Formulation F2 Research Articles

Design, Development, and In vitro Evaluation of Single Unit Hydrodynamically Balanced System of Captopril

Background: This study investigated the use of in situ polyelectrolyte complex formation by using two oppositely charged polysaccharides [Chitosan (cationic), Sodium Alginate (anionic)]. It forms 3-D intercalation and interpenetrating network helping in controlling the release of highly acid-soluble Captopril. Objective: To develop a polyelectrolyte complex based single unit gastroretentive tablet by using optimization based 3 (2) Taguchi factorial design for controlled delivery of Captopril. Materials and Methods: Gastroretentive Captopril tablets were prepared by the direct compression technique. Total 09 batches were prepared as per 3 (2) Taguchi factorial design studies of 100 tablets each. Results: Thermal analysis method revealed that there is a formation of PEC between chitosan and sodium alginate. In vitro buoyancy and T60%, drug release studies revealed that due to complex formation, formulation remains stable and remains buoyant. From factorial design studies, it was interpreted that for buoyancy time (Y1) chitosan desired effect value was found higher. For 60% drug release (T60%; Y2) both chitosan and sodium alginate have a synergistic effect. Durbin Watson's statistical model and residual data suggested that the model is statistically validated. All formulations follow the zero-order kinetics. Stability studies revealed that formulations F5 and F9 remain stable for long-term stability studies without showing any significant changes. The fit analysis studies indicated that the prepared formulation was different from the innovator product indicating low f1 and f2 values. Conclusion: From the result generated it was concluded that chitosan-sodium alginate polyelectrolyte complex has sufficient potential to retard the release of CPT.

Formulation and Evaluation of Gastroretentive In Situ Gelling System of Ketoprofen

Abstract A revolutionary concept for achieving long-term medication release is the gastroretentive in situ gelling system. The goal of this research was to formulate and test a gastroretentive in situ gel for ketoprofen delivery to targeted site to increase the residence and delivery time. Ketoprofen gastroretentive in situ gels were synthesized using a cation-driven gelation approach using various combinations and concentrations of polymers such as gellan gum, sodium alginate, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K100M. Visual appearance, pH, viscosity, in vitro gelation, in vitro buoyancy, drug content, density measurement, gel strength measurement, water uptake, and in vitro drug release were all evaluated. The total floating time was more than 12 h, with a floating lag time of less than 2 min. The formulations showed pH ranging from 6.89 to 7.61 and drug content ranging from 82.01% to 95.53%. For 11 h, the percent cumulative drug release of formulations F5 and F14, which contained a greater concentration of polymer sodium alginate (1.5%) and a combination of gellan gum and HPMC K100M (0.175% and 0.2%), was 84.10% and 85.49%, respectively. In vitro dissolution experiments and stability investigations both revealed no significant changes in drug content. The findings revealed that the formulated in situ gels aided in extending gastric residence duration, allowing the drug to be released in the stomach.

Snack Bar Formulation High in Antioxidants and Dietary Fiber with Substitution of Corn Flour and Spirulina Flour

Abstrak Indonesia is the sixth country with the highest number of Diabetes Mellitus sufferers in the world. One way to control blood sugar levels is to regulate a DM diet by consuming foods high in fiber and antioxidants. Snack bars are very suitable as a snack for DM sufferers. This research aims to obtain a formulation and determine the effect of adding corn flour on the antioxidant activity and dietary fiber of snack bars with the best substitutes for corn flour and spirulina flour. Research Method: This research is an experimental type of research using a completely randomized design (CRD) with independent variables in the form of a comparison of the composition of corn flour, namely F1 = corn flour 33.3% and spirulina flour 8.3%; F2= 50% corn flour and 8.3% spirulina flour and 8.3% spirulina flour; F3= 66.67% corn flour and 8.3% spirulina flour. The snack bar formulation uses wheat flour, corn flour, spirulina flour, eggs, margarine, Diabetasol powdered milk and Tropicana sugar. The steps in the procedure for making a snack bar are the preparation process, mixing process, forming or molding process, oven process, then letting it sit and serving. The analyzes used are organoleptic, antioxidant analysis, dietary fiber analysis, proximate analysis. The formulation that was acceptable to the panelists was the F3 formulation with the addition of 66.67% corn flour and 8.3% spirulina flour. The use of corn flour and the addition of spirulina flour in snack bars can increase the content of dietary fiber (9%) and antioxidants (36.16%). Comparison with the standard quality of snack bars for diets, F3 snack bars contain protein (7.89%), carbohydrates (50.38%), ash (1.2%), fat (15.20%), and energy (365 .35). The fat, carbohydrate, dietary fiber and mineral content meets the SNI 014216-1996 and USDA 5048 quality standards, while the protein content is still lacking.

