Neem Formulations Research Articles

Management of mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) on rapeseed mustard (Brassica napus) using biopesticides under organic farming conditions

Aim: To manage mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt on rapeseed-mustard through neem formulations, which are the safest, eco-friendly and cost effective and can hold promise to keep this pest below economic threshold levels. Methodology: The neem formulations, AZA5% @ 30,40,50 and100ml per acre, AZA1% @ 200, 250 and 300 ml per acre and AZA 0.15% @ 800, 900 and 1000 ml per acre were evaluated against L. erysimi on rapeseed- mustard under organic farming conditions at Organic Research Area of School of Organic Farming, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2020-21 and 2021-22. Results: A highest efficacy against L. erysimi with 83 and 84.99% treated over untreated control plots was recorded with AZA 5% @100 ml per acre at 5 days of spray during both years of study, followed by AZA 1% @ 300 ml per acre (61.84%) and AZA 0.15% @ 1000 ml per acre (59.33%). The coccinellid population at 10 days after spray was non-significant (0.03 to 0.21), but numerically more in untreated control plots. The highest seed yield was recorded in AZA 5% @ 100 ml (18.38 q ha-1), AZA1% @ 300 ml (16.70q ha-1) and AZA 0.15% @ 1000 ml (15.75 q ha-1) over untreated control plots (13.91q ha-1). The highest economic returns were obtained with AZA 5% @ 100ml (Rs.22408.72 ha-1), AZA 1% @ 300ml (Rs.16424.22 ha-1) and AZA 0.15% @ 1000ml (Rs.10285.68 ha-1) treatment, respectively. Interpretation: Management of L. erysimi on rapeseed mustard can be obtained with AZA 5% @ 100 ml, which caused 84 per cent reduction over control at 5 days after spray and also gave net returns of Rs.22408.72q ha-1, which will not only increase the farm income but is eco-friendly in nature. Key words: Azadirachtin, Biopesticide, Lipaphis erysimi, Organic farming, Rapeseed- mustard

Impact of insecticides on natural enemies of planthoppers in direct seeded rice

In the kharif season of 2020, a field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla to evaluate the impact of some insecticides in combination with the neem products on natural enemies of planthoppers such as green miridbug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Reuter) and spider Lycosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg and Strand) and Tetragnatha maxillosa (Thorell) in direct seeded rice (DSR). The results concerning the influence of insecticidal treatments, on natural predators such as miridbugs and spiders revealed that neem formulation 1500ppm @ 5ml l-1 with 6.13 miridbugs/hill and 8.83 spiders/10 hills h were at par with the untreated control showing no adverse effects on the predators of rice planthoppers. Among the other treatments, dinotefuran 20SG @ 40g a.i. ha-1 has recorded lowest number of natural predators with 2.77 miridbugs/hill and 5.17 spiders/10 hills, followed by triflumezopyrim 10.6SC @ 25g a.i. ha-1 with 2.93 miridbugs/hill and 5.27 spiders/10 hills; Pymetrozine 50WG @ 150g a.i. ha-1 with 3.07 miridbugs/hill and 5.50 spiders/10 hills which differed significantly from the untreated control.

Neem-Extract Formulation onHypothenemus hampeiPreference and Performance in Arabica Coffee Fruits and Artificial Diet.

Coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei is a major biotic threat to coffee production worldwide. Studies have reported negative effects on CBB by oil-based formulations of neem (Azadirachta indica), but little information is available for other neem-extract formulations. This study evaluated CBB preference and performance in arabica coffee fruits and artificial diet treated with a neem-extract formulation (Openeem Plus®) in the field and laboratory conditions. Field experiments were performed using CBB females artificially infested in cherry or green coffee fruits confined in voile-fabric cages tied to branches of neem-treated and control plants, recording the adult mortality and offspring production. Dual-choice and no-choice bioassays assessed CBB preference and development in fruits and artificial diet treated with the neem extract compared to controls in the laboratory, respectively. As main results obtained in the field and laboratory experiments, the neem extract significantly reduced CBB oviposition in both cherry and green fruits, as well as in artificial diet compared to controls. However, the botanical product did not affect CBB adult survival and preference in the laboratory bioassays. The neem extract is promising for use in pest management strategies in sustainable arabica coffee crops by reducing CBB oviposition and offspring. These effects can contribute to lowering the pest population buildup along the crop cycle and damage potential to coffee production.

