Formulation Approach Research Articles

AI Integration in Malaysian Public Administration for Improved Governance

This study investigates the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies within Malaysia’s public administration, focusing on the implications for governance quality, decision-making efficiency, and public service delivery. The research utilizes a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with key stakeholders in public administration, to evaluate the extent of AI adoption and its impact across different administrative sectors. The findings reveal that while there is a growing interest and investment in AI technologies, significant barriers such as limited technical expertise, regulatory challenges, and infrastructural constraints continue to impede widespread adoption. Moreover, the study highlights the variations in AI integration between different sectors, with manufacturing and e-commerce showing higher adoption rates compared to areas like health and education. This discrepancy underscores the need for a more targeted approach in policy formulation to address sector-specific challenges. The study also explores the broader social and economic implications of AI integration, particularly in how it affects public trust and transparency in governance. Results indicate that effective AI deployment can enhance public sector accountability and citizen engagement, but only if coupled with strong ethical guidelines and data governance frameworks. Furthermore, the research identifies a critical gap in digital literacy among public sector employees, suggesting that ongoing training and capacity-building initiatives are essential for maximizing AI’s benefits. The study concludes with recommendations for policymakers, emphasizing the importance of fostering cross-sector collaborations, developing comprehensive regulatory frameworks, and investing in digital infrastructure to support sustainable AI integration. This research contributes to the broader understanding of digital transformation in public administration and offers a roadmap for enhancing public sector efficiency and governance outcomes in Malaysia, positioning the country as a leader in digital governance within the ASEAN region.

УПРАВЛІННЯ КОРПОРАТИВНИМИ ПРОЦЕСАМИ В УМОВАХ НЕВИЗНАЧЕНОСТІ: ГНУЧКА СТРАТЕГІЯ БІЗНЕСУ ЯК СПОСІБ АДАПТАЦІЇ ДО КРИЗОВИХ ЯВИЩ

In the dynamic landscape of global business, the importance of agile and flexible management strategies has never been more pronounced. As companies worldwide grapple with an increasing spectrum of uncertainties stemming from economic volatility, technological shifts, and geopolitical disruptions, the imperative for adaptive corporate governance becomes paramount. This article delves into the criticality of integrating digital transformations and strategic flexibility to enhance corporate resilience and operational efficiency. The discourse revolves around the evolving nature of corporate environments where traditional management models often fall short in addressing rapid market changes and unexpected challenges. It highlights the role of agility in corporate strategies as a crucial element for navigating through the complexities of the modern economic ecosystem. The focus is placed on the transformative impact of digital technologies, which are reshaping the foundations of business operations and strategic planning. Furthermore, the article explores the dual nature of digitalization as both a potential threat and a significant opportunity. It examines how companies can leverage technological advancements to foster a culture of innovation and adaptability, ensuring sustained growth and competitiveness in fluctuating markets. The narrative also underscores the need for a proactive approach in corporate strategy formulation, where flexibility and agility are integrated as core components of the management framework. By addressing these themes, the article aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on effective management practices that can withstand and capitalize on the inherent unpredictability of global markets. It calls for a broader acknowledgment of the intricate relationship between digital transformation and strategic management, urging companies to adopt a more nuanced and forward-thinking approach to their operational and strategic endeavors. This reflective exploration not only underscores the necessity for a dynamic response to global pressures but also situates digital agility at the heart of modern corporate strategy. As businesses look forward, the adaptability and resilience fostered by such strategic frameworks are positioned as key drivers for thriving in an era marked by unprecedented economic landscapes and competitive pressures.

Exploring the Pharmacological Potential of Naringenin and its Nanoparticles: A Review on Bioavailability and Solubility Enhancement Strategies

Citrus fruits are rich in differentflavonoid compounds. One of them is naringenin, which exhibits a huge variety of pharmacological benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and cardioprotective properties. Butpoor bioavailability and solubility are the main reason for its limited clinical application. To overcome these limitations, several strategies, including complexation, formulation, and nanotechnology-based approaches, have been developed to boost its solubility and bioavailability.Among these approaches, nanoparticle-based delivery systems have shown remarkable potential in improving the therapeutic efficacy of naringenin. This review is based on the recent advances in the development of naringenin nanoparticles and their incorporation into drug delivery systems. We discuss over the numerous methods used to make naringenin more soluble and bioavailable, such as complexing it with cyclodextrins, combining it with lipids and surfactants, and adding it to polymeric nanoparticles. We also highlight the In-vivo and In-vitro studies conducted to check the efficacy of naringenin nanoparticles in various disease models. Finally, we conclude that the development of naringenin nanoparticles and their incorporation into drug delivery systems can be a promising strategy for the efficient delivery of naringenin, ultimately leading to improved health outcomes.