Formulation, Characterization, and Evaluation of β-Cyclodextrin Functionalized Hypericin Loaded Nanocarriers.

St. John's wort in western Europe has been extensively utilized for the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Hypericin, a red pigment, is found to be responsible for its antidepressant activity. The aim of the current study was to prepare a nanoemulsion (O/W) of hypericin designed for immediate delivery of the drug to the brain for the treatment of depression. The nanoemulsion was prepared by means of a homogenization technique, and that was followed by its physicochemical evaluation. Tween-80, Span-80, β-cyclodextrin, ethanol, and eucalyptus oil were utilized for the manufacturing of the nanoemulsion. Morphological studies have revealed globular structures of nanosize that were confirmed by the zeta analysis. The consistency of particles was revealed by the low polydispersity values. pH values of all formulations lay within the range of nasal pH. The viscosity of the prepared formulations was affected by the increase in concentrations of β-cyclodextrin. After passing from the centrifugation and freeze-thaw studies, the prepared formulations showed good stability. Formulation F2 having a composition of oil phase (0.125 mL), aqueous phase (1.25 mL), and β-cyclodextrin (8%) showed the best results out of all the formulations, and F2 had a pH of 5.7, 5.35 cP viscosity, 1.332 refractive index, 148.8 globule size, and -10.8 zeta potential. The mean percentage drug release and in vitro and ex vivo percentage drug permeations were observed to be 71.75, 76, and 75.07%, respectively. Meanwhile, formulation F2 showed the maximum drug release and permeation. In vivo behavior studies including the open field test, elevated plus maze test, and tail suspension test were conducted to see the antidepressant effect of hypericin along with comparison with a commercially available treatment. In conclusion, the prepared formulation shows good efficacy as an antidepressant and can be considered as a natural alternative over synthetic drugs.

Preparation and Characterization of Prednisolone Acetate Microemulsion for Ophthalmic Use

Background: Prednisolone acetate is an ester form of prednisolone. It is used topically as an ophthalmic suspension to treat many inflammatory ocular conditions, where its absorption from suspension is highly variable and has poor dose accuracy. Objectives: The main objective of this research is to formulate and evaluate prednisolone acetate microemulsion for ophthalmic use to increase solubility, residence time, and corneal permeability of the drug to enhance patient compliance and treatment efficacy. Methods: Twenty-four prednisolone acetate-loaded microemulsion (0.5%w/w) formulas were prepared using oleic acid, isopropyl myristate as (oil phase) (1:1), tween 80, labrasol, and cremophor EL as (surfactant), ethanol, polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol, transcutol P as co-surfactant and Sörensen isotonic phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4 as the aqueous phase at different Smix ratios (1:1), (1:2) and (2:1) by aqueous titration method to construct pseudoternary phase diagram to determine the existence of microemulsion region. All the prepared formulas were subjected to different evaluation tests to determine the optimum formula. Results: observations of the microemulsion showed that it had a clear and transparent yellowish color, formulation F9 composed of oleic acid and isopropyl myristate in a ratio (1:1) as oil, twee80 as a surfactant, and propylene glycol: ethanol (1:1) in a ratio (2:1) as cosurfactant gave the best particle size (10.18nm), polydispersity index (0.2216), zeta potential (-25,91), % of transmittance (99.382%±0. 09), and drug content (100±0.16). Microemulsion formulation provided considerably higher permeability than the marketed eye drop suspension (Optipred®) and improved bioavailability. Conclusions: The microemulsion-containing prednisolone acetate is a promising ocular carrier for the controlled release of prednisolone acetate in treating anterior segment inflammation. Received: Dec. 2022 Accepted March 2023 Published: Oct.2023

