Formulated Hypotheses Research Articles

Social Media Efficacy on Athletes’ Training and Workout During Covid-19 Pandemic in Kwara State, Nigeria

Background: It will be interesting to say that the rise in e-sports participation and online training is more prevalence than before due to COVID-19 pandemic. It is in view of this that the study investigated social media efficacy on athletes training and workout during COVID-19 pandemic in Kwara State, Nigeria. The objectives of this study were to assess. influence of use of YouTube on athlete training and workout, ii. influence of facebook and twitter on athlete training and workout during COVID-19 pandemic. Contribution: Coaches and athletes are encouraged to embraced digitilization of sports as a mean of effective communication. Method: Descriptive research design of the survey type was used. The population of the study comprises all coaches and athletes in the study area. The Multistage sampling procedures of stratified, purposive and random sampling techniques were used to select 85 respondents. A researcher-structured questionnaire was used for the study. The instrument was validated and tested for reliability using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). A correlation co-efficient of 0.65r was obtained. The data collected were analysed using inferential statistics of chi-square (x2) to test the formulated hypotheses set for the study at 0.05 alpha level. Results: The Results revealed that the use of YouTube, facebook, twitter and use of video calls through Skype had significant influences on athletes training and workout during COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The study concluded that use of YouTube, facebook, twitter and virtual platform were fundamental and significant to athletes training and workout during Covid-19 pandemic lockdown

The Influence of Social Factors on Consumer Buying Behaviour of Female Sanitary Ware in Gwarinpa District of Abuja, Nigeria

No matter the type of products that are introduced into a market, there has to be analysis of the target market and how consumers will react to those products. Anyone going into a venture or starting a business must have knowledge on consumer buying behaviour, while this does not guarantee sales; it gives entrepreneurs and marketers insight on how to understand the buying behaviour of consumers. The main objective of this study was to assess the influence of social factors on consumer buying behaviour of female sanitary ware in Gwarinpa District of Abuja, with particular emphasis on Molped Sanitary ware. The study is a survey research sampling the opinion of three hundred and twenty three women in the District. Their opinions were collected using a structured questionnaire. The data collected were analysed by tabulations, percentages and formulated hypotheses tested using Kendall coefficient of concordance. The findings reveal that family plays a significant role in influencing consumer buying behaviour of Molped female sanitary ware in Gwarinpa District of Abuja; also reference groups, role and status influences consumer buying behaviour of female sanitary ware in the District. The study concluded that social factors are significantly relevant in influencing consumer buying behaviour of female sanitary ware in Gwarinpa District of Abuja. And therefore recommended amongst others that family members should learn about the most comfortable and environmentally friendly sanitary wares they purchase in order to set an exemplary role for the younger ones; equally friends and colleagues should encourage each other and promote awareness on good sanitary wares available to them like Molped products to promote good hygiene among young women.

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN DELTA STATE

This study examined the relationship that exist between strategic management and the performance of manufacturing firms in Delta State Nigeria. During the course of the study, four research questions and four null hypotheses were formulated and the hypotheses were tested. The population of the study was 136 drawn out of some selected manufacturing firms in Delta State, from which a sample of 101 subjects were derived using the Taro-Yamani Formula. The instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire. Face and content validity were jointly used to establish the validity of the research instrument. Relevant statistical tools were deployed for the purpose of data analysis and the formulated hypotheses were tested by means of the regression technique. The findings of the study showed that there is significant relationship between strategic management process and performance of manufacturing firms in Delta State, Nigeria. This study thus recommended that manufacturing firms should always adopt the right and accurate strategies in other to achieve better and impressive performance.
 Keywords: Strategic Management, Manufacturing Firms, Business Model, Nigeria, Strategy Formulation.

