Formulation Of Rules Research Articles

Customer Attitudes Towards the Role of Socio-Economic Factors in Electricity Theft

Electricity theft has become a matter of trouble for both customers and electricity distribution companies. Due to electricity theft, distribution companies are facing lots of T&D losses every year. Despite of several technical measures adopted, there is no significant reduction in losses due to electricity theft. This fact diverts the attention towards non-technical measures which include formulation and enforcement of stringent rules and regulations. As the policies need to be enforced on electricity customers, therefore, policies should be designed in accordance with the customers’ attitude towards electricity theft. Therefore, this work has analyzed their attitude towards role of certain socio-economic factors which strongly impact the practice of electricity theft. This study has surveyed the electricity customers of two distribution companies, UHBVN and DHBVN in State Haryana. The findings of this work may help the electricity distribution companies to chalk out better and more effective plans to put check upon the practice of electricity theft in the society.

Research on the development path of China's digital trade under the background of the digital economy

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore how the development of digital trade can provide new development prospects to China's foreign trade under the background of the gradual expansion of China's digital economy and the further release of policy dividends.Design/methodology/approachUsing the methods of literature collection and induction, combined with traditional trade theory, this paper analyzes the characteristics and challenges of digital trade under the background of the digital economy.FindingsThe findings reveal that China's digital trade development still faces some risks, such as the containment of China's core technology, digital security and unbalanced development among regions. Considering these risks, China should break through core technical problem, participate in the formulation of international rules to ensure data security, give priority to the development of service trade and improve the unbalanced development of digital trade.Social implicationsBy analyzing the development status and characteristics of the digital economy and digital trade, this paper summarizes the challenges and comparative advantages faced by China's digital trade, and puts forward corresponding suggestions. These suggestions will allow China to take advantage of its rapid digital economy development and occupy a leading position in global digital trade.Originality/valueThis paper creatively expounds on the new development direction of digital trade from the perspective of comparative advantage and risks, and provides some suggestions to expedite China's digital trade development.

Do Peripheral Development Increase Vulnerability? Case Study from Dhaka, Bangladesh

Due to rapid urbanization, the pattern of land use is being changed in the fast-growing cities especially in the developing countries. In most cases, development is taking place without proper guidance, increasing disaster risk may arise from different hazards. As a result of haphazard development, damage and loss increasing gradually where a number of cities in the developing countries had to face adverse situation. This paper focuses the rapid development trend of Dhaka City. Being the central attraction of national investment, the city is experiencing fast development vertically in the inner areas and on the marshy lands towards urban fringe. Building code is not being followed properly, leading to fragile construction. There are incidents of building collapse even without effect of any hazard. Moreover, a number of housing estates being developed on recently in-filled low laying areas. The development on marshy land is highly vulnerable to earthquake liquefaction effect and flood that increasing the risk in the newly developed areas. Therefore, the rapid development on marshy land in the periphery should be considered for effective urban planning. The paper explores the trend and reasons behind spatial expansion of the city and its effect to natural hazards. Case study approach was adopted, investigating details of two peripheral areas of the city. Increase in Housing Estate is most notable change that happened due to population growth and land price during past decades. Weaknesses in execution of existing acts, rules and Master Plan give clear indication of the gaps in guiding the development properly. The research concluded with the challenges to deal with environmentally compatible development. It requires a number of changes and restructuring in specific areas for environment friendly development in this regard. Based on the conclusion, several recommendations are made to address the existing problems emphasizing amendment of Acts and Rules, completion of Master Plan, formulation of new Rules and development of policies for urban fringe areas.

Application of Rules and Regulations on Students’ Involvement in Arson at public boarding secondary schools in Migori County, Kenya

In the last 20 years there has been global increase of episodes of school unrests characterized with violence and arson attacks. They resulted to destruction of schools’ property and death. Arson persists with latest cases seen in 2021. Past studies have not focused on social and cultural aspects in learning institutions as possible causes of arson. The study focused on the application of rules and regulations on students’ involvement in Arson at public boarding Secondary schools in Migori County. Descriptive Cross-sectional survey design. It involved 380 students of form 3 and 4 from 28 public boarding secondary schools which had experienced Arson from 2017 to 2020; and 28 KII’s. Probability sampling techniques were used to arrive at the respondents, KII’s were purposively selected. Questionnaires and FGDs were used on main respondents; and interview schedule for KIIs. Quantitative data was analyzed using Pearson’s product moment correlations and presented in graphs, tables and charts. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. It was revealed that utilization of school rules and regulations had a positive significant relationship (r= .447, p<.05) with students’ involvement in arson. Further, informal discussion on school rules and regulations had a positive significant relationship (r= .487, p<.05) with students’ involvement in arson. The study recommends that the ministry of education should outline the guidelines for formulation of school rules and regulations

