Drug Delivery Formulations Research Articles

The (re)emergence of aerosol delivery: Treatment of pulmonary diseases and its clinical challenges.

Aerosol delivery represents a rapid and non-invasive way to directly reach the lungs while escaping the hepatic first-pass effect. The development of pulmonary drugs for respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis, lung infections, pulmonary fibrosis or lung cancer requires an enhanced understanding of the relationships between the natural physiology of the respiratory system and the pathophysiology of these conditions. This knowledge is crucial to better predict and thereby control drug deposition. Moreover, aerosol administration faces several challenges, including the pulmonary tract, immune system, mucociliary clearance, the presence of fluid on the airway surfaces, and, in some cases, bacterial colonisation. Each of them directly influences on the bioavailability of the active molecule. In addition to these challenges, particle size and the device used to administer the treatment are critical factors that can significantly impact the biodistribution of the drugs. Nanoparticles are very promising in the development of new formulations for aerosol drug delivery, as they can be fine-tuned to reach the entire pulmonary tract and overcome the difficulties encountered along the way. However, to properly assess drug delivery, preclinical studies need to be more thorough to efficiently enhance drug delivery.

Kollidon® SR: Formulation techniques and drug delivery applications.

Kollidon® SR is one of the recent versatile coprocessed excipients in the formulation of modified release dosage forms. It is prepared by co-spray drying from aqueous dispersions of polyvinylacetate and polyvinylpyrrolidone. This article gives a critical review of the physicochemical attributes and technological properties of Kollidon® SR. The current review discusses various technological approaches used in the formulation with Kollidon® SR, from conventional ones like direct compaction and wet granulation to more advanced methodologies such as 3D printing, electrospinning and hot-melt extrusion. The review further elaborates on the influence of the major factors on drug release kinetics from Kollidon® SR-based formulations. Furthermore, this review unravels the potential of Kollidon® SR in the development of site-targeted oral drug delivery systems and focuses on its adaptability to other routes of administration. Further, the review deals with the considerations to be made regarding stability to make sure the formulations based on Kollidon® SR are reliable.

Quality by Design and Characterization of Nimodipine Novel Carriers for the Treatment of Hypertension: Assessment of the Pharmacokinetic Profile

Background: Nimodipine is a highly lipophilic anti-hypertensive drug having 13% oral bioavailability (log P 3.41). Nimodipine is a prominent calcium channel blocker that must be given intravenously for an extended period of time (1-2 weeks) in order to treat cerebral vasospasm. It might be possible to substitute a sustained-release biodegradable formulation for the ongoing intravenous infusion used in this traditional therapy. Objectives: The primary goal of this study was to formulate and evaluate the potentiality of ethosomes to deliver nimodipine, a potent water-insoluble anti-hypertensive drug, through the deeper layers of the skin. The greatest challenge for drug formulation is its poor oral bioavailability and solubility. Methods: Nimodipine-loaded ethosomal gel was developed for transdermal drug delivery to increase solubility and skin penetration and to promote oral bioavailability. Central composite design employing a thin-film hydration method was used to prepare and optimize ethosomes. A better dispersion medium for nimodipine's preparation in ethosomes was selected based on the effect. The design consisted of independent variables as lipid (X1), ethanol (X2), and sonication time (X3). Concentrations were manipulated to examine the effects on three responses, namely the %entrapment efficiency (Y1), vesicle size (Y2), and %cumulative drug release (Y3). Surface morphology and other in vitro tests were used to identify ethosomes containing nimodipine. The preparation of ethosomal gel formulations began with incorporating a single ethosomal formulation (F4) into various concentrations of gelling agents. These studies performed physicochemical characterization, compatibility testing, and in vitro drug release tests on ethosomal gels. In vivo studies involving hypertensive rats were conducted after skin permeation, and ex vivo studies were performed. In order to assess the drug's permeability and deposition, we employed the abdomen skin of rats. Results: The optimal process parameters resulted in ethosomes with 89.9 ± 0.19 percent entrapment efficiency, a vesicle size of 102.37 ± 5.84 nm, and a cumulative drug release of 98.3 ± 0.13%. pH and drug content measurements were consistent with the homogeneous ethosomal gels. Viscosity was found to increase with the spreadability. The ethosomal gel formulation (G2) met the regulatory standards regarding appearance, spreadability, viscosity, and in vitro release studies. Compared to pure nimodipine, ethosomal suspension (F4) and ethosomal gel (G2) formulations had higher ex vivo permeation, steady-state flux, and drug retention. Rats' mean arterial pressure (146.11 ± 0.84 mmHg) was significantly lower (p < 0.01) after after two hours of the experiment than it had been (p < 0.001) (98.88 ± 0.63 mmHg) after six hours. Conclusion: To summarize, ethosomal gels have been found to be lipid carriers that enhance skin permeation and extend the anti-hypertensive effect of nimodipine. Compared to plain gel, ex vivo drug permeation through rat abdominal skin in ethosomal gel was enhanced. Gel-based ethosomal transdermal drug delivery formulations of nimodipine can be used to achieve a faster rate and extend the duration of drug delivery by more than 24 hours.

