Nature Of Formulation Research Articles

Mathematical Singularities in the Farthest Confines of the Universe—And a Brief Report on Its Evolutionary History

It is advisable to avoid and, even better, demystify such grandiose terms as “infinity” or “singularity” in the description of the cosmos. Its proliferation does not positively contribute to the understanding of key concepts that are essential for an updated account of its origin and evolutionary history. It will be here argued that, as a matter of fact, there are no infinities in physics, in the real world: all that appears, in any given formulation of nature by means of mathematical equations, actually arises from extrapolations, which are made beyond the bounds of validity of the equations themselves. Such a crucial point is rather well known, but too often forgotten, and is discussed in this paper with several examples; namely, the famous Big Bang singularity and others, which appeared before in classical mechanics and electrodynamics, and notably in the quantization of field theories. A brief description of the Universe’s history and evolution follows. Special emphasis is put on what is presently known, from detailed observations of the cosmos and, complementarily, from advanced experiments of very high-energy physics. To conclude, a future perspective on how this knowledge might soon improve is given.

Formulation and Evaluation of Atorvastatin Solid Dispersions using Entada scandens seed starch as Superdisintegrant

The present work mainly focuses on solubility enhancement of poorly soluble drugs using superdisintegrants. One of such poorly soluble drugs is Atorvastatin, which belongs to the category of statins. Atorvastatin belongs to BCS class – II, which is poorly water soluble and highly permeable. Natural sources are now-a-days playing a key role in pharmaceutical research. They have several pharmaceutical applications. Starches obtained from plants are pharmaceutically useful as binders, diluents, disintegrants and lubricants. Various physical parameters were evaluated. Solid dispersions were prepared using solvent evaporation technique. Where as in solid dispersions, formulations F2 and F5 showed better dissolution rate compared with other formulations. Fourier Transform Infra red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies for optimized formulations revealed that there were no major interactions between the drug and excipients. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies revealed the crystalline and amorphous nature of formulations. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the surface characteristics. Thus from the present study, it was concluded that Entada scandens seed starch posses superdisintegrant property.

The Transcendental Parameters of “Nature as Universal Organism” in Schelling’sNaturphilosophie

AbstractThe minutiae of F.W.J. Schelling’sNaturphilosophiehave been perennially dismissed due to its allegedly infeasible and indefensible assertions about Nature, such as his designation of Nature as “universal organism.” In the realm of post-Kantian German Idealism, such a dismissive attitude toward Schelling’s so-calledobjective idealism, more often than not, develops itself along the lines of Hegel’s critique of Schelling’s conception of the Absolute (i.e., as static, fixed, undifferentiated, dull, and so on). In turn, I aim to accomplish two tasks in the following investigation. First, I intend to clarify Schelling’s characterization of Nature as universal organism through a practical or teleological, instead of a theoretical or metaphysical, approach. Second, I seek to undermine the Hegelian-influenced criticisms of Schelling’s “Absolute” by demonstrating the ways in which the practico-teleological characterization of Schelling’s formulation of Nature extends into his later philosophical works (i.e., hisIdentitätsphilosophieand hisFreiheitsschrift). Through these clarifications, I hope to emphasize the uniqueness and richness of Schelling’s configuration of Nature.

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF DOLUTEGRAVIR SOLID DISPERSIONS

Objective: The current work mainly focuses on solubility enhancement of dolutegravir which is a BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System) class-II drug using various excipients.
 Methods: Solid dispersions of dolutegravir were prepared by solvent evaporation and fusion methods using carriers like poloxamer-188 and plasdone K-29/32 in different ratios (1:0.5 to 1:3.0). The amount of dolutegravir used was kept constant and the polymer concentrations were increased. Various physical parameters like angle of repose, carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio were calculated for the prepared solid dispersions. They were also evaluated for particle size and drug content uniformity along with in vitro drug release. Characterization studies like Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were also done.
 Results: Dolutegravir solid dispersions showed good to excellent flow properties. From in vitro dissolution studies, it was observed that the solid dispersion formulation DF3 containing dolutegravir and poloxamer-188 in 1:1.5 ratios prepared by fusion method showed better dissolution rate when compared with other formulations. The dissolution parameters were also evaluated. DF3 showed a higher drug release of 86.33% in 60 min. FTIR and DSC studies revealed that there were no major interactions between drug and excipients. XRD studies revealed the nature of formulations.
 Conclusion: The solid dispersions prepared using poloxamer-188 by fusion method has enhanced the solubility of dolutegravir.