Formulation of Neem and Echinacea Gel for Oral Health Along With the Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, and Free Radical Scavenging Activity: An In Vitro Study.

Background Herbs have been used in medical practice for centuries and continue to play a significant role in modern complementary and alternative medicine.Phytochemicals in these herbs possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are beneficial in targetingoral health issues, such as dental plaque, gingivitis, and oral microbial infections.As research progresses, the challenge remains to translate these natural compounds into safe, effective, and accessible treatments for a wide range of diseases. Aim The aim of this research was to formulate the neem and echinacea gel along with the evaluation of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxic potential. Materials and methods The neem and echinacea gel was prepared using a concentrated powdered mixture of neem and echinacea (5 grams each) to which 100 ml of distilled water was added, and the mixture was boiled for 30 minutes at 60°C. The 10 ml concentrate was mixed with 20 ml of a carbopol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) mixture and mixed thoroughly, which resulted in neem and echinacea gel. Then, theantimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic potential, and free-radical scavenging activity of the gel were evaluated. The data obtained were statistically analyzed with the help of a paired t-test, where a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The antimicrobial assay showed that neem and echinacea gel at the concentration of 100 micrograms showed a greater zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus(3.15 ± 0.26), Streptococcus mutans (2.48 ± 0.45), Enterococcus faecalis (2.89 ± 0.15), and Candida albicans (4.28 ± 0.87). The cytotoxic test revealed that even at an 80 µg concentration of the extract,more than 70% of the nauplii were vital, which indicated that the gel was not cytotoxic.The highest anti-inflammatory activity (78.39 ± 1.82) of the gel was seen at 50 micrograms when compared with diclofenac sodium (73.16 ± 1.80). The free radical scavenging activity showed that the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) absorbance of the neem and echinacea extract was highest at 50 micrograms. Conclusion The combination of neem and echinacea extract-based gel possessed high antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity when compared with standard drugs, such as amoxicillin and diclofenac sodium. The antioxidant activity of the gel was equal to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and also the gel has a low cytotoxic potential even at its higher concentrations. Hence, the gel can be used as a natural remedy with minimal side effects, making it a valuable alternative to chemical agents.

Formulation and Comparison of Neem Based Hydraulic Oil with Brake Fluid

Formulation and Comparison of Neem Based Hydraulic Oil with Brake Fluid

Effect of nanoformulation Azadirachta indica on some factors associated with the vectorial capacity and competence of Anopheles aquasalis experimentally infected with Plasmodium vivax

Malaria remains a highly prevalent infectious disease worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Effectively controlling of mosquitoes transmitting of Plasmodium spp. is crucial in to control this disease. A promising strategy involves utilizing plant-derived products, such as the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica), known for its secondary metabolites with biological activity against various insect groups of agricultural and public health importance. This study investigated the effects of a nanoformulation prototype Neem on factors linked to the vector competence of Anopheles aquasalis, a malaria vector in Latin America. Different concentrations of the nanoformulation were supplied through sugar solution and blood feeding, assessing impacts on longevity, fecundity, fertility, and transgenerational survival from larvae to adults. Additionally, the effects of the Neem nanoformulation and NeemAZAL® formulation on the sporogonic cycle of P. vivax were evaluated.Overall, significant impacts were observed at 100 ppm and 1,000 ppm concentrations on adult survival patterns and on survival of the F1 generation. A trend of reduced oviposition and hatching rates was also noted in nanoformulation-consuming groups, with fertility and fecundity declining proportionally to the concentration. Additionally, a significant decrease in the infection rate and intensity of P. vivax was observed in the 1,000 ppm group, with a mean of 3 oocysts per female compared to the control's 27 oocysts per female. In the commercial formulation, the highest tested concentration of 3 ppm yielded 5.36 oocysts per female. Concerning sporozoite numbers, there was a reduction of 52 % and 87 % at the highest concentrations compared to the control group. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the A. indica nanoformulation is a potential as a tool for malaria control through reduction in the vector longevity and reproductive capacity, possibly leading to decreased vector population densities. Moreover, the nanoformulation interfered with the sporogonic development of P. vivax. However, further basic research on Neem formulations, their effects, and mechanisms of action is imperative to gain a more specific perspective for safe field implementation.