An Updated Overview of Nanostructured Silver as a Novel Class of Biomedical Agent

In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against pathogenic bacteria has been demonstrated. Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria, including multidrug-resistant species, are susceptible to AgNPs' antibacterial effects. AgNPs have several concurrent mechanisms of action, and they work effectively with other antibacterial agents, such as antibiotics or chemical compounds, against infections like Esecheria coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Due to their unique characteristics, silver nanoparticles are perfect for use in healthcare and biomedical products where they can successfully treat or prevent infections. AgNPsʹ demonstrated genuine properties and significant potential for the development and improvement of novel antimicrobial agents, drug-delivery formulations, identification, detection, and diagnosis platforms, biomaterial and medical device coverings, tissue restoration and regeneration materials, complex healthcare condition schemes and strategies, and performance-enhanced therapeutic alternatives. The purpose of this review was to give a comprehensive discussion of the present state of the art in using the most relevant types of silver nanoparticles as antibacterial agents. This review aims to identify factors influencing the antibacterial impacts of silver nanoparticles and to highlight the benefits of using AgNPs as new antibacterial agents in addition to antibiotics, which will decrease the dosage necessary and avoid secondary effects combined with both. This is due to the need for new, effective, and efficient antibacterial agents.

Cathelicidins: Opportunities and Challenges in Skin Therapeutics and Clinical Translation.

Cathelicidins are a group of cationic, amphipathic peptides that play a vital role in the innate immune response of many vertebrates, including humans. Produced by immune and epithelial cells, they serve as natural defenses against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. In humans, the cathelicidin LL-37 is essential for wound healing, maintaining skin barrier integrity, and combating infections. Cathelicidins of different origins have shown potential in treating various skin conditions, including melanoma, acne, and diabetic foot ulcers. Despite their promising therapeutic potential, cathelicidins face significant challenges in clinical application. Many peptide-based therapies have failed in clinical trials due to unclear efficacy and safety concerns. Additionally, the emergence of bacterial resistance, which contradicts initial claims of non-resistance, further complicates their development. To successfully translate cathelicidins into effective clinical treatments, therefore, several obstacles must be addressed, including a better understanding of their mechanisms of action, sustainable large-scale production, optimized formulations for drug delivery and stability, and strategies to overcome microbial resistance. This review examines the current knowledge of cathelicidins and their therapeutic applications and discusses the challenges that hinder their clinical use and must be overcome to fully exploit their potential in medicine.

Breath and Beyond: Advances in Nanomedicine for Oral and Intranasal Aerosol Drug Delivery.

Designing and standardizing drug formulations are crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications. Nanomedicine utilizes nano drug delivery systems and advanced nanodevices to address numerous critical medical challenges. Currently, oral and intranasal aerosol drug delivery (OIADD) is the primary method for treating respiratory diseases worldwide. With advancements in disease understanding and the development of aerosolized nano drug delivery systems, the application of OIADD has exceeded its traditional boundaries, demonstrating significant potential in the treatment of non-respiratory conditions as well. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of oral and intranasal aerosol formulations in disease treatment. It examines the key challenges limiting the development of nanomedicines in drug delivery systems, formulation processes, and aerosol devices and explores the latest advancements in these areas. This review aims to offer valuable insights to researchers involved in the development of aerosol delivery platforms.

Design and characterization of hollow microneedles for localized intrascleral drug delivery of ocular formulations.