A Mathematical Formulation of the Dual Nature of Unproductive Labor

In this paper, we present a novel model that explicitly formalizes the dual nature of unproductive labor and derives the optimal size of the unproductive sector. Two sets of results emerge regarding the relationship between the unproductive sector and the profitability and accumulation of capital. First, when the unproductive sector does not make any contribution to improving the efficiency of productive labor’s value creation process, the unproductive sector will cease to exist. In this case, when the labor supply is flexible, profit continues to be produced although it is smaller than otherwise, as long as the exploitation rate is positive; in contrast, if the labor supply is fixed, the absence of the unproductive sector necessarily squeezes the exploitation rate to zero, consequently yielding zero profit. Second, when the labor supply is flexible, an economy can always rely on improving the efficiency of the unproductive sector to prevent economic stagnation and to enhance growth performance; however, when the labor supply is fixed, an economy can do so only when the wage rate is sufficiently high relative to the labor productivity conditions in the productive sector.

Spinoza’s Christology A Brief Summary

This article summarizes a number of Spinoza texts relating to his Christology and soteriology based on his Christology. The texts show that Spinoza’s Christology underpins his formulation of human nature or the constitution of the essence of the human mind. Considering Spinoza’s texts concerning God or Nature, “Christ according to the spirit”, the spirit or mind of Christ, and human salvation or blessedness; this article illustrates that given the texts, the study of Spinoza’s Christian religion is skewed and ought to be more balanced. The author’s reading of Spinoza and its application to his work presented in this article provides a coherent and tenable understanding of Spinoza’s efforts “to commend and establish the authentic purpose of the Christian Religion”.

A Review on Medicinal chemistry of Sarbocalm

Sarbocalm is recently marketed broad spectrum analgesic formulation of ayurvedic nature. The clinical merit of this was elucidated by structural plausibility and rationality of mechanism through non-ayurvedic approach.

Potential Ganciclovir Liposomal Thermoreversible Gel for Ophthalmic Delivery Using Box-Behnken Statistical Design and Efficacy Assessment Study in Rabbit Model

The present study focuses on development of novel thermoreversible ophthalmic drug delivery system using Ganciclovir as potential candidate for treatment of various ocular infections. The formulation was prepared for thermoreversible gel which incorporates liposomes of Ganciclovir as core system. Thermoreversible gel prolongs delivery of drug with use of combination of polymers like Poloxamer, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. The Poloxamer used here serves as temperature sensitive polymer. Thus prepared system was evaluated for various parameters. Liposomes found to be complies with basic requirement like non-leak ability, high in-vitro drug release with optimum encapsulation efficiency. The results obtained showed that the in situ gel is clear and transparent (prime requirement for ophthalmic product) with high gelling capacity and moderately viscous liquid (1454 cp), highest bioadhesive strength (Dyne/cm2). The ex-vivo study was also done and compared with marketed eye drop formulation. The results showed superiority of in situ gel formulation over eye in sustaining the drug release over prolong period of time. The haemolytic study performed proved the non-haemolytic nature of formulation.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TELMISARTAN FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS USING JACK FRUIT SEED STARCH AS SUPERDISINTEGRANT

Objective: The main objective of the current study is to enhance the solubility of Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class-II drug Telmisartan using jack fruit seed starch as super disintegrant which increases drug release.
 Methods: Starches were extracted using alkali technique using sodium hydroxide at 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5% concentrations and water from Jack fruit seed powder. These starches were evaluated for various phytochemical and physicochemical tests. Fast dissolving tablets were prepared using Telmisartan, jack fruit seed starch and Croscarmellose sodium in various concentrations using wet granulation technique. Various pre and post-compression parameters were evaluated along with in vitro drug release studies, characterization studies like Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and accelerated stability studies.
 Results: Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of only starch in all the extracts. The starch prepared from 0.1% sodium hydroxide (JFS2) showed best physicochemical properties. From in vitro dissolution studies, it was observed that formulations F5 and F11 containing 15% w/w of JFS2 and 15% w/w of croscarmellose sodium showed faster disintegration and increased dissolution rate compared with other formulations. FTIR and DSC studies showed that there were no major interactions among drug and excipients. XRD studies revealed the nature of formulations. Accelerated stability studies revealed the stability of tablets.
 Conclusion: Thus, the tablets prepared using Jack fruit seed starch revealed the super disintegrant property of starch.