Valuing employee performance through compensation management practice in Nigerian banks

Abstract
 The study’s general objective is to determine the influence of compensation management practices on the employee performance of Banks. The main research instrument used for the study was a questionnaire. A cross-sectional research design was employed. The population of the study comprises 700 employees of selected Banks, while a sample size of 255 was derived using Taro Yamani's formula but 253 were returned and used for analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire showed a Cronbach Alpha value above 0.8 for all the constructs. Simple regression was used to test the hypotheses with the aid of Stata version 13 software. Correlation analysis showed that the constructs were positively correlated. Single regression was conducted to the formulated hypotheses and post-regression diagnostics tests were carried out to certify the regression model. The study finds that: Recognition has a significant effect on employees' performance in banks (Coef. = 0.587, p = 0.000). Pay has a significant effect on employees' performance in selected banks in Delta State (Coef. = 0.551, p = 0.000). The study concluded that fringe benefit is one of the ways to promote and retain an employee in the organization and management should be able to sense the active employees and create ways of appreciating the employee's effort put into action in the organization. The study provided that recognition is a form of compensation that boosts employee performance in the banking sector.

Antecedents and consequences of green public administration

This article aims to test a model of the antecedents and consequences of green public administration. Hence, a quantitative research approach and a structured questionnaire were used to address the issue and the formulated hypotheses. The survey was conducted in Urmia, a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic city northwest of Iran. Using a multi-stage cluster sampling, a sample of 550 citizens was selected and questioned from the five districts of Urmia. The collected data were analyzed to test the hypotheses using structural equation modeling. Results indicated that green innovation, green environmental ethics, and green governance have a positive and significant effect on green public administration. In addition, a positive and meaningful impact was found between green public administration and green citizenship value, intention to participate in green city, and green social value. The study clearly revealed that green public administration as a new concept in the developments of the government has not yet been entered correctly into management and the lack of theorizing in this regard is noticeable in the world in general and in Iran in particular

Digital Transformation Based on AI Technologies in European Union Organizations

This study aims to investigate the influence of emerging digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing, on the digital intensity index (DII). The research method employed involves quantitative analysis of the indicators regarding DII and emerging digital technologies, conducted based on data published by Eurostat for EU members in 2021. During our research, we formulated and tested hypotheses about the relationship between the DII and emerging digital technologies, and the effect on the DII of using AI-based technologies in various economic processes. The formulated hypotheses were validated via four regression models designed during this study, using the most relevant factors. Our research results demonstrate that the DII is positively influenced by emerging IoT and cloud computing digital technologies, as well as the use of AI technologies based on machine learning and AI-based robotic process automation (RPA) software. Furthermore, the same positive influence was identified in human resource management and recruitment processes compared to the intensity with which these technologies are used in other economic processes. Based on these findings, this study offers persuasive arguments for implementing emerging digital technologies at the EU organizational level to achieve significant increases in digitalization levels.

A serial mediation model of the relation between cultural values, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, intentions and behaviors: Does entrepreneurial education matter? A multi-group analysis

The objective of this study is to utilize the Social Cognitive Career Theory and a serial mediation model to reduce the discrepancy between entrepreneurial intentions and actions. The study aims to explore the direct influences of cultural values and expound on the serial mediation effects of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention in connecting cultural values to entrepreneurial behaviors. Besides, the moderation role of entrepreneurial education is also considered in this study. A sample of 1612 master students from nine universities/institutions in three main regions of Vietnam and Structural Equation Modelling with Gaskin’s (2019) plugin and 5000 bootstrapping sample was used to test formulated hypotheses. Also, a multi-group analysis was approached to illustrate the difference between students who received entrepreneurial education and those who did not receive entrepreneurial education. The research reveals that both entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention are strongly and positively related to entrepreneurial behaviors. Cultural values significantly affected entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial intentions, and entrepreneurial actions. In addition, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions also serve as serial mediators in the relation between cultural values and startup actions. Moreover, our study has demonstrated the significant moderation role of entrepreneurial education on these links. This study is expected to have significant contributions to entrepreneurship field by closing the intention-action gap in entrepreneurship, broadening our extant knowledge related to the serial indirect effects of cultural values on entrepreneurial actions through entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions, and demonstrating the moderating role entrepreneurial education. Additionally, this study provides the appropriate recommendations for policymakers, educators, and students to inspire entrepreneurial activities.

Career flexibility and its relation to time perspective: a study with college students in the Portuguese context.