Effective drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye remains a challenge owing to the limitations of conventional methods such as intravitreal injections, which are associated with significant side effects. This study explored the use of hollow microneedles (HMNs) for localized intrascleral drug delivery as a minimally invasive alternative. Stainless steel HMNs with bevel angles of 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75° were fabricated using wire electron discharge machining. The penetration force of these HMNs in ex vivo porcine sclera was assessed using a texture analyser, revealing that the 60° bevel angle required the lowest force (<2N), making it optimal for scleral penetration. To ensure precision in drug delivery, 3D-printed adapters were developed to control the injection angles and volumes. The distribution of a model dye, rhodamine B, was studied via digital imaging, multiphoton microscopy, and confocal microscopy. The results showed that HMNs with a 60° bevel angle could penetrate the sclera to a depth of approximately 450µm at a 45° injection angle, providing enhanced distribution within the scleral layers. This study confirmed that the use of HMNs enables effective and controlled intrascleral drug delivery, resulting in the formation of localized depots with minimal tissue damage. This research demonstrates the potential of HMNs as a promising alternative to traditional ocular drug delivery methods, offering improved bioavailability and the potential to reduce patient discomfort.

Intensification of Invasive Fungal Infections and Exploration of Effective Antifungal Drug Delivery Formulations: A Detailed Review.

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) pose a significant global health threat, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. These infections can lead to severe illness and death, placing a significant financial burden on healthcare systems. Fungi were not previously considered a substantial risk to human health, but this perception changed with the rise of the HIV epidemic. The emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains further complicates the man-agement of these infections, highlighting the urgent need for effective antifungal therapies. Addressing this challenge requires innovative approaches and antifungal drug delivery for-mulations as promising strategies. This article explores the role of effective antifungal drug delivery formulations in combating the rise of IFIs. These formulations, ranging from lipid-based systems like liposomes and lipid emulsions to polymeric nanoparticles and micropar-ticles, offer several advantages over conventional drug delivery methods. Optimizing these formulations may improve drug efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, and enhance pa-tient outcomes. Furthermore, advancements in nanotechnology and targeted drug delivery systems hold promise in overcoming existing limitations and expanding the scope of antifun-gal therapies.

Gellan gum-based in-situ gel formulations for ocular drug delivery: A practical approach.

Ophthalmic disorders significantly impact global health, affecting millions worldwide. Conventional treatments often face challenges related to poor bioavailability and short residence times on the ocular surface. In recent years, in-situ gels prepared using different natural gums including gellan gum has been investigated as a viable means of improving ocular medication delivery. Gellan gum undergoes ionotropic-gelation in the presence of multivalent cations, making it suitable for ocular formulations. The synthesis and purification of gellan gum involve microbial fermentation processes. Incorporating gellan gum into ophthalmic formulations offers several advantages, including prolonged residence time, enhanced drug retention, and improved bioavailability. Characterisation techniques such as gelling capacity determination, FTIR spectroscopy, TEM, viscosity and rheological studies and ex-vivo or in-vitro release studies are crucial for assessing the structural and functional properties of gellan gum-based in-situ gels. Numerous investigations have exhibited gellan gum's potential in different drug loaded in-situ gels for ophthalmic uses, resulting in extended drug residency on the ocular surface and enhanced therapeutic effects. The current review presents a comprehensive discussion on preparation, characterisation, recent applications and future prospects of gellan gum-based in-situ gels for ocular drug delivery. In addition, it covers molecular structure, synthesis and characterisation of gellan gum.

Modular self-emulsifying drug delivery platform to enhance cellular uptake activity in triple-negative breast cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents with resistance phenotypes to certain therapies, such as cisplatin, often requiring higher dosing, with associated acquired tumor resistance, renal toxicity, and variable patient responses. A self-emulsifying drug delivery (SEDD) formulation approach was proposed to overcome the limitations of cisplatin in TNBC, focusing on improving intracellular cisplatin and control siRNA uptake as a proof-of-principle of dual drug delivery. Four SEDD formulations were prepared and optimized for cisplatin (o/w) emulsion and FITC-siRNA (w/o) emulsion using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams to facilitate the formation of water-in-oil-water (w/o/w) emulsions. Formulations were characterized by size, polydispersity (PDI), and surface charge and tested in vitro. Cellular uptake via triplex staining of drug-loaded SEDDs was investigated. SEDDs showed enhanced internalization and promoted selective TNBC cellular uptake. The current study is a proof-of-principle for the successful co-delivery of cisplatin (small molecule) and siRNA (large molecule) via the SEDDs platform.