Abstract- Poster

Pages: 2Word count: 250 ()Acknowledgement: NoneIntroduction-Abuse of antihistamines alone or in combination with other substances have been known for decades. Antihistamine containing cough syrups, cough suppressants, pheniramine maleate (Avil) tablets and injections are available easily as over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Psychological tolerance to the sedation and physical withdrawal symptoms following pheniramine abuse have been documented but surveying literature on pheniramine dependence yielded limited case reports on the same. Hereby, we present a unique case of pheniramine dependence, which is first of its kind ever reported of such mega doses of pheniramine abuse.Case report-A 29 years old Indian male presented to the psychiatry outpatient with history of abuse of heavy doses of pheniramine with opioids parenterally subsequently developing dependence, and injecting pheniramine up to 1700 mg daily. To obtain such high doses he purchased pheniramine meant for veterinary use (Panavil). He was started on tapentadol 300 mg, pregabalin 150 mg and quetiapine 50 mg. Tapentadol was down-tapered. Clinical opiate withdrawal scale (COWS) decreased from 13 on the day of admission to 4 on discharge. The patient was started on relapse prevention therapy and was discharged on tapentadol 50 mg, pregabalin 75 mg and quetiapine 25 mg with plan to continue psychotherapy sessions on follow up.Conclusion-Our case concludes that pheniramine has a dependence potential. OTC medication abuse seem to be under-reported and could be an emerging medical concern in the ensuing years. We enunciate the need of formulation of specific rules and regulations to supervise the availability of both human and veterinary drugs.

A method for design for additive manufacturing rules formulation through Spatio-temporal process discretization

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has many advantages, but the lack of access to the knowledge associated with it minimises its development in industry. The design phase is crucial for the success of AM, a challenge for Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) methods is therefore to facilitate the access and manipulation of this knowledge. This transfer of knowledge can be achieved by formalising rules at all scales, and communicating them to the designer at the appropriate phase. It is hence necessary to find a way to formalise information in time, space and space-time dimensions since AM is a process that places material in space and layer by layer. The concept of mereotopology is used to study the relationships of connection and interaction between parts, wholes and boundaries, and may be a suitable resource to study DfAM along these three dimensions. The aim of this paper will therefore be to present a method for searching and formulating design guidelines based on a discretisation of the process enabled by the concept of mereotopology. This method consists in the decomposition of a 3D model into features between which spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal interactions are studied. Simultaneously, the analysis of manufactured defects on a printed version of the model allows to link manufacturing defects with a configuration of spatial and temporal elements. Once the defects and configurations have been linked, rules are formulated and then validated or invalidated according to their recurrence on different models printed with the same process and material. This method could be integrated in industry to take advantage of manufacturing defects in order to add data to the statistical study.

Influence Mechanism of Educational Leadership on Environmental Accounting Based on Big Data Algorithm.

Over the last 20 years, big data techniques in teaching have been overgrown. Making educational decisions now includes information knowledge as a crucial component. This started a trend for using big data algorithms strategically. Technological advances have been used to analyze the enormous amount of information and develop strategic judgments. The current study aims to address issues with the conventional instructional, administrative management solution focused on manual rule formulation in big data storage and interpretation and has poor efficiency in analyzing big data and lacking value in developing education leadership qualities. The study suggests an educational leadership model based on big data algorithm (ELM-BDA) to explore the student leadership performance that relies on cooperative filtration and fuzzy C-means (FCM) and big data. The different influencing mechanisms and factors directly linked to educational leadership were also analyzed using a big data algorithm. To build an intelligent institutional administrative system, the research also exposes it to organizational studies. By evaluating the big data research already in existence, this study emphasizes the expanding significance of big data. Additionally, this study explores the effects of big data analytics on educational leadership qualities by utilizing an FCM. A scoring system is designed to predict the student's leadership level, and using the big data algorithms, the students are motivated and trained to improve their skills. The education and learning method can be enhanced at educational institutions through better decision-making to use this big data for leadership development. Big data facilitates efficient educational decision-making by merging various data and telecommunications technologies. Using big data in schooling will increase—leadership quality among students. To effectively use big data for decision-making, academic leaders must create new types of learning and monitoring systems.