Stress formulation and duality approach in periodic homogenization

Stress formulation and duality approach in periodic homogenization

A DE Novo multi criteria heterogeneous group decision making approach for green performance assessment of CNC machine tools

In the contemporaneous sustainable manufacturing scenario and fourth industrial revolutions, requirements of most cutting-edge CNC machine tools are indispensable for finished products with high accuracy, precision and green complaints in particular. Such requirements have impelled the advanced manufacturing industries to evaluate and choose the proper CNC machine tools for best customized performances. In the face of proper and effective green evaluation, this paper incorporates a heterogeneous expert group based decision framework considering multiple significant technical and green criteria by assessing relative importance of diverse conflicting criteria having substantial contribution in performance analysis of CNC machine tools. As a demonstration of the suggested mathematical model, three real life decision making problems related to 3 axes-CNC machine tools based on the collected quantitative and linguistic data from catalogues, manufacturer’s portals, questionnaires, customer reviews etc. are established. The calculated findings are close to those obtained by previous researchers as well as are verified by well-established techniques. Besides, sensitivity and statistical analysis are performed to examine the robustness and stability of the ranking orders of the alternatives as well as to investigate the efficacy and consistency of the proposed method. Hence thus proposed formulated MCDM approach proves to be a highly effective and reliable decision making tool for choosing the most suitable CNC machine tools.

A flow formulation for the rolling stock maintenance scheduling problem

Rolling stock maintenance is a key issue for the railway operations. Planning cyclical maintenance activities is a fundamental aspect of maintenance management, requiring a variety of operational choices. We present a novel flow formulation approach to schedule rolling stock maintenance activities optimising both maintenance costs and train availability. The schedule takes into account cyclical maintenance activities and the decoupling between elapsed and operational time. Limited resource and depot capacity are taken into account together with operational constraints to reflect the real operations of the railway system. The proposed formulation is based on an integer linear programming (ILP) approach, which is solved using a commercial solver on randomly generated realistic instances.

Rapid immunoassay for dual-mode detection of HPV16 and HPV18 DNA based on Au@PdPt nanoparticles.

Cervical cancer (CC) remains one of the most severe global health challenges affecting women, primarily due to persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes, particularly with HPV16 and HPV 18. Effective detection of these high-risk HPV strains is crucial for CC prevention. Current screening programs for HPV DNA include PCR and in situ hybridization, which are accurate and sensitive. However, these approaches demand a high level of expertise, along with expensive instruments and consumables, thus hindering their widespread use. Therefore, there is a compelling demand to develop an efficient, straightforward, and cost-effective method. Herein, we propose a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) method based on Au@PdPt nanoparticles for the simultaneous detection and genotyping of HPV16 and HPV18 within 15 min. This innovative approach allows for qualitative assessment by the naked eye and enables semi-quantitative detection through a smartphone. In this study, under optimal conditions, the qualitative visual limits of detection (vLOD) for HPV16 and HPV18 reached 0.007 nM and 0.01 nM, respectively, which were 32-fold and 20-fold more sensitive than conventional AuNPs-LFIA for HPV16 and HPV18, respectively. Meanwhile, semi-quantitative limits of detection (qLOD) for HPV16 and HPV18 were 0.05 nM and 0.02 nM, respectively. In conclusion, our formulated approach represents a significant step forward in HPV detection and genotyping, with the potential to enhance accessibility and effectiveness in the early diagnosis of CC at the point of care and beyond.

Molecular structure of ketoprofen-polyvinylpyrrolidone solid dispersions prepared by different amorphization methods.

Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are a widely studied formulation approach for improving the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble pharmaceuticals. Yet, a complete understanding remains lacking for how specific processing methods may influence ASDs' molecular structure. We prepare ketoprofen/polyvinylpyrrolidone (KTP/PVP) ASDs, ranging from 0-75 wt% KTP, using five different amorphization techniques: melt quenching, rotary evaporation with vacuum drying, spray drying, and acoustic levitation with either a premixed solution or in situ mixing of separate co-sprayed solutions. The co-spray levitation approach enables on-demand compositional changes in a containerless processing environment, while requiring minimal pharmaceutical material (∼1 mg). The structure of all ASDs are then compared using high-energy X-ray total scattering. X-ray pair distribution functions are similar for most ASDs of a given composition (Rx = 0.4-2.5%), which is consistent with them having similar intramolecular structure. More notably, differences in the X-ray structure factors for the various amorphization routes indicate differing extents of molecular mixing, a direct indication of their relative stability against crystallization. Melt quenching, spray drying, and levitation of premixed solutions exhibit some degree of molecular mixing, while the co-sprayed levitation samples have molecular arrangements like those of KTP/PVP physical mixtures. These findings illustrate how X-ray total scattering can be used to benchmark amorphous forms prepared by different techniques.