The volatility of the labor market resulting from globalization, rapid technology changes, economic competition, and the impact of events such as the Covid-2019 Pandemic, demand from vocational psychology a more refined understanding of the processes individuals face while dealing with those new challenges and opportunities, especially in uncertain contexts. Theories such as Planned Happenstance address constructs such as career flexibility, an essential skill to recognize, create and use chance events as career opportunities. Furthermore, when fortuitous events and uncertain contexts are considered for career development, it becomes relevant to understand how subjective time perspective evolves, that is how the life events and career goals are projected, accessed, valued, and organized. Given this context, the objectives of the present study are to adapt and validate a Portuguese version of the Career Flexibility Inventory and to explore the possible relationships between career flexibility, time perspective, and variables inherent to the educational context. The Portuguese version of the Career Flexibility Inventory, the Time Perspective Inventory and a sociodemographic form were answered by 1,380 students from Portuguese higher education institutions. The results indicated that the Portuguese version of the CFI has an adequate three-factor structure with good reliability indices. Some limitations regarding psychometric validity show the importance of further research to improve the measure. However, the findings contribute to theoretically and operationally deepening discussions on the multidimensionality of Career Flexibility. The results regarding the relationships between time perspective and career flexibility seem to be in line with the theoretical indicators of the variables and support the formulated hypotheses, specifically, that future orientation presents a positive correlation with active adaptation; a negative correlation with wavering, and wavering presents a positive correlation with the negative future orientation. The results partially support the hypothesis of differences on time perspective and career flexibility among students with different academic grade averages and from diverse scientific areas of study. Finally, the study advances a theoretical reflection on the different nature of career flexibility dimensions and contributes to broadening and promoting theoretical and operational discussions on the relationships between time perspective and career flexibility, which are still incipient.

PENGARUH BEBAN KERJA DAN STRES KERJA TERHADAP TURNOVER INTENTION MELALUI PAY GRADE PADA KARYAWAN DI INDUSTRI KECIL SIDOARJO

This study aims to examine the Effect of Workload and Work Stress on Turnover intention through Pay grade in Sidoarjo small industry employees. The data collection technique uses saturated samples by distributing questionnaires with a sample of 99 respondents. The data analysis method used is descriptive quantitative analysis with a research design using partial least squares (PLS) using the SmartPLS Version 3.0 software program. The results obtained in this study stated that 4 of the 5 formulated hypotheses were accepted and 1 hypothesis was rejected. It is proven that one of the hypotheses has a t statistic value of 0.724 <1.96 with a P value of 0.353. this indicates that workload has a negative and insignificant effect on turnover intention through pay grade. While workload, work stress, pay grade have a positive and significant effect on turnover intention. Furthermore, in the results of the mediation test, the results of Workload -> Pay grade -> Turnover intention have a P Value of 0.734 which means it is not significant because the P Value > 0.05 and the T statistic value < 1.96 so it can be said that pay grade does not mediate workload on turnover intention. While Work Stress-> Pay grade-> Turnover intention has a P Value of 0.000 which indicates that this variable has a significant effect and has a statistical T value <1.96 so that it can be said that Pay grade mediates Job Stress Against Turnover intention.

Leisure Guests’ Perceptions of Price and Security: The Case of Awka, Nigeria

Despite general security concerns, particularly security issues prevalent in the Nigerian hotel industry, guests have to contend with the room rate or price of staying in hotels considering the spiraling inflation in the country. Nevertheless, it is not empirically established if price and security influence leisure guests’ choice of hotels in Nigeria. To achieve these objectives and establish a framework of leisure guests’ choice of hotels, this study used multiple regression analysis to test the formulated hypotheses with the aid of SPSS Version 20.0 software at 5% level of significance. Findings from a convenience sample of 246 respondents who lodge in hotels in Awka metropolis, Anambra State, Nigeria show that the two factors investigated namely price and security influence leisure guests’ choice of hotels. More importantly, security has more influence than price. To sum up, the study concludes that the basis of hotel accommodation is security and affordability. Therefore, the study recommends that hotel owners and managers should definitely be security-conscious in the management of their hotels and always strive to give consumers more for less.