Mapping Large-Scale Forest Disturbance Types with Multi-Temporal CNN Framework

Forests play a vital role in combating gradual developmental deficiencies and balancing regional ecosystems, yet they are constantly disturbed by man-made or natural events. Therefore, developing a timely and accurate forest disturbance detection strategy is urgently needed. The accuracy of traditional detection algorithms depends on the selection of thresholds or the formulation of complete rules, which inevitably reduces the accuracy and automation level of detection. In this paper, we propose a new multitemporal convolutional network framework (MT-CNN). It is an integrated method that can realize long-term, large-scale forest interference detection and distinguish the types (forest fire and harvest/deforestation) of disturbances without human intervention. Firstly, it uses the sliding window technique to calculate an adaptive threshold to identify potential interference points, and then a multitemporal CNN network is designed to render the disturbance types with various disturbance duration periods. To illustrate the detection accuracy of MT-CNN, we conducted experiments in a large-scale forest area (about 990 km2) on the west coast of the United States (including northwest California and west Oregon) with long time-series Landsat data from 1986 to 2020. Based on the manually annotated labels, the evaluation results show that the overall accuracies of disturbance point detection and disturbance type recognition reach 90%. Also, this method is able to detect multiple disturbances that continuously occurred in the same pixel. Moreover, we found that forest disturbances that caused forest fire repeatedly appear without a significant coupling effect with annual temporal and precipitation variations. Potentially, our method is able to provide large-scale forest disturbance mapping with detailed disturbance information to support forest inventory management and sustainable development.

Pengembangan Wisata Spiritual di Desa Pekraman Gelgel Klungkung

Partners and target audiences of PPDM Spiritual Tourism Development in Pekraman Gelgel Village, Klungkung are the Bendesa Adat and community groups 'krama' Pekraman Gelgel Village. Pekraman Gelgel Village was chosen as the target of service because it has the potential to be developed into a model for a spiritual tourism village, received support from the Klungkung Regency government, and submitted an application to be a village under the Postgraduate Program of Warmadewa University. The aim of PPDM is to empower the community in preparing, designing and developing various potentials of their cultural heritage in order to realize Gelgel Pekraman Village as a Spiritual tourism. PPDM is designed for 3 years, the first year program is the preparation of a master plan, online spiritual tourism information, and collaborative tourism management regulatory policies. The solutions offered to overcome these problems are: (1) Assistance in the preparation of infrastructure development plans (masterplan) related to the temple cultural heritage in Pekraman Gelgel Village as a Spiritual DTW, (2) Assistance in preparing information on temple cultural heritage which is packaged into content. tourist information on the website, (3) Assistance in the formulation of policies and rules that integrate the management of temple cultural heritage in Pekraman Gelgel Village as a collaborative Spiritual Tourism. The outputs produced are articles in national journals with ISSN, activity videos, publications in print/online media, increased competitiveness, increased application of science and technology, and improved values in society.

Leader in law theory: in memory of Alexander Fedorovich Cherdantsev

The article is dedicated to the memory of Professor A.F. Cherdantsev, a well-known Russian legal theorist. In the focus are creative periods of the scientist's life. Particular attention is paid to his contribution to the development of legal science with the emphasis on law interpretation, scientists achievements in the field of investigating epistemological nature, values (principles) of interpretation of legal norms, formulation of linguistic, systemic and other rules. The author's contribution to the development of methodology of law and his criticism of the integrative approach in jurisprudence have also been illustrated. The article analyzes the scholars development of the legal norm doctrine, its structure, technical and legal regulations, etc. His contribution to the development of educational literature is separately considered and highly appreciated. The tribute is also given to his individual scientific papers. It is proposed to systematize and republish Professor Cherdantsevs works.