A zuranolone nanocrystal formulation enables solubility-independent in vivo study of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in a rat model

A phospholipid-stabilised nanocrystal suspension enables a solubility-independent formulation approach for preclinical evaluation of poorly soluble neuroactive steroids. The concept was presented in the evaluation of seizure severity in a rat model.

Higher-order convergence analysis for interior and boundary layers in a semi-linear reaction-diffusion system networked by a $ k $-star graph with non-smooth source terms

<p>We investigated a nonlinear singularly perturbed elliptic reaction-diffusion coupled system having non-smooth data networked by a $ k $-star graph. We considered all possible boundary conditions at the free boundary located at the tail of the edge and imposed the continuity condition with Kirchhoff's junction law at the junction point of the $ k $-star graph to obtain a continuous solution for this coupled system. First, we showed the existence and uniqueness of the solution using the variational formulation approach. Then, we reformulated it into a minimization problem over a function space to conclude the uniqueness of the solution. For the approximation of the continuous problem, note that the upwind scheme for the flux condition at the free boundary leads to a parameter uniform first-order approximation. To obtain a higher-order uniform accuracy, we utilized a three-point scheme for first-order derivatives and a five-point approximation at the point of discontinuity. These approximations typically did not yield an M-matrix or strict diagonally dominant structure of the stiffness matrix. Hence, we provided a suitable transformation that could lead to a sufficient condition for preserving the strict diagonally dominant structure of the stiffness matrix. We performed a comprehensive convergence analysis to demonstrate the almost second-order uniform accuracy on each edge of the $ k $-star graph. Numerical experiments highly validate the theory on the $ k $-star graph.</p>

Revisiting Niclosamide Formulation Approaches - a Pathway Toward Drug Repositioning.

Niclosamide (NIC), an anthelmintic drug, has garnered recent attention for its potential as an antiviral, antibacterial, and chemotherapeutic agent, among other applications. Repurposing NIC presents a current trend, offering significant time and cost savings compared to developing entirely new therapeutic chemical entities. However, its drawback lies in poor solubility, resulting in notably low oral bioavailability. This review consolidates efforts to overcome this limitation by summarizing twelve categories of formulations, spanning derivatives, amorphous solid dispersions, co-crystals, nanocrystals, micelles, nanohybrids, lipid nanoparticles and emulsions, cyclodextrins, polymeric nanoparticles, dry powders for inhalation, 3D printlets, and nanofibers. These formulations cover oral, injectable, inhalable and potentially (trans)dermal routes of administration. Additionally, we present a comprehensive overview of NIC characteristics, including physico-chemical properties, metabolism, safety, and pharmacokinetics. Moreover, we identify gaps in formulation and administration pathways that warrant further investigation to address NIC poor bioavailability.

Confronting Gender-Based Violence: The State's Accountability In Safeguarding Women And Children's Human Rights

This research aims to analyse the conditions and obstacles faced by both groups in the context of human rights violations, as well as provide practical suggestions to improve their protection. The research method used is normative legal methodology, which involves the examination and analysis of legal standards in the literature. A conceptual approach was taken through an exploration of ideologies and teachings that generate legal terminology. Primary and secondary legal materials were collected through inventory, classification, and systematics, with a deduction method for analysis. The results emphasise the need for a comprehensive strategy that considers legal, social, cultural and psychological aspects. The research also suggests the need for cooperation between the government, civil society and relevant institutions to create an environment conducive to the protection of women's and children's rights. The implication of this research is the need for a comprehensive approach in legal policy formulation, which not only focuses on legal aspects but also considers social, cultural, and psychological factors. The research emphasises the importance of increasing public awareness and understanding of human rights, as well as the need to strengthen legal and policy institutions. There is a need to improve the competence of law enforcement and the judiciary, as well as to involve various stakeholders in formulating policies that are more in line with gender issues and the needs of children.