Green/red fluorescent protein disrupting drugs for real‐time permeability tracking in three‐dimensional tumor spheroids

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) spheroid models offer a more physiologically relevant and complex environment compared to traditional two‐dimensional cultures, making them a promising tool for studying tumor biology and drug response. However, these models often face challenges in real‐time monitoring of drug diffusion, penetration, and target engagement, limiting their predictive power for in vivo and clinical outcomes. This study introduces a novel approach for real‐time tracking of drug permeability using small molecule drugs with GFP/RFP‐disrupting properties that correlate with their efficacy. We developed a reproducible 3D spheroid model with various cancer cell lines expressing GFP/RFP for efficient drug screening. Through screening over 20 FDA‐approved enzyme inhibitors, we identified three covalent kinase inhibitors—osimertinib, afatinib, and neratinib—that irreversibly disrupt GFP and RFP fluorescence. Our results reveal distinct drug diffusion and penetration profiles within GFP/RFP‐expressing spheroids, varying with drug concentration and formulation, and correlating with clinical volume of distribution (Vd) values. Additionally, we demonstrate that our approach is useful for evaluating different drug formulations as well as screening penetration enhancers for solid tumors. These findings offer a valuable 3D model for studying kinetics of drug permeability and efficacy in tumor‐like environments, with potential implications for drug delivery research and formulation development.

Latanoprostene bunod: the first nitric oxide-donating antiglaucoma medication.

Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy that causes characteristic visual field defects and is considered one of the leading causes of irreversible vision loss worldwide. Lowering intraocular pressure is the only proven treatment for glaucoma. Medical therapy is usually the first-line treatment for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Latanoprostene bunod ophthalmic drop 0.024% is a nitric oxide-donating prostaglandin F2α analog. It lowers the intraocular pressure via a dual mechanism of enhancing aqueous humor outflow through both the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathways. Additionally, the nitric oxide component has shown promise in regulating ocular blood flow and promoting the survival of retinal ganglionic cells. Herein, the mechanism of action, efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the latanoprostene bunod and its effects on ocular blood flow are reviewed. Latanoprostene bunod has demonstrated strong efficacy and a favorable safety profile in both clinical trials and real-world studies. Given the promising results of latanoprostene bunod and advancements in drug delivery, topical fixed-combination and sustained-release formulations containing latanoprostene bunod and other agents targeting different intraocular pressure-lowering mechanisms may become available in the future.

Preparation and in-vitro characterization of triamcinolone acetonide-loaded lipid liquid crystal nanocarriers for ocular delivery

Purpose: This study aimed to develop sustained-release Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) formulations using lipid liquid crystals (LLC) for ocular drug delivery and to characterize the designed formulations. Method: Eighteen dispersed LLC formulations were prepared through a top-down approach, incorporating varying concentrations of TA and different proportions of glyceryl monooleate, deionized water, and Pluronic F127. An additional formulation comprising TA: HPβCD complex was also developed to investigate the influence of hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) on the properties of the formulations. The formulations were evaluated for their rheological properties in room temperature using a rheometer, syringeability by passing them through a 27G needle, size measurements via dynamic light scattering, and morphology through polarized light microscopy (PLM). Furthermore, the prepared formulations were injected into a dialysis tube and placed in a phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and 37°C for in vitro release evaluation. Samples were taken at predetermined intervals and stored in a refrigerator until HPLC analysis. The percentage of Encapsulation efficacy and drug loading were evaluated using an indirect method. A reversed-phase HPLC method was employed to quantify the drug concentrations in the samples. Results: All selected formulations demonstrated acceptable parameters, including particle size (less than 200 nm), polydispersity index ranging from 0.202 to 0.355, and zeta potential values between -14.3 and -32.8 mV. Additionally, the formulations showed good syringeability and achieved 100% drug release within 48 hours (except for the formulation containing HPβCD). PLM analysis revealed the presence of hexosomes and cubosomes, indicating that an increase in hexosomes contributed to a more uniform drug release from the formulations. Conclusion: Overall, the study findings suggest that liquid crystalline carriers can be a promising formulation for sustained ocular drug delivery of TA.

An Updated Review on Nanoemulsion: Factory for Food and Drug Delivery.

