Feed Formulation Research Articles

The effect of addition of calcium mineral in feed containing fishery wastes on egg production and hatching performance of Mojosari ducks.

Calcium (Ca) is an essential mineral for eggshell formation and muscle contraction, and a lack of it can result in poor egg quality and decreased egg output in laying ducks. This study aims to see how feeding the mineral Ca in a ration containing Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head affects the laying performance and quality of hatching eggs in Mojosari ducks. A total of 105 female and 15 male Mojosari ducks, aged 78 weeks, were raised for three months and randomly divided into 15 flocks (each flock containing seven females and one male duck). There were three kinds of treatment, namely P0 (control, without mineral), P1 (ratio of Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head 2:1 + 1% mineral), and P2 ((ratio of Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head 1:2 + 1% mineral). The findings revealed that adding mineral Ca to feed, including Shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head, had no significant influence (P>0.05) on laying Mojosari duck performance in terms of feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg quality, ducklings produced, and income over feed cost (IOFC). Furthermore, Ca addition in the ration did not result in substantial increases (P>0.05) in fertility, hatchability, or egg size characteristics. Based on the findings of this study, feeding ducks with shrimp head meal and Bilis fish head can be used as an alternate calcium-free feed formulation.

Oral delivery of electrohydrodynamically encapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRD7 modulates gut health, antioxidant activity, and cytokines-related inflammation and immunity in mice.

The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of L. plantarum CRD7 on performance and gut health biomarkers in a Swiss albino mouse model. The results showed that supplementation with non-encapsulated (NLP) and electrohydrodyanamically encapsulated L. plantarum CRD7 (ELP) for four weeks significantly increased (P < 0.05) body weight and weekly feed intake of mice. Specifically, these interventions strengthened the gut barrier functions, as evidenced by the increased expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-1, ZO-1, and occludin), inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6), and promoting short-chain fatty acid production. Histopathological examination revealed no probiotic-related adverse effects in liver and intestinal tissues. Furthermore, ELP and NLP possess the ability to regulate immunity and antioxidant capacity in mice. Notably, the supplementation of ELP modified the gut microbiota by promoting beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus and Bifibacterium) and suppressing pathogenic bacteria (E. coli and C. perfringens), thereby restoring a balanced gut microbiota. Taken together, oral delivery of encapsulated L. plantarum CRD7 can modify the composition of the gut microbiota, fortify the intestinal barrier functions, maintain the gastrointestinal equilibrium, and augment the immune and antioxidant capacity. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights for the potential application of encapsulated probiotic products in food and feed formulations aimed at alleviating gut diseases.

Estimation of applicability of protein hydrolysate of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae prepared using enzymatic hydrolysis as a fish feed component

The special advantage of black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) larvae for use as feed is their high protein content and low chitin content, which makes the larvae easier to digest, making them nutritious for fish, farm animals and birds. It has been reported that BSF larvae contain all the amino acids necessary for animal protein, including the essential amino acids, also macro- and micronutrients. The technological parameters of BSF larvae protein hydrolysis procedure were optimized. Some physicochemical parameters of the hydrolysate and the yield of hydrolysis were estimated for the hydrolysate prepared according to the optimized parameters. The sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) starter feed having 10% of its fishmeal portion substituted with BSF larvae protein hydrolysate has been tested. The BSF larvae protein hydrolysate may be included in fish feed formulations, especially in starter feeds.

Beyond the Bowl: Understanding Amino Acid Requirements and Digestibility to Improve Protein Quality Metrics for Dog and Cat Foods.

The determination of amino acid (AA) requirements for mammals has traditionally been done through nitrogen (N) balance studies, but this technique underestimates AA requirements in adult animals. There has been a shift toward researchers using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique for the determination of AA requirements in humans, and recently in dogs. However, the determination of AA requirements specific to adult dogs and cats at maintenance is lacking and the current requirements outlined by the National Research Council are based on a dearth of data and are likely underreporting the requirements of indispensable AA (IAA) for the population. To ensure the physiological requirements of our cats and dogs are met, we need methods to accurately and precisely measure digestibility. In vivo methods, such as ileal cannulation, are most commonly used, however, due to ethical considerations, we are moving away from animal models and toward in vitro methods. Harmonized static digestion models have the potential to replace in vivo methods but work needs to be done to have these methods more accurately represent the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of cats and dogs. The Digestible IAA Score (DIAAS) is one metric that can help define protein quality for individual ingredients or mixed diets that uses AA SID estimates and ideally those can be replaced with in vitro AA digestibility estimates. Finally, we need accurate and reliable laboratory AA analyses to measure the AA present in complete diets, especially those used to quantify methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys), both often limiting AAs in cat and dog diets. Together, this will guide accurate feed formulation for our companion animals to satisfy requirements while avoiding over-supplying protein, which inevitably contributes to excess N excretion, affecting both the environment and feed sustainability.