Development and In-Vitro characterization of risperidone loaded hydroxy propyl beta cyclodextrin nanosponge for enhancing bioavailability

The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate risperidone loaded nanosponge having prolonged residence time and sustained drug release. Nanosponges were prepared by emulsification solvent evaporation technique using cyclodextrins polymers in varying ratios. The nanosponges were evaluated for its percentage yield, drug entrapment efficiency, particle size and shape and In vitro drug release studies. The FTIR studies revealed uniform caging of the drug into the beta cyclodextrin cavity. The cyclodextrin based nanosponge showed particle size, drug entrapment efficiency and yield in the ranges of 148 - 164μm, 68.0 - 85.0% and 67.52 - 87.25% respectively. In vitro drug release confirms that formulation F2 was the best formulation as it was discovered that the nanosponge formulation's % release was 98.17±0.31% for 60 mins. This confirms the developed nanosponges are promising and have better bioavailability.

Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of floating pulsatile drug delivery of chronotherapeutic release of h2 receptor antagonist of famotidine

In the present study famotidine floating pulsatile drug delivery system was developed. Various type and different concentrations of superdisintegrants and polymer affect the drug release. FTIR studies concluded that there is no interaction between drug and excipients. Based on disintegration time and dissolution time the formulation (F2) which contains 8% sodium starch glycollate was optimised. The optimised formulation F2 was further coated with different concentrations of HPMC K4M,HPMC K 15M and HPMC K 100M..Based on the concentration of the coating layer and solubility of the coating layer and the dissolution data the formulation (F6) which was coated with 150mg of HPMC K 15M was optimised.

Formulation and Development of Polyherbal Ointment containing Clerodendrum serratum, Solanum xanthocarpum, and Nyctanthes arbortristis Extracts and Assessment of Anti-inflammatory Activity in Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema Model

In this study, our objective was to explore the phytochemical constituents of Clerodendrum serratum (CS), Solanum xanthocarpum (SX), and Nyctanthes arbortristis (NA) and evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity. Subsequently, we aimed to develop a polyherbal ointment formulation incorporating these extracts. The phytochemical screening of the CS extract showed carbohydrates, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Similarly, the SX extract exhibited the presence of all these constituents, along with the additional presence of alkaloids. The NA extract demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids. CS roots exhibited notable inhibition of inflammation at the given doses and periods of 1 to 5 hours, surpassing the effectiveness of the standard anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin. The polyherbal ointments were found to be greenish, non-transparent, and with acceptable pH. F3 formulation demonstrated excellent viscosity of 1200 cp, making it easy to apply on the skin. Furthermore, formulation F3 demonstrated exceptional spreadability, covering a diameter of 1.8 cm, surpassing the other formulations. Importantly, all polyherbal formulations were non-irritant when applied to the skin, as evidenced by the absence of edema or erythema upon application to rat skin. F3 formulation indicated no physicochemical variations in comparison to initial results in stability studies. Even after the 6-month stability study, the ointment formulation maintained a smooth and greenish consistency, signifying its durability and stability. These findings suggest that the developed polyherbal ointment formulation can be stored at room temperature without any additional requirements. Overall, this polyherbal ointment formulation represents a promising alternative approach to existing topical formulations for the effective treatment of inflammatory conditions.

Formulation and Development of Flurbiprofen Colon-Specific Eudragit Coated Matrix Tablets: Use of a Novel Crude Banana Peel Powder as a Time-Dependent Polymer.