Combinatorial Therapeutic Drug Delivery of Riboflavin and Olopetadine for the Treatment of Keratoconus Affected Corneas of Mice

The present study deals with the development and evaluation of novel thermoreversible gel containing Riboflavin and Olopatadine for the treatment of Keratoconus. The novel gel was prepared by using polymers like Poloxamer and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) using cold method. The formulated system was evaluated for clarity, appearance, pH, gelling temperature, ex vivo diffusion study, Isotonicity, hemolytic study and effect in keratoconus affected mice model. The results showed that formulated gel was found to be clear and transparent having high gelling capacity. The pH was found between 6.5 to 6.9 and gelation temperature between 34 to 37 °C. All formulations were found isotonic and the hemolytic study performed proved the non-hemolytic nature of formulation. Drug content was also within acceptable limit. The F5 formulation was found to be optimized considering all evaluation parameters. F5 formulation showed maximum amount of release (98.5 and 99.6% for Ribo and Olo respectively) within 8 hrs as compare to other formulations. The effect of formulation on keratoconus affected mice showed that matrix can be produced after stimulation of KC cells and the increased thickness can be result of increase number of cells or matrix produced per cell. These results clearly conclude the potential of combinatorial therapeutic drug delivery of riboflavin and olopetadine for the treatment of keratoconus affected corneas of mice.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF DOLUTEGRAVIR SODIUM SOLID DISPERSIONS AND FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS USING POLOXAMER-188 AND JACK FRUIT SEED STARCH AS EXCIPIENTS

Objective: The current work mainly focuses on solubility enhancement of dolutegravir which is a biopharmaceutical classification system Class-II drug using jack fruit seed starch (JFS2) as excipient which improves the drug release.
 Materials and Methods: Starches were extracted using aqueous and alkali methods (sodium hydroxide at 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5% concentrations) from jack fruit seed powder. These starches were evaluated for phytochemical and physicochemical parameters. Fast dissolving tablets were prepared using dolutegravir sodium solid dispersion, JFS2, and croscarmellose sodium (CCS) in various concentrations using wet granulation technique. Various pre- and post-compression parameters were evaluated along with in vitro drug release studies; characterization studies such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and stability studies.
 Results: Phytochemical tests revealed the presence of only starch in all extracts. Starch prepared from 0.1% sodium hydroxide (JFS2) showed best physicochemical properties. From in vitro dissolution studies, it was observed that solid dispersion formulation DF3 containing dolutegravir sodium and poloxamer-188 in 1:1.5 ratios showed a better dissolution rate. From in vitro dissolution studies, tablet formulations DFT6 and DFT9 containing 12.5% w/w of JFS2 and 12.5% w/w of CCS showed enhanced dissolution rate compared with other formulations. FTIR and DSC studies revealed that there were no major interactions between drug and excipients. XRD studies revealed the nature of formulations. Accelerated stability studies showed that all tablets were stable.
 Conclusion: The tablets prepared using jack fruit starch seed starch revealed the superdisintegrant property of starch.

Advances in the delivery of buprenorphine for opioid dependence.

Opioid use disorders (OUDs) have long been a global problem, but the prevalence rates have increased over 20 years to epidemic proportions in the US, with concomitant increases in morbidity and all-cause mortality, but especially opioid overdose. These increases are in part attributable to a several-fold expansion in the prescription of opioid pain medications over the same time period. Opioid detoxification and psychosocial treatments alone have each not yielded sufficient efficacy for OUD, but μ-opioid receptor agonist, partial agonist, and antagonist medications have demonstrated the greatest overall benefit in OUD treatment. Buprenorphine, a μ-opioid receptor partial agonist, has been used successfully on an international basis for several decades in sublingual tablet and film preparations for the treatment of OUD, but the nature of formulation, which is typically self-administered, renders it susceptible to nonadherence, diversion, and accidental exposure. This article reviews the clinical trial data for novel buprenorphine delivery systems in the form of subcutaneous depot injections, transdermal patches, and subdermal implants for the treatment of OUD and discusses both the clinical efficacy of longer-acting formulations through increasing consistent medication exposure and their potential utility in reducing diversion. These new delivery systems also offer new dosing opportunities for buprenorphine and strategies for dosing intervals in the treatment of OUD.