Efficacy of Some Insecticides in Combination with Neem on Rice Planthoppers

A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2020, at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla to evaluate the efficacy of some insecticides in combination with neem against rice planthoppers in direct seeded rice crop. The results showed that triflumezopyrim 10.6SC @ 25g a.i. ha-1 was the most effective treatment against both brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and white backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) with 73.61 and 77.69% reductions over untreated control, respectively at 5 DAT. The other effective treatments were dinotefuran 20SG @ 40 g a.i. ha-1 and pymetrozine 50WG @ 150 g a.i. ha-1 with 70.14 and 66.44% reduction of N. lugens and 71.89 and 69.66% reduction of S. furcifera, respectively over untreated control at 5 DAT. Neem formulation 1500 ppm revealed the lowest efficacy with 34.95 and 36.19% reduction of N. lugens and S. furcifera over the untreated control at 5 DAT.

Investigation on the Effectiveness of Botanicals and New Generation Insecticides in the Management of the Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in the Cotton Ecosystem

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), is a worldwide important emerging insect pest that is causing major yield loss among the bollworms in the cotton ecosystem. A field study evaluated the bio-efficacy of newer insecticides and botanicals against pink bollworm during Kharif and Rabi, 2021-22, under Randomised Block Design (RBD). The observations on percent boll damage, percent locule damage, percent reduction over control, and yield were recorded and analyzed. The results showed that applying emamectin benzoate 5SG was superior to other treatments, followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, spinosad 45 SC and flunbendiamide 39.5 SC. The emamectin benzoate 5 SG treated plot had the greatest reduction in boll damage (89.25%) and the highest yield (1955 kg/ ha). Among the botanicals, 5 % NSKE was found to be effective with a damage reduction over control of 58.06 % followed by 5 % neem formulation 1500 ppm (50.54 %) against pink bollworm in cotton.

Seasonal incidence, biology and management of fall army worm (Spodoptera frugiperda, J.E. Smith) on fodder maize

Seasonal incidence of fall army worm in maize at Dharwad indicated its occurrence both in and kharifrabi seasons The incidence was more during the season. Highest incidence of 50% was noticed during last . kharif week of August and second peak incidence of 30% was noticed during last week of December. Correlation between seasonal incidence of fall army worm and weather parameters indicated that there was a significant negative correlation with the rainfall (-0.60**) and morning humidity (-0.50*). Biology of fall army worm indicated that it completed its total life cycle in 31-44 days on maize comprising of six larval instar stages. Among the entomo-pathogens tested against the fall army worm,(2 x 10 cfu/g)Metarhizium (Nomuraea) rileyi 8 was found to be superior and it was at par with neem formulation (azadirachtin 3000 ppm) @ 5ml/l

Soft computing for sustainable drilling of AISI 316L stainless steel under formulated neem oil minimum quantity lubrication condition

Soft computing for sustainable drilling of AISI 316L stainless steel under formulated neem oil minimum quantity lubrication condition

Infestation and management of banana pseudostem borer, Odoiporus longicollis Oliver

The pseudostem borer, Odoiporus longicollis is a serious pest causing heavy losses to the banana growers. To manage the pest farmers rely on chemical insecticides even after bunch formation. Since the whole banana plant is edible in one way or the other for consumption, the usage of persistent insecticides will lead to residues. Therefore, studies were undertaken to assess the level of infestation by pseudostem borer in banana and to evaluate the botanical, neem formulation against banana pseudostem borer. Among the ten banana varieties screened for the infestation of pseudostem borer, the severity was maximum in Nendran (31.69%) followed by Red banana (19.07%). The pseudostem borer was recorded as a major pest in the banana varieties viz., Nendran, Red banana, Matti, and Palayamkottan (>10%) and a minor pest in the banana varieties viz., Robusta, Rasakathali, and Ney poovan (1-5%). The occurrence of O. longicollis was not observed in Karpooravalli, Monthan, and Peyan. According to the level of infestation, the banana varieties viz., Nendran and Red banana were found to be highly susceptible to O. longicollis and among them, nendran is best for trapping banana pseudostem borer and can be used as pseudostem traps. Application of azadirachtin 10000 ppm at 4 ml/l thrice at 5th, 6th, and 7th months after planting showed 55.57 and 59.35 per cent reduction of pseudostem borer over untreated check in nendran and red banana, respectively, and can be used for safe management of banana pseudostem borer.