Implementation of Blockchain Technology in Improving Transparency of Public Services: A Case Study on Government Service Delivery in Indonesia

This research investigates the implementation of blockchain technology in enhancing the transparency of government service delivery in Indonesia through a quantitative analysis. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, including regression analysis, descriptive statistics, and demographic analysis, the study explores the perceptions of government officials, service providers, and citizens regarding the impact of blockchain adoption. The findings reveal overwhelmingly positive perceptions, with statistically significant relationships identified between blockchain adoption and perceived transparency, user satisfaction, reduced incidents of corruption or fraud, and improved time and cost efficiency. The demographic analysis highlights variations in perceptions across different stakeholder groups, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches in policy formulation. These results contribute to the evolving discourse on blockchain technology in the public sector, providing valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners.

An innovative formulation approach for low-melting ingredients: optimizing an alternative melt suspension technique for Pyraclostrobin suspension concentrate

The agrochemical industry is now focusing more on safer formulations with lowest dose rate. Suspension Concentrate formulations are one of the safest and most commonly utilized type in agrochemical industry. In this study, a suspension concentrate was developed and compared using a novel melt suspension technique alongside the conventional milling process. The objective was to determine the effectiveness of the new technique in terms of particle size reduction, processing time, and storage stability. In the melt suspension process, the low melting active ingredient(fungicide), was melted along with suitable surfactants and antifreeze in water and homogenized at high rotation per minute (2000). The same fungicide suspension concentrate was also prepared using milling process for comparison. Stability studies were conducted following the Food and Agricultural Organization procedure for both suspensions concentrate products. The storage stability results showed that particle size variation was just 0.8 ± 0.84% (w/v), antifungal content variation during storage stability studies was (±3.12 g/L) only, all other physical parameters results variations were < ± 0.5% w/v. Prepared suspension concentrates were further analyzed using three analytical techniques, Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The study suggests that the melt suspension technique can be an alternative to the normal milling process for preparing stable suspension concentrate, particularly for low melting point compounds.

Concentration of CO2 in the Local Working Area during the Joint Operation of a Gas Infrared Heater and an Air-Exchange System

The formation of local areas in large buildings with regulated thermal conditions is an urgent task. The use of gas infrared heaters for this purpose raises questions on the utility of an air-exchange system and the monitoring of the combustion product concentration. In this study, the modeling of heat transfer processes on premises with a gas infrared heater and an air-exchange system was conducted. The carbon dioxide concentration in the local working area when using a light-type gas infrared heater was determined. The regularities of current formation for circulating air and combustion products on the premises at various air-exchange rates were analyzed. The profiles of CO2 temperatures and concentrations in the local working areas on the left and right of the equipment model are shown. The article makes a conclusion about the influence of air velocity from the air-exchange system based on average values of carbon dioxide concentration on the premises and in the local working area. The possibility of increasing the temperature in the local working area without exceeding the permissible CO2 concentrations (less than 1000 ppm) has been identified. The formulated approach allows us to predict the available modes of the air-exchange system to create the highest possible comfort heating parameters while maintaining an acceptable degree of air pollution from combustion products.

Polysiloxane Inks for Multimaterial 3d Printing of High‐Permittivity Dielectric Elastomers

AbstractDielectric elastomer transducers (DET) are promising candidates for electrically‐driven soft robotics. However, the high viscosity and low yield stress of DET formulations prohibit 3D printing, the most common manufacturing method for designer soft actuators. DET inks optimized for direct ink writing (DIW) produce elastomers with high stiffness and mechanical losses, diminishing the utility of DET actuators. To address the antagonistic nature of processing and performance constraints, principles of capillary suspensions are used to engineer DIW DET inks. By blending two immiscible polysiloxane liquids with a filler, a capillary ink suspension is obtained, in which the ink rheology can be tuned independently of the elastomer electromechanical properties. Rheometry is performed to measure and optimize processibility as a function of filler and secondary liquid fraction. Including polar polysiloxanes as the secondary liquid produces a printed elastomer exhibiting a four‐fold permittivity increase over commercial polydimethylsiloxane. The characterization and multimaterial printing into layered DET devices demonstrates that the immiscible capillary suspension improves the processability of the inks and enhances the properties of the elastomers, enabling actuation of the devices at comparatively low voltages. It is anticipated that this formulation approach will allow soft robotics to harness the full potential of DETs.