Results of the study on the antimicrobial activity of probiotic strains of lactobacilli and their potential application in feed formulations for aquaculture species

A comparative analysis of the antibacterial activity of authentic strains of lactobacilli was conducted. Primary data on the antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. brevis, and L. plantarum were obtained, as well as the impact of L. brevis in the composition of the extruded feed «BioMar» on the physiological condition of juvenile rainbow trout. The supplement was orally introduced into the main diet at a concentration of 2×108 cells of L. brevis per milligram of feed for 30 days. The obtained results were evaluated based on changes in the growth indicators, survival rates, and the diversity of the background microflora in the intestinal contents of trout fry in the experimental and control groups. According to the experiment results, the physiological indicators of trout fry receiving the premix with lactobacilli in the feed were higher than those in the control group. In the intestinal contents of the experimental group, a high proportion of lactobacilli (9.4%) was maintained, unlike the control group, which was on a diet without any additives (average values of lactobacilli in the intestinal contents did not exceed 0.6%). The studied biological properties of the Lactobacillus brevis strain make it a potential probiotic culture for use in therapeutic and prophylactic feed formulations for aquaculture.

No colonization resistance to Campylobacter jejuni in broilers fed brown algal extract-supplemented diets.

Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis is the most commonly reported zoonosis within the EU, with poultry products regarded as the primary source of transmission to humans. Therefore, finding strategies to reduce Campylobacter colonization in broilers holds importance for public health. Recent studies suggest that supplementation of broiler feed with brown algal extracts, particularly laminarin, can provide beneficial effects on broiler gut health, growth performance, and gut microbiota. However, its effect on gut microbiota development and subsequent reduction of Campylobacter loads in broiler caeca during the later stages of the birds' lives remains unclear. Experimental colonization of Ross 308 broilers with two different strains of C. jejuni was conducted, with groups fed either a basal diet or the same basal diet supplemented with 725 ppm algal extract from Saccharina latissima to provide 290 ppm laminarin. Fecal samples were collected for bacterial enumeration, and caecal samples were obtained before and after the C. jejuni challenge for the determination of microbiota development. No significant differences in fecal C. jejuni concentrations between the groups fed different diets or exposed to different C. jejuni strains were observed. This suggests that both strains colonized the birds equally well and that the laminarin rich algal extract did not have any inhibitory effect on C. jejuni colonization. Notably, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed detailed data on the caecal microbiota development, likely influenced by both bird age and C. jejuni colonization, which can be valuable for further development of broiler feed formulations aimed at promoting gut health.

Efeito protetor da suplementação de hidróxi-selenometionina na dieta de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) submetidos ao estresse pelo transporte

ABSTRACT Selenium (Se) is an antioxidant mineral and has been included in fish feed formulations in the organic form of hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet). This study evaluated how different concentrations of this substance, supplemented in the diet, act on tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) muscle before and after a stressor (transportation). Juvenile fishes were divided into five treatments receiving 0.0; 0.3; 0.6; 0.9; 1.2 mg kg-1 Se supplementation for 75 days. After that period, the fish were exposed to transportation for four hours. Sampling of muscle tissue for the measurement of biochemical parameters occurred on day 75, prior to transportation, and one week after transportation (day 83). The activity of enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase did not change. Supplementation with 1.2 mg kg-1 Se increased the level of reduced glutathione before transportation, and 0.9 and 1.2 mg kg-1 Se reduced the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels before and after transportation. After transportation, we observed reduced glutathione levels in fish treated with 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 mg kg-1, reduced ascorbic acid level in fish fed 0.6 mg kg-1 Se, and reduced total protein concentration in fish fed 0.3 mg kg-1 Se, as compared to the levels before transportation. In conclusion, the presence of different concentrations of Se in the fish diet promoted different patterns of response to redox status, minimizing oxidative damage generated by the stressor event.