USE OF LACTIC ACID AND SPAN 80 IN THE FORMULATION OF LIPID BASED IMIQUIMOD VESICLES FOR GENITAL WARTS

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of present study was formulation development of imiquimod using lactic acid and span 80 for topical delivery to cure genital warts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Lipid based vesicles (LBV) of 2% imiquimod were prepared with phospholipoin 90G, ethanol, lactic acid and span 80 using central composite design. The prepared vesicles were optimized statistically and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, percentage entrapment efficiency (% EE) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optimized LBV were incorporated into gel formulation which was evaluated and compared with control gel and marketed formulation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimized vesicles had particle size 394.8±9.6 nm, zeta potential-16.5±2.5 mV, % EE 88.27±0.45 and TEM study confirmed the formation of vesicular structure with spherical shape. The gel formulation of imiquimod vesicles showed positive results like spreadability 14.3±0.34 gcm/s, viscosity 13500±1.67 cp, consistency 6.1±0.14 mm and extrudability 16.47±0.11 g/cm<sup>2</sup>. <em>In vitro</em> permeation amount of drug was remarkably lower (10.13 %) than control (87.17 %) and marketed formulation (27.46 %). Results of retained drug for both <em>in vitro</em> as well as <em>in vivo</em> permeation study and local accumulation efficiency (4.021±0.2292) were considerably higher for LBV gel than control (0.1008±0.002513) and marketed formulation (0.8314±0.0300). To understand the mechanism of interaction between skin and vesicles, fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy studies were also done. Results of skin irritancy test and histological examination revealed biocompatible nature of formulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results of <em>in vitro </em>and <em>in vivo</em> studies indicated that this vesicle gel formulation provided efficient and site specific dermal delivery of imiquimod for cure of genital warts.</p>

Pharmacokinetics of caffeine administered in a time-release versus regular tablet form

Background Caffeine has been associated with enhancing the ability to perform mental tasks and elevate feelings of energy, however, a single dose of caffeine typically induces only 90-120 minutes of increased alertness and is often associated with an acute “crash” state following its metabolism. The nature of formulation can directly influence the rate and extent of absorption following oral administration. Time-release caffeine supplements have been developed to prolong the effects of caffeine. The purpose of this study was to compare the plasma caffeine pharmacokinetics following ingestion of a time-release caffeine capsule (TR-CAF) to an equivalent dose of a regular caffeine capsule (CAF) and a placebo (PL) over an 8-hour period.

Culture, Nature, and History: The Case of Ancient Sexuality

AbstractThis article analyzes the configuration of biology, anthropology, and history over the last generation by taking the sub-field of the “history of sexuality” as a case study. The history of sexuality developed at a particularly important site of engagement with neighboring disciplines. I argue that the concepts of nature and culture that came to prevail among historians of sexuality were deeply influenced by the debate between a particular strand of evolutionary biology, namely sociobiology, and its critics, who were committed to cultural hermeneutics. This debate encouraged a formulation of nature and culture which is effectively dualist and which remains present within the sub-field. By focusing the analysis on the study ofancient(classical Mediterranean) sexuality, I seek detailed insights into the reception of this debate within a specific domain of historical investigation, one whose stakes have been particularly high because of the intervention of Michel Foucault. The article closes by arguing that biologists and anthropologists in the last two decades have advanced the study of culture as a part of nature, and that historians have much to gain by engaging with more recent models. The institution of monogamy is highlighted as an emerging theme of investigation that can only be approached with the unified insights of history, anthropology, and biology.

Rousseau and the Reserve of Nature: A Rejoinder to Derrida

This article re-examines Derrida's presentation of Rousseau's philosophy of nature and culture in De la grammatologie to interrogate that work's conclusions about the inescapability of the logic of the supplement . Drawing on a close reading of the first book of Emile , it argues that Rousseau's ontological commitments neither originate from nor entail a metaphysics of pure presence. The challenge to Derrida derives from the category of habit understood as an ontological principle that structures the conceptualization of nature in Emile . Rousseau's formulation of nature as a reserve , a theory of innateness as sleeping potentiality, indicates not a 'presence' but a store of potencies bearing an indeterminate ontology. As well as a capacity and an agency, nature is also a state of being. Habit, meanwhile, reveals the two senses of nature — as teleology and being — and mediates between them. Nature, for its part, arises as the outcome, as well as the origin and determination, of habit. This signifies that nature and culture are not the terms of a dichotomy but arise simultaneously when habit draws from nature's reserve. The article concludes that Derrida simplifies and exploits Rousseau by reading him through the distorting lens of Levi-Strauss's structuralist anthropology.