Biological Control of Pink Boll Worm <i>Pectinophora gossypiella</i> (Saunders) by <i>Trichogrammatoidea bactrae</i> Nagaraja in Cotton

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Cotton, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to evaluate the field efficacy of an egg parasitoid, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja through inundative releases against Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in cotton for two successive field trials during Kharif 2021 and 22. The parasitisation efficacy of T. bactrae was tested in the cotton ecosystem and the results revealed that the parasitism on the eggs was found be on par with that observed with NSKE 5% concentration (24.63%), neem formulation 1500 ppm 1% concentration (24.10%), Pongamia extract 5% concentration (23.13%), Jatropha extract 5% concentration (23.93%) and were found the safest to T. bactrae. The emamectin benzoate 5 SG at 190g/ ha (19.49%) and clorantraniliprole 18.5 SC at 150 mL/ ha (15.26%) were on par with each other. Results suggested that among the insecitcides tested emamectin benzoate 5 SG and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC were safer to T. bactrae and inundative release of T. bactrae can achieve sizeable control of P. gossypiella, hence it can be integrated with other components for IPM.

Evaluation of Botanicals Insecticide against Stem Borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) Leaf Folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis) and Green Leafhopper and in Rice

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at Crop Research station, Masodha, Ayodhya, India to evaluate the efficacy of insecticide-botanicals against rice stem borer, green leafhopper and leaf folder. The experiment was comprising Four combination modules/treatments consisting of three insecticides Chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, Cartap hydrochloride 50% SC and Triflumezopyrim 10% SC, one commercial neem formulation - Neemazal and two plant oils - Neem and Eucalyptus oil procured were compared along with untreated control (only water spray). The lowest stem borers incidence (1 %) of in all insecticides treatment module recorded as compared to 14.8% in untreated control. Among modules, all insecticides module was found to be the best with 1.0% mean white ear damage followed by neemazal, eucalyptus oil and cartap hydrochloride module with 5.3% WE. Green leafhopper infestation was all insecticides combination was the most effective treatment showing mean population of 110.7/10 hills followed by all botanical combination (120.7) and were superior to control (158.7/10 hills). The mean leaf Folder damage (1.8%) was recorded from all insecticides module followed by treatment with neemazl (? %), Eucalyptus oil (? %), and Triflumezopyrim 10% SC (3.9% DL) when compared to untreated control (14.5% )4. Grain yield all insecticides treatment - Chlorantraniliprole, Cartap hydrochloride, Triflumezopyrim recorded the highest grain yield of 5212.0 kg/ha with 95.79% increase over control (IOC) followed by neemazal, neem oil and cartap hydrochloride with 4500 kg/ha (69.04% IOC). All the treatments were significantly superior to control plot which showed a yield of 2662 kg/ha.

Development and validation of integrated pest management modules against spotted pod borer Maruca vitrata Fabricius on garden bean Lablab purpureus var. typicus (L.)

To reduce the detrimental effect of insecticides, an effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM) module is necessary for the eco-friendly management of Maruca vitrata in garden bean ecosystem. Two field trials were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides and botanicals against M. vitrata on Lablab purpureus var. typicus. Two seasons field evaluation of insecticides revealed that chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC was the most effective treatment to control the pest recorded 0.11 and 0.36 larva/plant in two seasons, respectively after two rounds of spray followed by flubendiamide 20 WG (0.46 and 0.92 larva/ plant) and emamectin benzoate 5 SG (0.50 and 0.95 larva/plant). Among botanicals tested, commercial neem formulation and 5% Ageratina adenophora recorded the least larval count of 1.64 & 1.05 larva/plant and 2.24 & 1.45 larva/plant in two seasons, respectively. IPM modules were developed with three effective insecticides (chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, flubendiamide 20 WG and emamectin benzoate 5 SG), two effective botanicals (commercial neem formulation 1500 ppm and 5% A. adenophora) along with the pheromone trap for validation. All the IPM modules were equally effective in managing M. vitrata population on L. purpureus and recorded a significantly (at 5 %) lower larval population than the farmer’s practice. The residues of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide and emamectin benzoate reached below the detectable level at the time of harvest. The population reduction of predatory coccinellids and spiders was also lower in IPM modules than in farmer’s practice. An increased benefit cost (1.95 to 1.99) ratio was observed in IPM modules.

In vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Neem and Kirata herbal formulation mediated Silver nanoparticles.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gain great interest among noble metal nanoparticles due to their broad applications in medicine, dentistry, drug delivery, tissue and tumour imaging, biolabeling, and biosensing. The antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activity of AgNPs is well documented in the literature. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Neem and Kirata herbal formulation-mediated silver nanoparticles against oral biofilm. The green synthesis of Neem and Kirata herbal formulation-mediated silver nanoparticles was done. The antimicrobial action against the strains of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans were assessed. The results showed that the newly formulated nanoparticle had effective anti-microbial properties and decreased cytotoxic properties which make it advantageous for clinical applications and treatment modalities. It showed great potential for the nanoparticle in decreasing the bacterial effects and cytotoxic nature thereby providing future scope for clinical application in preventing oral biofilm formation and its deleterious effects.

Compatibility of Entomopathogenic Fungus <i>Metarhizium rileyi</i> with Biorationals

In this study, Metarhizium rileyi isolates (M. rileyi NIPHM, M. rileyi MTCC 4254 and M. rileyi MTCC 10395) were evaluated for their compatibility with other entomopathogenic fungi viz. Metarhizium anisopliae NBAIR (Ma-35), commercial formulation of M. anisopliae, M. anisopliae (Local), Beauveria bassiana ITCC 7126, B. bassiana (Local) and commercial formulation of Verticillium lecanii and neem based formulations- (azadirachtin 0.03%EC) and (azadirachtin 0.15%EC) along with synthetic insecticide spinetoram 11.7%SC. Neem-based formulations viz., azadirachtin 0.03% EC 1.5 ml/ l and 0.15%EC 5 ml/ l reduced M. rileyi MTCC 4254 growth by 44.77% and 53.73% over control, respectively; M. rileyi MTCC 4254 was more compatible with M. anisopliae NBAIR (Ma-35) and commercial formulation of M. anisopliae with less reduction in growth (24.3% and 24.9%, respectively); but it was least compatible with commercial formulation of V. lecanii. M. rileyi MTCC 4254 recorded 71.64% reduction with spinetoram 11.7% SC (0.4 ml/ l). Thus, M. rileyi was compatible with M. anisopliae NBAIR (Ma-35), M. anisopliae followed by azadirachtin 0.03% EC, and these could be used as components in IPM.

Evaluation of cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of copper nanoparticles using green tea and neem formulation

Introduction: Copper nanoparticles are of great interest and have applications in various fields due to their antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anticancer properties. Green synthesis of nanoparticle is currently a new approach which is a non toxic,economical,eco friendly approach. Our study aim was to assess the antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of green synthesized copper nanoparticles from green tea and neem formulation. Materials and methodology:20mM of copper sulphate solution is mixed with 40mL of plant extract and 60 mL of distilled water was added and made it into 100 ml solution.The copper nanoparticles derived using green synthesis was assessed for antibiotic activity by free radical scavenging assay using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH). Cytotoxicity of copper nanoparticles was evaluated using Brine shrimp assay at 5,10,20,40 and 80µL concentrations. Results: The change of colour from green to brown and the peak observed in UV-vis- spectrophotometer indicated the synthesis of copper nanoparticles. The antioxidant property was visually observed by the colour change from green to brown indicating that DPPH has undergone a reduction reaction exhibiting scavenging activity. The cytotoxic effects of green synthesised copper nanoparticles from green tea and neem extract showed that there is a concentration dependent increase in the cytotoxic property of copper nanoparticles.