Evaluation of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles in Aquafeeds – A Review

Abstract The aquafeed industry faces many challenges, including reducing the cost of feed by reducing the quantity of fish meal and soybean meal and researching to replace them with other ingredients lower in cost. Furthermore, new low-cost feeds must improve growth and feed utilization while also ensuring fish health. During the past few decades, researchers have shown one of the low-cost and with appropriate nutritional value alternative protein sources to replace fish meal (FM) or soybean meal (SBM) is dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Recently, the production of grain-based ethanol as a fuel additive has been increasing as the demand for biofuel has increased, and lessening dependency on fossil fuels has resulted in a dramatic rise in the amount of grains used for ethanol. DDGS are the primary co-product of dry-grind fuel ethanol plants. DDGS has the advantages of having high protein, fat, phosphorus, yield, and low cost. These valuable particles attributed to DDGS have raised controversy amongst feed nutritionists as to how they can proficiently replace fish meal or soybean meal. It has been discovered that DDGS can be replaced with fish meal or soybean meal without affecting growth. Therefore, the present review discusses the effects of dietary DDGS application in the fish feed formulation, the best dietary presence, the possible advantages in fish health, nutrient retention, and the economic benefits of DDGS application in aquafeeds.

Studies on Fish Feed Formulation

Good nutrition in animal production systems is essential to produce a healthy, high-quality product economically. In fish farming, nutrition is critical because feed represents 40-50% of the production costs. Fish nutrition has advanced dramatically in recent years with the development of new, balanced commercial diets that promote optimal fish growth and health. The development of new species-specific diet formulations supports the aquaculture (fish farming) industry as it expands to satisfy increasing demand for affordable, safe, and high-quality fish and seafood products Conducted experiments on studies on fish feed formulation at CIPHET, Ludhiana. The present study evaluates the importance of fish feed pellets as alternative feed ingredients for fish feed preparation. Commonly available materials i.e., debittered mustard oil cake, fish meal, maize powder, and mineral powder mixture. The crude protein content of the feed ingredients ranged from 10 to 60 % and the crude fat contents were recorded as 4 to 12%. Crude fiber contents were between 1 and 8 % and ash contents ranged from 6.9 to 38 %. In this study, results showed that the minimum volume of pellets is 700.4 mm3 and maximum volume is 925.504 mm3 and the minimum density of pellets is 0.00092 g. mm-3 and the maximum density of pellets is 0.00107 g. mm-3 of the pellets. The 0.5838g weight of the pellet will take less time to dissolve completely when compared with more 0.9127g weight of the pellet.

The Effect of Supplementation of Fish Protein Hydrolysate to the BSF‐Based Aquafeed on the Growth, Survival, Fatty Acids, and Histopathology of Juvenile Lobster (Panulirus ornatus)

The present study aims to evaluate the effect of liquid fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) following fishmeal substitution with full‐fat and defatted BSF (black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens) meal in the feeds of juvenile ornate spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus. The physiological aspects of juvenile lobsters including growth, fatty acids profile, and histopathology were observed. Six isoenergetic experimental feeds having a protein‐to‐energy ratio of 26 CP mg kJ−1 were formulated with the substitution of fishmeal at 25% using liquid FPH, full‐fat BSF (FBSF), defatted BSF (DBSF), and their combination. The specific growth rate, final body weight, final total length, and length increment of juvenile lobsters (initial weight was 0.21 ± 0.01 g and total length was 20.53 ± 0.12 mm) were significantly affected by the fishmeal substitution (P &lt; 0.05) and improved with the addition of liquid FPH in the feeds containing FBSF and DBSF. The whole body proximate analysis showed that the liquid FPH to the feeds containing DBSF increased the ash and protein content significantly (P &lt; 0.05). The total monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFA), saturated fatty acids (∑SFA), and omega 9 fatty acids (∑n−9 FA) of juvenile lobsters’ whole bodies fed with dietary DBSF and FPH supplementation were significantly higher than those of others (P &lt; 0.05). The histopathological analysis indicated that the villus size and the muscle thickness in the intestine were not significantly affected by FPH supplementation. However, the hepatopancreas histopathology indicated the presence of B‐cells and R‐cells in the juvenile lobsters fed with FPH‐supplemented feeds. The present results suggested the supplementation of liquid FPH to the formulated feed with FBSF and DBSF for juvenile lobsters can improve the lobsters’ growth and fatty acids availability.