Effect of Health Education Intervention Programme on Awareness of Danger Signs in Childhood Illnesses (Under-Five) Among Caregivers in Kaduna State, Nigeria

: The study assesses the effect of health education intervention programme on awareness of danger signs in childhood illnesses (Under-Five Children) among caregivers in Kaduna State. Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of the study, five research questions were raised while five hypotheses were formulated and tested to guide the study. Quasi-experimental of pre-test and post-test experimental and control groups was adopted for this study. The population of the study consist of 19,684 of the entire caregivers in Kaduna State. The sample size of this study is two hundred (200) participants selected by using multi-stage sampling techniques. The instrument for data collection for the study is researcher’s developed questionnaire. Inferential statistic of paired sample t-test was used to test the formulated hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The finding indicated that there is significance awareness of danger signs in childhood illnesses (Under-Five Children) among caregivers in Kaduna state, Nigeria after health education intervention programme (t-23.07, df: 99; P=.000); and there is significant difference between the experimental and control group after health education intervention programme based on their awareness of danger signs in childhood illnesses (t=-15.316, df: 198; (P=.000). Based on the findings of the study it was concluded that health education intervention programme improves awareness of danger signs in childhood illnesses (Under-Five Children) among caregivers in Kaduna state, Nigeria. This is because the effect of health education intervention programme was significant. It was therefore recommended among others that the Kaduna State Ministry of Health should work with all the healthcare facilities to promote that health education intervention programme on knowledge of danger signs in childhood illnesses and should be carried out during ANC visits.

Ethical Leadership and Staff Job Performance in the Nigerian Tourism Sector

This paper examined the relationship between ethical leadership and staff job performance in the Nigerian tourism sector. To achieve this, the study investigated whether the dimensions of ethical leadership (ethical guidance, power sharing, moral perspective and trustworthiness) significantly predict staff task, contextual, and adaptive performance. It adopted the cross-sectional survey research design whereby 1,853 employees were drawn from thirty (30) tourism firms in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria and the Taro Yamane formula was used to sample 256 staff. The instrument used for data collection was the questionnaire which was administered on a face-to-face basis, out of which 210 were fully completed and retrieved, representing 82% of the entire copies administered. The data collected were analysed descriptively, while the formulated hypotheses were analysed using the multiple linear regression method. The findings showed that ethical leadership dimensions do not significantly predict task and adaptive performance but have significant predictive power on contextual performance. Based on the findings, the study recommended that management should continually feel the need to uphold an excellent practice of leading their subordinates ethically.

Restaurants’ Solvency in Portugal during COVID-19

The main purpose of this study is to understand how Portuguese restaurants’ solvency was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the factors that influence it. Financial information was collected for the years 2019 and 2020 in the SABI database to elaborate a quantitative methodology; a descriptive analysis was used and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, a Paired t-test, a one-way ANOVA test, and a multiple linear regression were used to test the formulated hypotheses. The findings confirm that solvency is affected by several determinants, such as financial autonomy, indebtedness, financial leverage, asset turnover, return on equity, and long-term bank debt. Solvency is influenced positively by financial autonomy and financial leverage. In contrast, solvency is negatively influenced by indebtedness, asset turnover, and long-term bank debt. Additionally, this paper represents the first study, in the restaurant sector in Portugal, which analyses the importance of solvency and its determinants, by facing a normal year with a crisis year. The paper is innovative in terms of knowledge about restaurant solvency behavior in periods of financial crisis and also because the COVID-19 pandemic has added an additional variable to restaurant solvency: short-term bank debt. In terms of theoretical implications, this study provides further insights about the factors influencing solvency in restaurant businesses during periods of a financial crisis. The main practical contributions are linked to improving the leadership skills of restaurant owners and managers to deal with periods of crisis in general, thus improving the solvency of their businesses and decreasing the risks associated with bankruptcy.

The Role of Managerial Skills on the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprise (SMES) in Jabi District, Abuja, Nigeria

The objective of this study was to access the role of managerial skills on SME performance in Jabi District, Abuja, Nigeria. The study is a survey research, sampling the opinion of 240 business owners in the District. Their opinion was collected using a structured questionnaire and data collected were analyzed by tabulation, percentages and the formulated hypotheses tested using Kendall coefficient of concordance. The study discovered that these managerial skills: technical skills, conceptual skills, interpersonal relation skills, and budgeting skills had a substantial effect on the performance of SMEs. The study concluded that insufficient managerial skills are factors militating against SME performance and recommended among others that SME managers should try to understand, lead, change and regulate the behavior of the individuals and organization they manages to achieve greater performance; the government, Non-Governmental Organizations, and SME owners' unions provide adequate training.