The rationale for the current investigation is to study the crude banana peel (CBP) powder efficiency as a novel natural time-dependent polymer along with a pH-sensitive polymer to develop flurbiprofen colon-specific tablets. The direct compression method is utilized to prepare the flurbiprofen-CBP matrix tablets using 9mm punches on the rotary tableting machine and subsequently coated with Eudragit® S 100 by a dip coating method. The tablets were evaluated for various tableting properties and in vitro drug release studies. From the results of dissolution studies, the F6 formulation showed negligible drug release (5.76% in 5h) in the upper gastrointestinal tract and progressive release in the colon (99.08% in 24h). Mean dissolution time, T10%, and T80% were found to be 13.33h, 5.8h, and 20.7h, respectively, which explains the efficiency of the present combination of polymers for colon-specific drug release. From the dissolution studies results of stability studies, the similarity index was calculated and found to be 74.75. In conclusion, utilizing CBP as a natural, time-dependent polymer in conjunction with Eudragit® S 100 to develop the flurbiprofen tablets seems like a promising approach for delivering drugs specifically to the colon.

Formulation of Gel Containing Phenylbutenoid Extract for Pain Relief

Objective: A phenylbutenoid extract (PE) was obtained from Zingiber cassumunar rhizomes. Phenylbutenoids; namely DMPBD, compound D, and compound D acetate, have been identified as major anti-inflammatory and analgesic constituents. This present study aimed to formulate a gel containing PE that could be used as an alternative ultrasound gel for acute or chronic inflammatory treatment. Material and Methods: Gel formulations containing 0.5, 1, and 2% w/w PE were prepared using Carbopol 934 and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC 4,000) as gelling agents. The contents of phenylbutenoids were quantified by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PE gels were studied on physicochemical properties and accelerated stability tests. The PE gels, F2 and F5, were used to evaluate the release of phenylbutenoids using a modified Franz diffusion cell. In the skin permeation study, the 2% PE gels were applied either with or without a 0.8 W/cm2 intensity ultrasound for 2, 5, and 10 min. Results: Based on physicochemical properties and accelerated stability tests, F2 and F5 formulations showed good stability. The release kinetics of 0.5% and 1% and 2% w/w PE of both formulations were best fit to Higuchi’s model and zero-order model, respectively. In the skin permeation study, PE gel combined with ultrasound application for 2 min exhibited higher phenylbutenoids in the skin and also a shorter lag time than PE gel application alone. Conclusion: The gel containing 2% w/w phenylbutenoid extract was suggested as an alternative ultrasound gel containing an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in phonophoresis.

Development, optimization and in vitro-in vivo evaluation of solid lipid microparticles for improved pharmacokinetic profile of bisoprolol

The current research aimed at designing and optimizing controlled release solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) of Bisoprolol (BPL) from biocompatible waxes by using Box-Bhenken design (BBD) for improving the drug pharmacokinetics, enhancing compliance in hypertensive patients as well as eliminating inefficiencies of traditional methods of drug delivery. Seventeen formulations (F1 to F17) of controlled release BPL loaded SLMs were made by melt emulsification technique where Carnauba wax (CW) and Ceresin wax (CSW) were used as carriers and Tween 80 was used as stabilizer. The SLMs were characterized using fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results revealed that micromeritics properties of all SLMs were satisfactory and showed good percentage yield (PY) and entrapment efficiency (EE). The minimum EE was observed by formulation-1 (F1) as 21.66% whereas F3 has showed maximum EE as 88%. Results of in vitro release study revealed that all formulations showed a well-controlled release in simulated intestinal medium at pH 7.4. The formulation F3 with high wax concentration revealed best extended release characteristics (29%) in 12 h. The pharmacokinetics studies of SLMs demonstrated an expressively lower Cmax (maximum plasma concentration) of BPL (53.61 ± 2:52) with a satisfactorily higher time to achieve maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) of 10.24 h as compared to Cmax (79.63 ± 5.75) and Tmax (2.45 ± 3.83) of BPL released from commercial brands. Moreover the attainment of greater bioavailability of BPL was most probably due to the increase in half-life (20.44 ± 2.82), mean residence time (24.81 ± 4.22) and area under the plasma concentration level curve (AUC0–24) of 9688.6 ± 4.18 for BPL released from SLMs. Convincingly, the inventive technique could not only sustain the drug release in the in vitro and in vivo environment but also maintain the plasma drug concentration level constant for a longer time without elevating Cmax.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF A TOPICAL GEL CONTAINING MINOXIDIL AND TOFACITINIB CITRATE FOR ALOPECIA AREATA