A nanoemulsion is a colloidal system of small droplets dispersed in another liquid. It has attracted considerable attention due to its unique properties and various applications. Throughout this review, we provide an overview of nanoemulsions and how they can be applied to various applications such as drug delivery, food applications, and pesticide formulations. This updated review aims to comprehensively overview nanoemulsions and their applications as a versatile platform for drug delivery, food applications, and pesticide formulations. Research relevant scientific literature across various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Suitable keywords for this purpose include "nanoemulsion," "drug delivery," and "food applications." Ensure the search criteria include recent publications to ensure current knowledge is included. Several benefits have been demonstrated in the delivery of drugs using nanoemulsions, including improved solubility, increased bioavailability, and controlled delivery. Nanoemulsions have improved some bioactive compounds in food applications, including vitamins and antioxidants. At the same time, pesticide formulations based on nanoemulsions have also improved solubility, shelf life, and effectiveness. The versatility of nanoemulsions makes them ideal for drug delivery, food, and pesticide formulation applications. These products are highly soluble, bioavailable, and targeted, providing significant advantages. More research and development are required to implement nanoemulsion-based products on a commercial scale.

1H-19F cross-polarization magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization NMR investigation of advanced pharmaceutical formulations.

A new 3.2mm 1H-19F-X magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization NMR (MAS DNP-NMR) probe was developed with a unique coil design with separate radiofrequency channels for 1H excitation and 13C or 19F detection to enable acquisition of 1H-19F cross-polarization (CP) MAS experiments, direct-detected 19F spectra with proton decoupling, and acquisition on 13C with simultaneous double decoupling on the 1H and 19F channels as well as 1H-19F-13C double-CP experiments under low temperature MAS DNP conditions. We use these sequences to study AZD2811, which is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), in its pure dry state as well as in its corresponding drug delivery formulation consisting of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs). Included in this study are also small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for therapeutic targeting of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B (Ppib) mRNA. We demonstrate that 1H-19F CP MAS experiments performed on the new HFX probe represent a notable advantage over usually acquired direct-detected 19F experiments. The indirect 19F DNP enhancement εon/off(19F)=26 was obtained via 1H-19F CP for the pure API impregnated with DNP solution, with an overall 30-fold sensitivity gain compared to the direct-detected 19F experiment under similar conditions. DNP enhancement value of εon/off(19F)=42 was obtained via 1H-19F CP for the polymeric nanoparticle suspension and εon/off(19F)≈150 were obtained for two different siRNAs in frozen DNP solution.

Advancements in Artificial Intelligence-mediated Fabrication of 3D, 4D, and 5D Printed for Fabrication of Drug Delivery Formulations

: One of the most powerful and inventive fabrication techniques used to create novel structures and solid materials using precise additive manufacturing technology is 5D and 4D printing, which is an improved version of 3D printing. It catches people's attention because of its capacity to generate fast, highly complex, adaptable product design and fabrication. Real-time sensing, change adaptation, and printing state prediction are made possible by this technology with the use of artificial intelligence (AI). The process of 3D printing involves the use of sophisticated materials and computer-aided design (CAD) with tomography scanning controlled by artificial intelligence (AI). The printing material is deposited according to the specifications of the file, typically in STL format; however, the printing process takes time.4D printing, which incorporates intelligent materials with time as a fourth dimension, can solve this drawback. About 80% of the time will be saved by this technique's self-repair and self-assembly qualities. One limitation of 3D printing is that it cannot print complex shapes with curved surfaces. However, this limitation can be solved by using 5D printing, which uses rotation of the print bed and extruder head to achieve additive manufacturing in five different axes. Some printed materials are made sensitive to temperature, humidity, light, and other parameters so they can respond to stimuli. With its effective and efficient manufacturing for the necessary design precision, this review assesses the potential of these procedures with AI intervention in medicine and pharmacy.