Behavioral Analysis in International Business Negotiations Based on the Bargaining Model of Game Theory

In the process of global digital trade rules negotiation, game and cooperation coexist, and all parties are actively seeking cooperative relationship while negotiating game. Against this background, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the negotiation process of global digital trade rules and analyzes the core issues of the negotiations and their implied political game. This paper firstly compares the core issues of global digital trade rules negotiations at multilateral and regional levels and quantitatively reflects the weighting relationship between core issues and keywords by means of a dynamic thematic model. In order to judge the potential partnership of each country, this paper constructs a theoretical model of partner selection for global digital trade rules negotiation from the perspective of political game and uses the data of 62 major digital trade countries for empirical testing. Compared with traditional trade agreements, the consensus reached in digital trade negotiations is less influenced by traditional economic geography factors and more influenced by the level of digital trade restrictions and political distance. When signing digital trade terms, a country tends to choose countries with similar levels of digital trade restrictions and high political similarity as partners. Financial restrictions and trade restrictions are the most important digital trade restriction factors that countries pay attention to when negotiating, and political stability is the most important political factor that countries pay attention to when negotiating. Compared with developed countries, developing countries pay more attention to market size, cultural differences, and digital infrastructure when negotiating. The formulation of global digital trade rules may follow a reconstructive path from bilateral to regional to multilateral, promoting regional digital trade rule systems at this stage and gradually expanding the scope of negotiations to the multilateral level.

Gene Regulatory Network Dynamical Logical Models for Plant Development.

Mathematical and computational approaches that integrate and model the concerted action of multiple genetic and nongenetic components holding highly nonlinear interactions are fundamental for the study of developmental processes. Among these, gene regulatory network (GRN) dynamical models are very useful to understand how diverse types of regulatory constraints restrict the multigene expression patterns that characterize different cell fates. In this chapter we present a hands-on approach to model GRN dynamics, taking as a working example a well-curated and experimentally grounded GRN developmental module proposed by our group: the flower organ specification gene regulatory network (FOS-GRN). We demonstrate how to build and analyze a GRN model according to the following steps: (1) integration of molecular genetic data and formulation of logical rules specifying the dynamic behavior of each gene; (2) determination of steady states (attractors) corresponding to each cell type; (3) validation of the GRN model; and (4) extension of the deterministic model with the inclusion of stochasticity in order to model cell-state transitions dependent on noise due to fluctuations of the involved gen products. The methodologies explained here in detail can be applied to any other developmental module.

A note on cut-elimination for classical propositional logic

In Schwichtenberg (Studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics, vol 90, Elsevier, pp 867–895, 1977), Schwichtenberg fine-tuned Tait’s technique (Tait in The syntax and semantics of infinitary languages, Springer, pp 204–236, 1968) so as to provide a simplified version of Gentzen’s original cut-elimination procedure for first-order classical logic (Gallier in Logic for computer science: foundations of automatic theorem proving, Courier Dover Publications, London, 2015). In this note we show that, limited to the case of classical propositional logic, the Tait–Schwichtenberg algorithm allows for a further simplification. The procedure offered here is implemented on Kleene’s sequent system G4 (Kleene in Mathematical logic, Wiley, New York, 1967; Smullyan in First-order logic, Courier corporation, London, 1995). The specific formulation of the logical rules for G4 allows us to provide bounds on the height of cut-free proofs just in terms of the logical complexity of their end-sequent.

Fuzzy rule based sentiment analysis for finding University Student Satisfaction in Yemen

Objectives: To analyze the sentiment and understand Student’s opinions and satisfaction about university, and the services which introduce by it to reach accuracy in evaluation of the university. Methods: The sentiment of students was analyzed and quantified the satisfaction towards the University by building an algorithm using a set of fuzzy rules. This study proposes an integrated optimization method: applying a set of fuzzy rules with two lexicons (SentiWordNet and AFINN lexicon) besides to other parameter. The lexicons in sentiment anlysis are individual words that can be considered as a unit of opinion information. The proposed fuzzy system integrates Natural Language Processing techniques to analyze and quantify student’s satisfaction towards the University by classify the comments into very positive, positive, very negative, negative, or neutral sentiment classes. Findings: with this approach, the accuracy is more 0.891 compared to Support Vector Machines (SVM), Naïve Bayes, The Fuzzy Inference to analyze the sentiment with their own lexicon Opinion Words Lexicon and classified the sentiment into 2 classpositive, negative and The Fuzzy Inference to analyze the sentiment with only SentiWordNet lexiconin evaluation obtained for University evaluation, the evaluation has been verified by simulation results on MATLAB. Novelty: The novelty of this study lies in the formulation of few fuzzy rules to evaluate the sentiment class of tweets, and the proposed model can be adapted to any lexicon. Keywords: Sentiment analysis; Fuzzy rule; linguistic variables; Students comments analysis