Indoor soundscape model: Assessing contextual factors in open-plan offices on university campuses in Surabaya, Indonesia

Evaluation research in Western countries shows that soundscape perception and work behaviour in an open-plan office are negative due to uncontrolled sound levels and diminished visual and acoustic privacy. This condition resulted in a noteworthy diminution in employee performance and comfort. Most offices in large cities, including those in Indonesia, also follow the trend of adopting an open-plan system. For this reason, it is necessary to conduct further studies in the local environment. Contextual experience is a key aspect in indoor soundscape studies, of which subjective evaluation is an important part. This study further investigates the causal relationship between contextual factors related to space usage and personal and demographic aspects on psychological, expectation, soundscape perception, and work behaviour aspects. The questionnaire survey was conducted on full-time employees at six administrative offices on two university campuses in Surabaya. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse statistically the collected data and to test the formulated hypotheses. The results reveal a significant path from personal and demographical to psychological, which has the highest estimated t value of 9.438 and is supported by a significance level of p < .01 (t0.01>2.58). Social-cultural characteristic indicators, namely, societal values and lifestyle, have the highest loading and consequently have a large influence on soundscape perception and work behaviour in the local environment. This results in certain work behaviour reflected in the reactions, responses, soundscape preferences, and activities of employees working in the local environment, which differs from that of those residing in Western countries.

NEW MEDIA, INTERNET AND DIGITAL MEDIA: A NEW TRENDS IN ADVERTISING INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (STUDY OF OMEL ARTS AND ADVERTISING AGENGY)

The study investigates the impact of new media, internet, and digital media as a new trend in advertising industry in developing countries. A total of 60 questionnaires were used in collecting data for the study and descriptive methodology was adopted and SPSS and Pearson product moment correlation was used to test the formulated hypotheses. The study’s findings showed that, there is significant impact of new media in advertising industry as it ensures return on investment, creativity and innovations in the industry and effective planning and execution of media campaign. Based on the findings of the study concluded that new media, internet and digital media assist the advertising agencies in innovating good quality advertisements ,ensures companies and customers interaction and conveyed messages fast to the specified target audience ,and is wider reach .The study recommended that ,advertising agencies in developing countries should adopt the use of internet advertising ,new and digital media as one of the marketing communication tools in developing countries and policy on creativity and innovations in new digital media and internet advertising using innovative and sophisticated digital technologies .Also ,world Federation of advertisers must ensure collaboration and co-operation of developed and developing countries advertising regulators so as to tap wealth of knowledge and experiences in new digital media practices and usage regarding new media ,internet advertising and digital media.

The Influence of Supply Chain Management Practises on Operational Performance of Quoted Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria: Procurement Outsourcing And Order Process Management View

The study explored the influence of supply chain management practises on operational performance in the manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Conversely, the study adopted the cross-sectional survey research design. Data were primarily sourced through administered questionnaires. A collection of four thousand, nine hundred and eighty-four (4,984) employees of all manufacturing firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) and operating in Nigeria's Edo and Delta States make up the study's population. A sample size of 370 was computed using the Yamane’s formula and same number of questionnaires was administered but 318 were found fit in testing the formulated hypotheses. Research data were analyzed, using descriptive and inferential statistical instruments. Based on the ordinary least squares regression, the study revealed that procurement outsourcing (?= 0.082974, t-Statistic= 3.049313 and p&lt;0.05) and order process management (?= 0.349839, t-Statistic= 7.972484 and p&lt;0.05) have positive and statistically significant relationship with operational performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Based on these conclusions, the study suggested that management of manufacturing firms conduct a benchmarking exercise for best players in the industry as a way to improve their procurement outsourcing practices, and that the facility and competence of order processing system should be routinely evaluated using indicators that tracked the flexibility and dependability of order handling. This would allow them to attain and keep up supply chain performance that is unmatched.