CR1 and the “Vanishing Amyloid” Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease

CR1 and the “Vanishing Amyloid” Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease

Discurso homofóbico em blogs: tessituras da violência e(m) rede

This article aims at analyzing the effects of meaning installed in the discursive space of a blog, especially a formulation of discriminatory nature which was posted in November, 2011 and considerably discussed in other discursive spaces on the Internet. By means of French Discourse Analysis, we sought to track the memory networks and the ideological effects that are at play in the discourse on homosexuals posted by browsers-subjects and how they update the meanings already there in order to install effects of prejudice and hatred. Our interest is also to catch the meanings of violence inscribed in the electronic network and analyze the functioning of the language in motion in this space bordered by the imaginary in which it is possible to say anything. Hence, by means of the analyses performed in this study, we observed these effects of the subject’s full freedom when he/she subscribes to the electronic network without fear of any punishment of any order. The discourses of intolerance and hatred posted on the blog by the subject give voice to a discursive confrontation observed by marks of agreement or indignation, supported by the discursive memory. Thus, we observed the interruption of regularities that break up with a supposed linearity in the discourse, putting the contradiction and the heterogeneous nature of the sayings on the net in motion. Key words: subject, blog, homophobia.

‘Introduction: Literature, Science, and the Natural World in the Long Nineteenth Century’

In the twenty-first century, nature occupies a crucial position in social, environmental, and economic debates about global sustainability. Many of these debates over humanity’s relationship with the natural world are not new, but emerged in response to an Enlightenment worldview positing human capacity to control nature through science and technology. The circulation of ideas about the impact of new technologies, the use and misuse of resources and landscapes, and human responsibilities towards the environment and its preservation intensified over the nineteenth century, due partly to the growth of industrialism and the new discourses to which it gave rise. “And what is impossible to science?” asked Friedrich Engels in 1844, arguing against the existence of natural limits in light of human ingenuity (qtd. in Dresner 14). Yet humanity's ability, and its right, to control nature were also debated and questioned over the course of the nineteenth century, a period which saw rapid social, industrial, and scientific change, bringing the natural world to the forefront of the Victorian cultural imagination. John Ruskin’s image of clouds as meteorological omens of the effects of modern industrialisation in The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth Century (1884) encapsulated nature’s central function as metaphor as well as the focus of scientific investigation; the natural world itself responded to changing times and a changing Britain. The natural world was intricately bound up with how Victorians thought about themselves and how they related to their social world, to the extent that we can hardly extricate the idea of nature from the idea of the nineteenth-century imagination. Traditionally, literary studies of nature in the nineteenth century have tended to focus on the Romantic period. As Onno Oerlemans and P. M. Harman have recently shown, conceiving Romanticism as a movement towards the construction of scientific thinking in literature has led to the placement of nature and the natural world at the centre of how we think about the Romantic imagination. Part of the aim of this special issue is to extend this attention to how nature was perceived and imagined to focus on writers in the latter half of the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth centuries. By doing so, the four essays that follow this introduction provide fresh literary and historical context for studies of nature during this period and bring to light the ways in which both well-known and understudied writers engaged with science and nature through the century, from Charles Kingsley to Richard Jefferies and D.H. Lawrence. These essays explore the boundaries between urban and natural, real and imagined, past and present, place and time to reveal the complexities of Victorian and early twentieth century attitudes to the natural environment and how these influenced the popular imagination through fiction. Scholars of the nineteenth century broadly agree that nature itself is scarcely a fixed or stable concept, existing rather as “multiple, socially constructed and contested ‘natures,’ each operating from within different, historically specific constellations of social, discursive, and material practices” (Hess 5). As a flexible concept, then, the idea of nature is continually reconstructed in literary texts and is deployed for a range of political and didactic purposes. The essays in this special issue each engage with different formulations of nature in literature, and explore how

Influence of Sucrose Esters on the In Vivo Percutaneous Penetration of Octyl Methoxycinnamate Formulated in Nanocapsules, Nanoemulsion, and Emulsion

ABSTRACTThe influence of sucrose laureate and sucrose oleate on the in vivo percutaneous penetration of octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) formulated in i) colloidal suspensions (nano-emulsions and nanocapsules), and ii) conventional o/w emulsions was evaluated. The results showed that nano-emulsions formulated with sucrose laureate exhibited the highest penetration in the stratum corneum compared to the other formulations. A two-fold increase in OMC skin deposition was observed with the nano-emulsion containing sucrose laureate when compared to the control. The data obtained suggest that the total amount of OMC detected in the stratum corneum and the penetration depth are strongly dependent upon the formulation's nature, the particle size, and the type of enhancer.