Lowercase or uppercase letter in the names of fairytale heroes and literary characters (from the materials of the academic description of Russian spelling)

This article aims to create a rule explaining the choice of a lower-case or upper-case letter to spell literary characters’ names. The rule should be unambiguous, intrinsically logical, and it should not contradict the codified lexical material. Several formulations of the rule given in reference books were analysed; discrepancies between the rule and dictionary codifications were identified. Additionally, questions and answers related to this issue and obtained from the Russian language query services were studied. As a result, the research revealed types of discrepancies in the recommendations given in the rule and in dictionaries, ambiguous rule formulations that can be interpreted in two ways, and textual conditions that permit different understandings of proper name boundaries. The analysis of the real usage of proper names and their combinations with appositions, attributes, and accompanying words in different types of texts (i. e. in texts created by authors, in fairy tales, byliny, and other authorless texts) resulted in determining several textual conditions which permit or prohibit using this or that combination in the function of a proper name. As for authorless texts, it turned out important to consider the character’s name not only in the work under analysis, but also in the cultural context in its entirety, in the entire fairy tale or heroic epic world. Another significant factor is understanding the boundaries of the proper name and the common nouns accompanying it accepted in this world. Authors are free from the tradition of naming a character in the texts they produce, but at the same time they should take into account the intratextual conditions governing the choice of either a proper name or a common noun. As a result, a special note to the general rule concerning proper name spelling was formulated for the new edition of "The academic rules of orthography". This note identifies different options to understand the boundaries of proper names for various structures. The choice of spelling proper names with a lower-case or a capital letter in a given text depends on the chosen way of understanding the proper name boundaries.

On the Legal Protection of Income-related Rights and Interests of Platform Practitioners

The so-called “platform practitioner”（referred to as “practitioner”）is relying on the platform employment to provide consumer services. The legal protection of the rights and interests of practitioners in the platform employment has become a key field and a hot topic in China’s social law research. However, the existing research focuses on the legal identity of practitioners and the legal protection path of practitioners closely related to this, and the legal protection of income-related rights of practitioners is very weak. Behind the bright highlights of practitioners’ income is the lack of legal protection of their income-related rights and interests. Due to the weakening of economic attributes brought by the means of production, and the weakening of personality and organization attributes on the whole, most of them are difficult to be identified as the legal relations between workers and their platform enterprises and relevant partners are mostly difficult to be identified as labor relations. Practitioners’ own means of production has an important impact on the attributes, composition, calculation and information notification of their income. To realize the legal protection of income-related rights and interests of practitioners, it is not appropriate to apply the existing labor law of anti-arrears and anti-improper deduction, minimum wage and piecework wage, overtime pay and paid leave, and other relevant systems. The following systems should be constructed in accordance with the special laws of platform employment: First, introduce a bank deposit mechanism for practitioners’ withdrawal funds, establish an early warning mechanism for practitioners’ withdrawal obstacles, and establish a priority repayment mechanism for platform enterprises and relevant partners to default in withdrawal funds; formulate model texts of industry platform agreements and regulations, pilot, implement and constantly improve the final promotion and application, or establish platform agreements and supervision committees to jointly put forward review opinions and supervise the implementation of the formulation, modification, performance and improvement of specific platform agreements and rules. Second, the competent labor administrative department under the State Council should organize the industrial（industry）trade union and the platform trade association or the industry platform enterprises on behalf of the three parties to jointly formulate the minimum income standard for the practitioners of the industry measurable units（such as each unit or each kilometer）, namely the income benchmark. Third, compel platform enterprises to strictly limit the maximum number of daily orders practitioners receiving through technical control measures to reduce their working hours and limit their maximum daily online time; guide and promote practitioners to take their holidays on weekends and legal holidays by means of legal regulations and market regulations.

Estimation of raw silk quality using rough set theory

Being an agro based natural product, silk always poses vagueness in the parameters. Hence, formulation of decision rules for prediction of raw silk quality from the imprecise cocoon parameters is an intricate problem. Rough set theory has evolved as one of the most important technique used for handling imprecise data. One of the cardinal uses of rough set theory is its application for rule generation. More often attribute reduction poses a major challenge for the applications of rough set theory. Our approach focuses on the elimination of the redundant data set in order to generate the effective decision rule which retain the accuracy of the original data set. In this work rough set theory is employed to generate decision rules to predict renditta from five cocoon parameters such as shell ratio, defective cocoon percentage, cocoon volume, cocoon weight and filament length.