Objective: The objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate a topical gel containing Minoxidil and Tofacitinib citrate for alopecia areata. Methods: Six gels were formulated using the direct-dispersion method by using polymers in the ratio of Carbopol 934: HPMC and Carbopol 934: HPC in three different concentrations each. All the prepared gels were then characterized for its drug content, pH, Rheological measurement, Spreadibility, skin adhesion study, In vitro drug release, Ex-vivo skin permeation study and stability studies. Results: All the six formulations were evaluated for various parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadibility, and drug content and in vitro drug release. The pH of all the formulations was in the range of 6.3-6.8 which was optimum for the skin. As the concentration of the polymer increased the viscosity also increased, F6 had the highest viscosity among all of 1082 cps. F5 had the highest spreadibility of 4.3±0.15 cm and the drug content of all ranged between 88-96% of Minoxidil and 86-97% for Tofacitinib citrate with F5 giving the best result drug release across a cellulose membrane for a period 8 h of 94.22±0.19% for Minoxidil and 93.62±0.49% for Tofacitinib citrate. Formulation F2 and F5 were subjected to skin adhesion studies by the use of wistar rat skin with F5 giving the highest bioadhesion of 108 g/cm2. Formulation F5 was selected as an optimized formulation among the six as it gave the best results for all the parameters. Then the optimized formulation was subjected to an ex-vivo permeation study for a period of 8 h and by using wistar rat skin as a permeation barrier and the drug release for Minoxidil and Tofacitinib citrate was found to be 71.94±0.78% and 69.49±0.47%. The stability study was carried out for two months at accelerated condition i.e., 40 °C±2 °C/75±5% RH proved that the formulated gel was Stable. Conclusion: The formulated topical gel containing Minoxidil and Tofacitinib citrate were found to be a promising approach for the treatment of alopecia areata.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF NIOSOMAL GEL OF AZELAIC ACID FOR ANTIACNE ACTIVITY

Objective: This study aimed to develop niosomes loaded with azelaic acid (AA) to administer in gel form. The primary objective was to achieve controlled and sustained release of the drug while minimizing potential side effects. Methods: Niosomes were fabricated using a combination of various non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol through the application of thin film hydration technique. Furthermore, the processing parameters were optimized and drug excipient compatibility study was conducted using FTIR spectroscopy. The formulations were extensively characterized in terms of entrapment efficiency, particle size, shape, and in vitro release. Subsequently, the improved niosomal dispersions were employed to formulate gels, which underwent analysis to evaluate their visual properties, pH, and rheological behavior. Stability study was also conducted. Results: Total 15 formulations were prepared, out of which 3 formulations F3, F9 and F15 were found to exhibit maximum entrapment efficiency. These formulation were having particle size 260.1 nm, 272.3 nm and 226.3 nm respectively. In vitro drug release was found to be maximum in F9 formulation. The release was found to be dose-dependent across all formulations, with regression values between 0.97 and 0.99, confirming first-order release kinetics. FTIR spectra indicated the absence of any drug-cholesterol-nonionic surfactant interaction in the formulation. The niosomal gel formulations exhibited optimal performance when stored within the temperature range of 4 to 8 °C. Conclusion: This investigation demonstrates the utility of the thin film hydration technique in effectively incorporating poorly water-soluble medications such as azelaic Acid (AA) into niosomes, resulting in high entrapment efficiency. These findings suggest that niosomes containing AA, when topically applied as a gel, have the potential to be an efficacious treatment for acne.

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF RAMOSETRON HYDROCHLORIDE MOUTH DISSOLVING THIN FILM FOR ENHANCED THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY AND PALATABILITY

