 10 to 30 d before plants seeded in May. Seeding in fall enabled plants to progress beyond the vulnerable cotyledon stage by the time that most flea beetle injury occurred. Seeding canola in fall, at rates selected to achieve vigorous plant stands, is an important component of an integrated management strategy for flea beetles, with the potential for substantially reducing insecticide use in this crop.

Helmeted Muskox (Bootherium bombifrons) from Near Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta: Dating Evidence for Redeposition in Late Pleistocene Alluvium

Superimposition and intersection of preglacial and postglacial valley systems on the Canadian plains indicates that some of the recovered Quaternary vertebrate fossils may be redeposited. To test this proposition, an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) date was obtained on bone from a previously described helmeted muskox skull from near Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta. The specimen, identified as Bootherium bombifrons = Symbos cavifrons was previously thought to be Late Pleistocene (postglacial) in age but showed evidence of transport. A date of 30 570 ± 250 14C yrs BP indicates that it is of Middle Wisconsinan (pre-Last Glacial Maximum) age and therefore was ultimately derived from the Empress Formation (Saskatchewan Gravels and Sands) in the Edmonton area. Other vertebrate fossils must be assessed carefully in this light and direct dating is recommended wherever possible to facilitate both stratigraphic and paleontological studies.

Natural gas line failure: Agrium Fort Saskatchewan Nitrogen Operations

AbstractWhile restarting an ammonia plant after a shutdown, the pipe line supplying natural gas to the sulfur removal section preheat coil in the primary reformer convection section ruptured. High‐pressure natural gas from the rupture ignited causing significant fire damage. The gas line rupture was determined to have been caused by corrosion. This paper examines the cause of the gas line failure and the corrective actions taken to prevent a reoccurrence.

Fundamental Aspects of Electrometallurgy By Konstantin I. Popov (University of Belgrade), Stojan S. Djokić (Westaim Corporation, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada), and Branimir N. Grgur (University of Belgrade). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, and Moscow. 2002. xviii + 305 pp. $135.00. ISBN 0-306-47269-4.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook ReviewNEXTFundamental Aspects of Electrometallurgy By Konstantin I. Popov (University of Belgrade), Stojan S. Djokić (Westaim Corporation, Fort Saskatchewan, Canada), and Branimir N. Grgur (University of Belgrade). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, and Moscow. 2002. xviii + 305 pp. $135.00. ISBN 0-306-47269-4.KNona LiddellView Author Information Washington State UniversityCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3, 850Publication Date (Web):October 31, 2002Publication History Published online31 October 2002Published inissue 1 January 2003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0252734Copyright © 2003 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views192Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (28 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Deposition,Materials,Metals,Process chemistry,Surface morphology Get e-Alerts

Mortality experience among employees at a hydrometallurgical nickel refinery and fertiliser complex in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta (1954–95)

OBJECTIVETo study the mortality experience of workers at a hydrometallurgical nickel refinery and fertiliser complex in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada.METHODSA total of 1649 male employees of Sherritt International who worked...

5651947 Recovery of zinc from sulphidic concentrates : Collins Michael J; Kofluk Donald Fort Saskatchewan, CANADA assigned to Alberta Ltd

5651947 Recovery of zinc from sulphidic concentrates : Collins Michael J; Kofluk Donald Fort Saskatchewan, CANADA assigned to Alberta Ltd