PEtOxylated polyesteramide nanoparticles for the delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs

Poly(ester amide)s (PEAs) consisting of l-valine (Val), glycolic acid (G), and l-isoleucine (Ile), i.e., PValG and PIleG, and various poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-block-poly(ester amide) copolymers (PEtOx-b-PEA) were investigated for their suitability as particle-based delivery systems for the anti-inflammatory drugs BRP-187 and BRP-201. A small-scale, high-throughput formulation approach was utilized to evaluate the nanoparticle properties in dependence of the composition of mixtures of PEA homo- and copolymers. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of PValG and PIleG with the active ingredients indicated thermodynamic compatibility of the PEAs with the drugs. Drug encapsulation studies confirmed the formation of stable formulations, and the enzymatic degradation of the nanoparticles was also demonstrated. The nanoparticles exhibited no cytotoxicity and were able to efficiently deliver the active pharmaceutical ingredients, i.e., BRP-187 and BRP-201 into macrophages and HEK293 cells. All nanoparticle systems displayed anti-inflammatory effectiveness as they were able to suppress cellular 5-lipoxygenase activity. The most promising effects were obtained with the block copolymer-based PEtOx-b-PEA nanoparticles, which revealed an enhanced performance compared to the control PLGA nanoparticles.

Development of Vaginal Tablet of Clotrimazole Prepared by Applying the Concept of Percolatio Threshold

Clotrimazole is the drug of choice in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis and belongs to biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class IIb. Therefore, it should be presented in appropriate form adopting a suitable formulation approach to ensure its fast and complete release in the vagina. Solid dispersion of clotrimazole was prepared using microcrystalline cellulose as a carrier material after confirming their miscibility into each other by the ‘melting point depression’ method. Vaginal tablets of the solid dispersion of clotrimazole were prepared by direct compression using co-processed crospovidone as a novel disintegrant (1.5% w/w) to ensure fast disintegration of the tablet. Co-processed crospovidone was selected as a novel disintegrant and its proportion in the formulation was decided by applying the concept of percolation threshold. The superior functionality of co-processed crospovidone as a disintegrant was because of its larger pore size i. e., 4.27Ao than the pore size of crospovidone 3.99Ao. The faster ingress of water through the larger pores leads to the fast disintegration of the tablet. Rapid release of the drug from the disintegrated tablet dosage form was confirmed by performing in-vitro antifungal studies. The statistical analysis of the data obtained after applying the student ‘t’ test indicated that there was a difference in the means of zone of inhibitions between the tablets of optimized composition and the tablets the plain clotrimazole at p less than 0.5.

Pre-formulation study of Bisoprolol as fast Dissolve Sublingual Tablet

Fast dissolving drug delivery systems offer a solution for patients having difficulty in swallowing tablets. In this study, an attempt had been made to perform pre-formulation studies of bisoprolol as fast dissolve sublingual tablet, an antihypertensive by direct compression methods using sodium-starch-glycolate, croscarmellose-sodium, &amp; crospovidone as superdisintegrant agent. The basic purpose of the pre-formulation activity is to provide a basis for the formulation approaches, to maximize the chances of success in formulating an acceptable product, optimizing drug product quality and performance. Preformulating activity including drug melting point; analytical wavelength (λ max) detections, drug-excipients physical &amp; chemical compatibility by FT-IR, and Calibration curve of Bisoprolol were studied. It was discovered that the melting point was 100°C, and the UV spectral analysis revealed that the maximum value of λ was between 224 and 273 nm. The physicochemical compatibility studies results indicate that there was no interaction between bisoprolol and the excipients. Strong linear relationship obtained from calibration curve. Based on results, fast dissolving sublingual tablets of Bisoprolol can be prepared successfully by direct compression.

Вопросы стратегического управления в нефтегазовых компаниях при освоении арктических месторождений

The current development of hydrocarbon fields in the Arctic necessitates innovation-driven solutions regarding technology and management. While extensive production experience exists in onshore projects, the complexities of offshore hydrocarbon fields, such as limited access and underdeveloped infrastructure, demand strategic decisions in an unstable market environment. Long-term in nature, these decisions require a comprehensive application of strategic management methods and tools. The irreversibility of economic processes associated with substantial investments and the potential for major financial losses in project failure underscore the importance of employing strategic management methodologies. Global factors such as fluctuating oil prices, geopolitical challenges, the rise of green energy, and heightened corporate social responsibility expectations in the oil and gas sector necessitate a reevaluation of fundamental principles in strategic management systems. This study employs logical and general research methods to classify and synthesize relevant literature, identifying strategic management issues and evolving principles and approaches in strategy formulation. Technical and economic aspects of project implementation onshore and offshore are highlighted. The article argues for the revision of strategic management principles in Arctic oil and gas projects, particularly in offshore field development. Conceptual models of functional strategies for business units implementing onshore and offshore projects are proposed.