Objective: Many people have difficulties in swallowing traditional dosage forms such as tablets and capsules. The goal of this study was to develop the mouth-dissolving thin film of Ramosetron HCl (RH) for quick onset of action in the treatment of vomiting and irritable bowel syndrome, with the added benefit of disguising the bitter taste of RH. Methods: The solvent-casting approach was employed to formulate mouth dissolving thin film. The effect of variable concentrations and different grades of hydrophilic polymer HPMC (E5, E15 and E50), and plasticizers like glycerol and PEG 400 on disintegration time, drug release, thickness, tensile strength, percent elongation, folding endurance, and on appearance were studied. The optimized batch was kept for stability study at40±2 °C/75±5% RH for 30 d. Results: The formed films were transparent with a smooth surface texture. The thickness, weight variation, drug content and pH of the surface were within acceptable limits. Tensile strength and folding endurance values demonstrated adequate mechanical strength. In 45 seconds, the formulation F6 comprising HPMC E5 (150 mg) and HPMC E15 (150 mg) with PEG 400 (0.4 ml) disintegrated. The F6 formulation released 98.78±0.96 %drug in 8 min and considered as optimal formulation. The taste masking of drug was evaluated by a taste perception study using volunteers. The optimized batch was found to be stable at 40±2 °C/75±5% RH for 30 d. Conclusion: The concentration of hydrophilic polymers and plasticizers had a significant effect on the formulation and assessment characteristics of thin film. Mannitol assisted in masking the bitter taste of RH.

Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Oral Films of Promethazine

INTRODUCTION Fast disintegrating/dissolving medicine delivery devices are oral films that swiftly disintegrate or adhere in the mouth. It includes the ability to administer systemic medications without having any first-pass effects. A first-generation antihistamine from the phenothiazine family is promethazine HCl. It is effective in treating motion sickness but it has a poor oral bioavailability. The study aims is to formulate promethazine fast dissolving oral film using natural and synthetic polymers and compare the formulations. MATERIAL AND METHODS This experimental study was conducted in the Pharmaceutic laboratory of Department of Pharmacy at Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal from February 2022 to July 2022. Fast dissolving oral films of promethazine were prepared by solvent casting method using polymers and plasticizers in varying concentrations. Weight variation, thickness variation, surface pH, folding endurance, swelling index, disintegration duration, dissolution study and medication content were among the several in vitro assessment criteria that were identified. RESULTS When examined for physical characteristics, thickness, weight uniformity, in vitro disintegration time, folding durability, drug content, and an in vitro drug release, films were determined to be adequate. The films of the F2 formulation demonstrated an increased rate of drug dissolution with a drug content of 99.17%, a disintegration time of 38 sec, and a drug release of more than 99% within 16 min. CONCLUSION Synthetic polymer (Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) showed better result in comparison to natural polymer (Sodium alginate).

Design, Formulation, and Evaluation of Risperidone Mucoadhesive Buccal Patches

Objectives: To construct and optimize Risperidone (RIS) mucoadhesive buccal films for systemic distribution as an alternate route. To make buccal patches of Risperidone utilizing natural polymers such sodium alginate (SA), Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), Na CMC, and Carbopol 934 (CP 934). Method: Solvent casting created Risperidone buccal patches. The optimization study used a software-based response surface methodology approach with 23 factorial designs to evaluate 8 formulations of Risperidone mucoadhesive buccal patches to determine the significant effect of selected independent variables on the dependent variable. To assess patch appearance, thickness, weight homogeneity, folding durability, medication content, surface pH, swelling index, and FTIR. Invitro dissolution, ex-vivo permeation, residence time, and stability tests. Results: FTIR and DSC showed that Risperidone was entirely entrapped in polymer carrier bonds with no chemical interaction. Drug distribution was uniform in buccal patches at 90.14± 0.07 and 98.75± 0.80. Conclusion: Buccal patch medicine release and penetration depended on polymer type. Hydrophilic polymers boosted buccal patch drug release. F6 was the best of F1–F8. Formulation F6 had 82.03 ±0.82% in-vitro drug release and 75.21 ± 0.42% ex-vivo permeability after 7 hours. Stability tests did not modify appearance, surface pH, content homogeneity, in-vitro residence length, medication release, or ex-vivo penetration.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablets of Ondansetron Using Natural Superdisintegrants