IMPACT OF BEHAVIORAL BIASES ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS INVESTMENT DECISION

The goal of this study is to examine the influence of certain behavioral biases namely overconfidence, loss aversion, mental accounting on women entrepreneurs’ investment decision accompanied with mediating role of risk tolerance. The research has employed PLS-SEM to empirically examine the formulated hypotheses. Additionally, IPMA analysis has also been implemented to know the comparative importance and performance of selected facets. The sample size includes 100 women entrepreneurs residing in Karachi, Pakistan. Convenience sampling technique is executed to gather data whereas a questionnaire is adopted as research instrument. The empirical findings suggested that overconfidence bias, mental accounting bias have a substantial positive influence on women entrepreneur investment decision whereas loss aversion is found to be statistically insignificant. However, the indirect impact of risk tolerance has been found to be statistically insignificant for the given biases and women entrepreneur investment decision whereas loss aversion, mental accounting found to have substantial direct influence on risk tolerance of women entrepreneurs. Through its conceptual framework, the research adds to the body of literature by providing valuable insights regarding women entrepreneurs’ behavioral perspective in relation with investment decision. The empirical evidence has determined the presence of irrationality involves in entrepreneurs’ investment decision; the findings will be helpful to understand the mechanism and causes that may lead to unidentified anomalies in start-up markets.

The social role of supply chain firms during the pandemic period

PurposeSocial risk management is vital for growth and business continuity. This study investigates the social risk shift in supply chain management during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Design/methodology/approachData were retrieved from Bloomberg between 2010 and 2021 regarding all supply chain enterprises from nine countries. The authors undertake a confirmatory examination of formulated hypotheses. Social supply chain risk (SSCR) refers to “firms that took the necessary steps to decrease social risks in their supply chain. Social risks involve the child or forced labor, poor working conditions, lack of a living and fair or minimum wage”. The authors complement the analysis and address the endogeneity issue using the dynamic generalized moments method (GMM).FindingsA significant positive relationship between COVID-19 and SSCR was discovered in this study. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain firms faced supply chain social risk. Notably, SSCR policies differ from one country to another during this period.Research limitations/implicationsThe research has some limitations. The sample data are limited to 9 countries. Furthermore, it was somewhat difficult to determine the country-wise difference using COVID-19 as a dummy variable. Future research may adopt qualitative approaches, such as structural or semi-structural interviews.Practical implicationsThe results have important implications for supply chain practitioners to consider the critical role of social risk in their operations. COVID-19 has exposed the new political economy and re-centered governments as the key actors in tackling grand challenges to safeguard workers, produce socially useful products and protect their stakeholders. Also, the study highlights the importance of governments and policymakers having a well-structured regulatory framework and environment for firms to comply with the social norms in their supply chain management. Finally, the study's findings should encourage supply chain managers to adopt a proactive mechanism that reduces the social risk impacts of pandemics.Originality/valueConsidering the historical backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study is unique in measuring the SSCR of enterprises from a worldwide viewpoint.

Retailers’ Perceptions of Consumer Choice of Retail Outlets: A Test of Three Attributes

Most retail businesses in Nigeria do not continue to live or exist for a long time as a result of the fact that apart from other challenges, some retailers are not conversant with what makes consumers patronize the various retail outlets. Accordingly, this study sought to examine the factors influencing consumer choice of retail outlets from a retailer perspective. To be more precise, the study investigated the influence of customer service, product quality and store location on consumer choice of retail outlets. A convenience sample of 138 retailers was pooled up in Awka metropolis, South-East, Nigeria while multiple regression analysis was used to test the formulated hypotheses with the aid of SPSS Version 20.0 software at 5% level of significance. Results indicate that the three attributes investigated namely customer service, product quality and store location influence consumer choice of retail outlets. More importantly, customer service has the most influence on consumer choice of retail outlets followed by store location and product quality in that order. Overall, the study concludes that the success of any retailing business depends on consumer patronage. In consequence, this piece of research recommends that retailers should invest in technology to enable customers use the necessary tools to purchase products and services as well as receive help from customer service personnel.