Global Warming Potential and Life Cycle Cost of Conventional and Potentially Low-Carbon Philippine Swine Production Systems

This study identified and evaluated conventional and low-carbon swine production systems through a review of literature and visits to commercial farrow-to-finish swine farms in the Philippines, aiming to recommend a swine production system that cost-effectively reduces GHG emissions. Parameters assessed were greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, carbon and payback period, and return on investment through conduct of life cycle assessment. The identified conventional technologies are open-sided housing system, slatted flooring, modified manual feeding system, nipple drinker, and scrapper and power sprayer as cleaning systems. The identified low carbon technologies are low protein swine feed formulation supplemented with amino acids and partial substitution of soybean meal with Protein-Enriched Copra Meal (PECM), open-sided housing with cemented flooring, manual feeding system, bite ball valve, scrapper combined with power sprayer as cleaning system, and biogas digester as manure management system. These entailed a GHG emission reduction potential of 31.93% in reference to the conventional system. The low carbon production system accounted for higher return on investment of 36.75% and shorter payback period at 2.72 years, compared to the conventional system that yielded 19.96% and 5.01 years, respectively. The identified low carbon swine farm production system can be a cost-effective alternative to the conventional production system.

The Recent Advances to Increase Nutrient Utilization of Dietary Plant Proteins by Enzyme Supplementation and Fermentation in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A Review

Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal production sector globally. However, its sustainability heavily relies on the development of nutritionally balanced cost-effective and environmentally friendly aqua feeds for fish and crustacean species that are already being farmed or the candidate species for intensive farming in the future around the world. Therefore, feeds produced for farmed aquatic species should be highly digestible in terms of nitrogen and phosphorous contents in order to avoid excessive release of these nutrients into the water column through solid and soluble discharge. Excessive nitrogen and phosphorous in the water are the main reason of eutrophication occurring causing severe depletion of oxygen and creating hypoxia for many aquatic organisms living inside water column. Strategies like formulating aqua feeds on required DP/DE (Digestible Protein/Digestible non-protein Energy) basis for farmed species and using synthetic enzymes as feed additives in order to make plant phosphorous bioavailable for fish are being utilized by the commercial aqua feed producers around the world. Fermenting plant protein ingredients with microorganisms and using prebiotics and probiotics as feed additives are also considered a viable option to reduce the nutrient load of aquafarms since these have been shown to increase the digestibility of feed ingredients via increased gut health maintaining the optimal composition and environmental conditions for gut microbiome. In this regard, this review is intended to emphasize the importance of the sustainability efforts of aquaculture production from the perspectives of environmentally friendly aqua feed formulations and improvements based on the recent knowledge gathered for the effects of dietary external enzyme supplementation and fermentation of plant ingredients on growth and wellbeing of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) throughout the world.

반려동물 사료 표시제도의 법률적 쟁점과 과제

Driven by the increasing number of pets and households that have pets, the pet food market is undergoing substantial growth. With the surge in pet guardianship, pet food consumption has increased, which has been accompanied by a growing interest in various functional pet food types. Despite the variety available, a notable issue exists concerning the primary labeling of pet food. This study investigates the current status and major issues within the pet food labeling system and proposes improvements.&#x0D; The labeling system for pet food is governed by the Control of Livestock and Fish Feed Act in conjunction with livestock feed regulations. This dual oversight presents challenges in providing precise information to pet food consumers through the labeling system. Currently, there are no established standards for differentiating pet food product names, specifying recommended feeding amounts, highlighting nutritional functions, or verifying pet food labeling. Additionally, a robust review system and review board dedicated to overseeing pet food labeling are absent.&#x0D; To foster the growth of the pet food industry, a revision of the current pet food labeling system is imperative. The proposed revision involves the following: First, reorganizing the classification system. The existing feed classification system of formulated feed and straight feed (mixed straight feed) should transition to a labeling classification system based on the intended purpose of the feed. Second, there is a need to regulate the contents of pet food, including product names and nutritional ingredients. Mandatory display of product names and the regulation of their use are essential components of this revision. Third, empirical standards and the establishment of a review advisory board to authenticate pet food labeling are needed. Regulations on the contents and procedures for labeling and advertising on efficacy and effectiveness should be established, grounded in a minimum scientific evidence threshold. Furthermore, there have been calls for the formation of an advisory or review committee composed of experts, which underscores the need for the establishment of a system to facilitate this.