Background: Fast disintegrating tablet (FDT) of ondansetron has better patient compliance as it is easy to swallow for the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Moreover, fast absorption, rapid onset, reduced loss of drugs, and enhanced bioavailability are making oral dispersible systems a better drug delivery system. This research was conducted with the objective to formulate and evaluate the oral FDT of ondansetron HCl using natural polymers. Methods: The tablets were formulated employing the direct compression technique using different ratios of natural super disintegrants such as spray-dried banana powder, ispaghula husk powder, and combination of both polymers. The developed powders were subjected to the pre-compression parameters and the powders were punched using a single-head rotatory compression machine. The formulated 200 mg tablets were subjected to post-compression evaluation. Results: The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed no chemical interaction between pure drugs, natural super disintegrants, and other excipients. Formulation F6 containing ispaghula husk powder in a 1:4 ratio demonstrated 98.60±0.003% of drug release within 10 minutes indicating the best formulation. Conclusion: FDT of ondansetron was considered the best formulation in the drug delivery system which followed the Higuchi model with the Fickian release.

Formulation And Evaluation of Miconazole Pharmacosome by Using Solvent Evaporation Method to Enhance Solubility of Miconazole

This study aims to improve the solubility, bioavailability, and safety profile of miconazole through the development of a pharmacokinetic, a type of vesicular drug delivery system known for its advantages over with conventional methods. Using a solvent evaporation technique, miconazole is encapsulated in a soy lecithin-based pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetics obtained showed significant improvements in drug solubility, concentration uniformity and stability. One specific formulation, rated F1, with an exact ratio of miconazole to soy lecithin showed an impressive drug release rate of 94.25% within 60 minutes, in stark contrast to the release rate of only 28.90% achieved by free miconazole. This improved release profile shows the potential to improve treatment efficacy. In addition, both the standard F1 and miconazole formulations exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans, as evidenced by the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 144.23 ?g/ml and 143.31 ?g/ml respectively. The innovative approach of complexing miconazole with soy lecithin through the formation of pharmacokinetics not only enhances drug solubility and bioavailability, but also contributes to minimizing potential toxic effects. These results highlight a promising pharmaceutical role as a means of improving the pharmacological properties of miconazole and other potential drugs with similar solubility challenges. This study has important implications for the development of more effective and safer therapeutic interventions in the field of antifungal therapy.

Development and Evaluation of Natural Anti-dandruff Shampoo

The purpose of the study was to develop a pure herbal anti-dandruff shampoo and assess its efficacy and safety. The herbal shampoo was prepared by mixing various amounts of the following extracts into a 10% aqueous solution: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates), Reetha (Sapindus mukorossi), Sheekakai (Sapindus indica), Amla (Indian gooseberries), Bhringaraj (Eclipta alba), and Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri). The pH was changed, and methylparaben was added as a preservative in very minute amounts. To ascertain the physicochemical characteristics of the prepared shampoos, several tests including visual inspection, pH, wetting time, percentage of solid contents, foam volume and stability, surface tension, detergency, dirt dispersion, etc. were carried out. By giving 20 student volunteers a blind test, the conditioning performance of the herbal shampoo formulation was also assessed. The herbal shampoo was presented simply and appealingly. It demonstrated high detergency, good cleaning, and low surface tension. After 5 minutes, the shampoo’s formulation provided good foam stability. It was discovered that the scores for the conditioning performance of the hair after using a herbal shampoo ranged from 1.75 to 3.4. The results revealed that the specifically formulated shampoo had outstanding conditioning performance, comparable to a shampoo that is easily found in markets. Malassezia furfur was used as a test subject for the efficiency of the multi-herbal anti-dandruff formulations. Formulation F4 demonstrated strong antifungal activity, as measured by the zone of inhibition and lowest inhibitory concentration. However, additional research and development are required to improve its quality and safety.

Formulation and Evaluation of Immediate Release Tablets of Zopiclone

The current study's objective is to directly compress a Zopiclone rapid release tablet and assess it. The superdisintegrants (crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, fenugreek) were used to hasten drug release from tablets. The prepared tablets pre-compression, post-compression characteristics were scrutinised. The interactions between the medication excipients were investigated using FTIR. The research shows that direct compression F3 formulations had a faster drug release of 100.05% over a 45-minute period than other Zopiclone formulations, which had lower dissolving rates when utilising Crospovidone.