Sumber Landasan dalam Merumuskan kaidah-kaidah Nahwu dan Signifikansinya untuk Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab

The nahwu rules that have been studied and known so far do not necessarily exist and have previously been available, but this is the result of the hard work of linguists using a variety of methods in it. This study aims to reveal the bases used by linguists in the formulation and standardization of nahwu rules. The type of method used in this study is a qualitative research method using a library research approach. Based on the analysis of the literature study, the linguists use four main bases in formulating the rules of nahwu, including the samā’ or naql, ijmā', qiyās and istiṣḥāb. Samā ' has three main foundations in the form of definite arguments in building nahwu rules, al-Qurān, the hadīth, and the words of the Arabs, both in the form of verse and prose. Ijmā’ is an agreement of language scholars in compiling nahwu rules. Qiyās is the largest argument used by linguists in making rules and for solving linguistic problems that arise. The last is the istiṣḥāb; although it is the weakest foundation compared to the others, it is still used in determining the nahwu rules. Knowing these all aspects will give many benefits in teaching and learning Arabic.

Formulasi Kaidah Fiqhiyah Tentang Kesulitan, Hukum Asal Ibadah dan Peran Niat dalam Akad Serta Implementasinya

This article discusses the formulation of fiqhiyyah rules regarding difficulties (الميسور لايسقط بالمعسور), the law of origin of worship (الأصل في العبادات الخطر) and the role of intention in the contract (هل العبرة في العقود بصيغ أو بمعـان؟)) and its implementation. Fiqhiyyah rules have been formed in the apostolic era up to the 3rd century AH. However, the new fiqhiyyah rules were recorded in the 4th century AH. This writing method uses literature studies, finding that الميسور لايسقط بالمعسور is a furuiyyah rule of the rule of “المشقة تجلب التيسير” will bring out the convenience. The results of the discussion of this paper found that the first kaidah fiqhiyyah, Islam is an easy religion. Allah gives assignments to some one according to his ability. On the other hand, the law of origin of worship is prohibited unless there is a argument which instructs it to be carried out. However, this only applies to the types of mahḍah worship, so that for ghair mahḍah and ghair muyyan there are no restrictions, such as reading doa, salawat, dzikr, sadaqah and others that can be carried out anytime and anywhere. Meanwhile, the third principle shows that matters of intention in Islam are very important. All matters in worship are assessed for their intentions. Wrong intentions can damage a person's deeds. Keyword: formulation of fiqhiyyah, difficulties, origin of worship, intention in the contract

Taxonomy and nomenclature in palaeopalynology: basic principles, current challenges and future perspectives

Effective communication of taxonomic concepts is crucial to meaningful application in all biological sciences, and thus the development and following of best practices in taxonomy and the formulation of clear and practical rules of nomenclature underpin a wide range of scientific studies. The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (the Code), currently the Shenzhen Code of 2018, provides these rules. Although early versions of the Code were designed mainly with extant plants in mind, the Code has been increasingly used for fossil plants and, in recent decades, for organic-walled microfossils, the study of which is called palaeopalynology, or simply palynology. However, rules embodied in the Code do not fully reflect the needs and practices of this discipline; and taxonomic practices between fossil applications, especially in palynology, have tended to diverge from practices for extant plants. Differences in these rules and practices present specific challenges. We therefore review the Shenzhen Code as it applies to palynology, clarifying procedures and recommending approaches based on best practices, for example, in the designation and use of nomenclatural types. The application of nomenclatural types leads to taxonomic stability and precise communication, and lost or degraded types are therefore problematic because they remove the basis for understanding a taxon. Such problems are addressed using examples from the older European literature in which type specimens are missing or degraded. A review of the three most important conventions for presenting palynological taxonomic information, synonymies, diagnoses/descriptions and illustrations, concludes with recommendations of best practices. Palynology continues to play an important role in biostratigraphy, palaeoenvironmental analyses, and evolutionary studies, and is contributing increasingly to our understanding of past climates and ocean systems. To contribute with full potential to such applied studies, consistent communication of taxonomic concepts, founded upon clear rules of nomenclature, is essential.