Effect of Maggot‒Tofu Dreg Mixed Flours with Addition of Lysine on Formulation of Fish Feed to Accelerate the Growth of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Maggot flour, which contains high protein has potential in the development of fish feed. The focus of this study was to investigate the formulation of fish feed based on mixed flours (maggot and tofu dregs flours) with the addition of lysine to improve feed quality and feeding efficiency. The Pearson Square Method (PSM) was used in the formulation process of fish feed with a total protein target of 35%. The formulated fish feed was applied on tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). The fish weight and ammonia levels in the water were also measured to determine the effect of fish feed on water quality. The highest protein content (33%) was obtained from ratio of mixed flours of 3:1 (%(w/w)). The highest floatability value of fish feed was 194±2 sec. The optimum results for fish growth were obtained from mixed ratio of maggot flour and tofu dregs of 3:1 % (w/w). with the addition of 2 % (w/w) of lysine. The optimal growth rate of fish was 0.041 g·day-1 after 30 days of the experiment. While the level of ammonia in the water was not affected by the fish feed formulation or the addition of lysine in the fish feed. Thus, the amino acid lysine greatly influences the feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate so that it has the potential to accelerate the growth of tilapia.

Protein Hydrolysate from Waste of Catfish Fillet Processing for Snakehead Fish Feed Formulation.

The negative impact of fish processing industry waste needs to be minimized, by processing it into valuable products, one of which is fish feed. The objectives of this research were to determine the optimum dose of crude extract of B. cereus RGL.1.1 enzyme in hydrolyzing protein from the waste of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) fillet processing and to evaluate the effectiveness of using protein hydrolysate in snakehead fish (Channa striata) feed. There were four doses of enzyme treatment for protein hydrolysis designed in a completely randomized design, namely, 0, 4, 6, and 8% (v/w) with three repetitions. Furthermore, to assess the quality of protein hydrolysate, an analysis of soluble protein level, hydrolysis degree, amino acid content, fatty acid content, and digestibility was carried out. The percentage of protein hydrolysate applied in the feed formula was 0, 15, 30, and 45% (v/w), which was designed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Absolute weight growth, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, feed efficiency, and snakehead fish survival were measured to evaluate the effects of the feed formula. Results showed that the crude extract of B. cereus RGL.1.1 enzymes at a concentration of 6% (v/w) enhanced the availability of soluble proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, and feed digestibility. Protein hydrolysate application in snakehead fish feed formula up to 45% (v/w) can improve the growth performance (8.03%), protein efficiency ratio (25.66%), and feed efficiency (23.41%).

Effect of Micronutrient Composition of Fish Feed to the Growth and Nutrient Content of Fishes: Cost-Efficient Production of Nutritious Fishes

Fish is the rich source of good quality protein. Per capita annual fish intake of Bangladesh is 21.90 kg and annual total need of fish is 42.38 lac mt. The current study's objective was to ascertain the nutritional value of various fish farmed in Bangladesh's Biofloc farm and regularly consumed by Bangladeshis by using nutrient rich formulated fish feed. The fish used in the study were tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) and shorputi fish (Systomus sarana). These fish species were cultured in a Biofloc setting. The edible portion of the samples had its composition closely investigated. The moisture, ash, and protein contents were determined using the AOAC-approved drying, Muffle-furnace, and Macro-Kjeldahl procedures, respectively. The edible proportion of fish in the current study ranged from 46.45 to 58.33%. The value for tilapia was the greatest (58.33%) while the value for shorputi was the lowest (46.45%). For some of the fish samples used in the investigation, the moisture content was found to be between 74.04 and 77.53%. Shorputi's lowest value was discovered to be 74.45%. For several fish samples, the ash concentration was determined to be between 1.04 and 1.31%. Shorputi had the greatest ash concentration (1.31%), while tilapia had the lowest (0.95%). Tilapia had a high protein content (23.77%). The study's most recent findings demonstrate that the farm formulated feed had a beneficial effect on the development and nutritional status of fish raised in biofloc systems. Bioresearch Commu. 10(1): 1453-1461, 2024 (January)