Nano-laminated clay-essential oil composite formulations: Key mechanistic antibacterial processes and in vitro antibiofilm activity

This study involves fabrication of nano-clay-essential oil hybrid nanostructures using acoustic cavitation-based probe ultrasonication for controlled release antibacterial effect. Both the pristine and composites were characterized and showed no structural (shape and size) changes in clay nanoparticles (NPs) after adsorption of essential oil as examined by Transmission electron microscope. Adsorption of essential oil in the interlayer space of nano-clay particles was confirmed by increase in d-spacing value for both nano-bentonite (3.31–3.44 nm) and nano-MMT (3.36–3.45 nm) composites. The FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy showed disappearance or weakening of bands at 3500-3600 cm−1 (hydroxyl group) wavenumber and appearance of new bands at 1700 cm−1 (C-H bending) suggesting interlayer adsorption of essential oil within the nano-clay. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed three step mass loss in nano-clay-essential oil composites with the lowest mass loss (81 %) reported in Nano-bentonite-Basil essential oil composite. The GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of similar components in both pure and composite formulations but with varied compositions. The developed nanocomposites (nano-clay-essential oil) exhibited enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as compared to pure EOs. This work elucidates the antimicrobial mechanism of nano-clay-essential oil composite as identified by determining cell membrane damaging effect and level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present study provides insights on the potential role of nano-clay as adsorbent/nanocarrier and nano-clay-essential oil formulation for effective drug delivery.

The Promoting Effect of Animal Bioactive Proteins and Peptide Components on Wound Healing: A Review.

The skin is the first line of defense to protect the host from external environmental damage. When the skin is damaged, the wound provides convenience for the invasion of external substances. The prolonged nonhealing of wounds can also lead to numerous subsequent complications, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. To solve this problem, proteins and peptide components that promote wound healing have been discovered in animals, which can act on key pathways involved in wound healing, such as the PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, NF-κ B, and JAK/STAT pathways. So far, some formulations for topical drug delivery have been developed, including hydrogels, microneedles, and electrospinning nanofibers. In addition, some high-performance dressings have been utilized, which also have great potential in wound healing. Here, research progress on the promotion of wound healing by animal-derived proteins and peptide components is summarized, and future research directions are discussed.

Exploring Orodispersible Films Containing the Proteolysis Targeting Chimera ARV-110 in Hot Melt Extrusion and Solvent Casting Using Polyvinyl Alcohol.

This project aims to provide valuable insights into the formulation of orodispersible films (ODFs) for the delivery of PROTAC ARV-110. The primary objective of this drug delivery formulation is to enhance the solubility of PROTAC ARV-110, which faces significant challenges due to the low solubility of this active pharmaceutical ingredient, as it belongs to a molecular class that is considered to exceed the "Rule of Five". We employed the concept of developing a rapidly disintegrating ODF to enhance the solubility of PROTAC ARV-110, utilizing polyvinyl alcohol as the polymer of choice. Given the high thermal stability of ARV-110, the PROTAC was subjected to two primary ODF manufacturing techniques: Hot melt extrusion (HME) and solvent casting. To establish the HME method, pre-screening through vacuum compression molding was performed. The films were characterized based on their disintegration in artificial saliva, drug release in a physiological environment, and mechanical strength. All formulations demonstrated enhanced solubility of ARV-110, achieving exceptional results in terms of disintegration times and resistance to applied stress. The findings from the experiments outlined herein establish a solid foundation for the successful production of orodispersible films for the delivery of PROTACs.

Electrical Conductivity as an Informative Factor of the Properties of Liposomal Systems with Naproxen Sodium for Transdermal Application.

Liposomal preparations play an important role as formulations for transdermal drug delivery; however, the electrical conductivity of these systems is sparingly evaluated. The aim of the study was to outline the range of the values of electrical conductivity values that may be recorded in the future pharmaceutical systems in the context of their viscosity. The electrical conductivity, measured by a conductivity probe of k = 1.0 cm-1, and the dynamic viscosity of liposomal and non-liposomal systems with naproxen sodium, embedded into a methylcellulose hydrophilic gel (0.25%), were compared with data from preparations without naproxen sodium in a range reflecting the naproxen sodium concentrations 0.1·10-2-9.5·10-2 mol/L. The specific conductivity covered a 1.5 μS·cm-1-5616.0 μS·cm-1 range, whereas the viscosity ranged from 0.9 to 9.4 mPa·s. The naproxen sodium highly influenced the electrical conductivity, whereas the dynamic viscosity was a moderate factor. The observed phenomena may be ascribed to the high mobility of sodium ions recruited from naproxen sodium and the relatively low concentrations of applied methylcellulose. The assembly of lecithin in liposomes may have lowered the specific conductivity of the systems with naproxen sodium. These measurements will be further developed for implementation as simple assays of the concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredient in release experiments of preparations proposed for dermatological applications.