Gum cordia effectively enhances foliage adhesion of neem oil and increases its efficacy against aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)

• Gum cordia enhances the foliage adhesion of neem oil. • Adhesion of neem oil formulations depends on type of crop. • LC50 of neem oil decrease by the incorporation of gum cordia in formulation. The efficiency of pesticides is greatly affected by their ability to adhere and retain on foliage surface. Neem oil, though a very well-known source of many biologically active pesticidal compounds, is very sensitive to environmental parameters, such as UV light. Also, due to volatilization, it is lost in environment and hence fail to reach target and show activity. In this study we attempted to stabilize neem oil emulsion and increase its retention on foliage surface by adding varying concentration of gum cordia. Gum cordia is an anionic polysaccharide derived from Cordia myxa fruits with strong adhesion and emulsification properties. The lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of the final formulations were also determined against aphid species Myzus persicae and Schizaphis graminum . Adhesion was found to be dependent on the concentration of gum cordia as well as type of crop. Increasing gum cordia in neem oil formulations resulted in increase in adhesion of the spray on the leaf surfaces and up to 6 times higher adhesion was observed with 0.5% gum cordia on mustard leaf compared to control. The LC 50 decreased with increasing gum cordia concentration. The LC 50 values of neem oil sprayed on mustard, spinach, and wheat leaves with 0.5% gum cordia were 0.205, 0.715, and 2.074% respectively while for neem oil control spray (with no gum cordia) LC 50 values were 1.833, 2.112, and 4.992% respectively for the above tested leaves. Presence of greater than 0.125% gum cordia in neem formulations provided the barrier against UV irradiation.

Concept and Therapeutic Approach of Intermediate Hyperglycemia with Special Reference to Unani Medicine

Intermediate Hyperglycemia is a category of glucose tolerance representing an intermediate stage between normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and diabetes. Within this category are two subcategories: impaired fasting glucose (IFG; 100 –125 mg/dl) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; defined as a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) plasma glucose concentration of 140 –199 mg/dl). Intermediate Hyperglycemia is not specifically mentioned in Unani medicine, however some classical Unani physicians have described the initial symptoms and factors leading to the pathology. In Unani medicine the risk factors are described in terms of ‘Su-e-mizaj’ as per the concept of Tibb. So, it is considered in the context of Zeyabutus which is described as a disease which develops due to Su-e-mizaj haar (abnormal hot temperament) by the majority of scholars. The two major pathophysiologic defects responsible for losing glucose tolerance are insulin resistance and β-cell glucose insensitivity, both appearing in subjects of Intermediate Hyperglycemia. Symptoms mentioned in Unani medicine may be increased frequency of micturition (ants and flies are attracted to urine), increased thirst, nocturia, dryness of mouth and whole body, fatigue, loss of weight, malaise, cramps in lower extremities.
 The drug based approach for management of Intermediate Hyperglycemia is associated with inherent drawbacks, including toxicity, tolerability, cost and efficacy. Oral hypoglycemic drugs are also associated with various side effects as Biguanides cause gastrointestinal upsets, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea and lactic acidosis. There are a number of single Unani drugs like Jamun (Syzigium cuimini), Karela Bark or Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Methi (Trigionella foenum), Bael Leaves (Aegle marmelos), Kalonji (Nigella sativa), Tabasheer (Bambusa arundinaceae), Gurmar booti (Gymmema sylvestre) and compound formulations like Qurs Ziyabetus, Qurs Tabasheer, Qurs Kafoor, Qurs Gulnar.

Antimicrobial effects of copper nanoparticles with green tea and neem formulation.

Nanotechnology is the science which is about manipulating matter, atom by atom and is associated with particles smaller than 100 nm in size. Copper nanoparticles are used mainly due to its surplus amount, low cost, easy availability and biocompatible property. Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles is very simple, economical and eco-friendly method that does not involve any toxic chemicals. The aim of our study is green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using green tea and neem formulation and assessment of its antimicrobial effects. 20mM of copper sulphate solution is mixed with 40mL of plant extract and 60 mL of distilled water was added and made it into 100 ml solution. Once the copper nanoparticles are synthesized the solution is characterized using UV- vis-spectroscopy and was scanned in double beam UV-vis- spectrophotometer from 300 nm to 700nm wavelength. The antimicrobial property of copper nanoparticle is evaluated by agar well diffusion method. The colour change from green to brown and peak observed in UV-vis- spectrophotometer was associated with the synthesis of copper nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticle from green tea and tea extract has good antimicrobial activity against S.mutans, C.albicans, E.faecalis, & S.aureus. Copper nanoparticles can be efficiently synthesised from green and neem formulation. These copper nanoparticles showed good antibacterial properties and are effective against oral pathogens.