Influence of broodstock nutrition on egg quality and fatty acid composition in California Yellowtail

AbstractObjectiveCalifornia Yellowtail (CYT) Seriola dorsalis are continuous spawners and rely entirely on their diet to supply nutrients like fatty acids (FAs) to their eggs to support early development. The objective of this study was to determine whether commercial diets could replace a diet consisting of fresh fishery products (FFP‐D) without compromising egg quality and biochemical composition, specifically FAs.MethodsIn 2017, one broodstock group (one female and two males) was fed a formulated reference feed (REF‐D; Bio‐Oregon). This pilot experiment showed that it was possible for a minimum of one female and two male broodfish to spawn repeatedly in a tank, a finding that led to a replicated diet experiment during 2018 in which 18 CYT broodfish were divided into six replicate tanks, with one female and two males per tank. Three tanks were fed the FFP‐D as a control, and three tanks were fed a commercial diet (COM‐D; Breed‐M, INVE). For each spawning event, egg quality metrics were collected, along with samples for FA analysis.ResultThe 2017 REF‐D treatment produced eggs that met arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) requirements and had egg metrics comparable to those obtained from the FFP‐D, with higher viability and average batch fecundity. However, the REF‐D treatment had insufficient docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and no tank replicates. The 2018 COM‐D treatment produced eggs with large egg and oil diameters and met ARA and EPA requirements but was associated with very poor spawning and hatch success and had insufficient DHA levels. The FFP‐D treatment produced below‐average viability and batch fecundity rates and was unable to meet most essential FA requirements, but it yielded the greatest number of spawning events.ConclusionNone of the experimental treatments, including the control, was able to fully meet the nutritional requirements of CYT broodstock. These results reveal crucial data about current CYT broodstock diets that can facilitate future research for developing nutritionally complete diets, especially in terms of essential FAs.

Mempelajari Pengaruh Suhu dan Jenis Jeroan terhadap Mutu Tepung Jeroan

Animal feed with high protein content is currently difficult to obtain and has a relatively expensive price, so that the nutritional needs of livestock are less fulfilled. Therefore, this research was done to get livestock feed with good characteristics and to get information on the utilization of chicken organ meats to substitute fish flour in animal feed formulations of fish and poultry.The aim of the study was to study the temperature effect of 50oC, 70oC and 90oC and effectthe type of innards to the final water content, protein and color. Discover the highest protein content of intestinal starch, gizzard and chicken liver after the drying phase with 3 temperature parameters that is 50oC, 70oC, and 90oC. The research stage was carried out with the process of cleaning innards, cutting samples with a thickness of 0.2 cm for the liver and gizzard and a length of 5 cm for the intestine. The next process is drying, then measuring water content, grinding using a blender, sifting using a mesh 50 sieve, then a protein analysis is performed. The parameters observed in this research are moisture content, protein and color250 gram samples of wet innards can produce the average weight of chicken offal flour at all drying temperatures of 30.17 grams and can produce a yield value of 12.06%. The optimum temperature needed for the chicken offal drying process is at a temperature of 90 C with the old drying for 12 hours. The type of chicken innards (intestines, liver and gizzard) does not affect the water content in the end also protein but affects the color of chicken innards. The highest protein innards in the temperature of 90 C, has a percentage of protein in the intestines of 69.8%, liver 70.1%, and angizzard of 71.6%. Keywords: Chicken Innards, Color, Offal Flour, Protein, Temperature.

Effects of Astaxanthin on Growth Performance, Gut Structure, and Intestinal Microorganisms of Penaeus vannamei under Microcystin-LR Stress.

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) are biologically active cycloheptapeptide compounds that are released by cyanobacteria during water blooms and are extensively found in aquatic ecosystems. The Penaeus vannamei is a significant species in global aquaculture. However, the high level of eutrophication in aquaculture water frequently leads to outbreaks of cyanobacterial blooms, posing a significant threat to its sustainable cultivation. Astaxanthin (AX) is commonly utilized in aquaculture for its physiological benefits, including promoting growth and enhancing immune function in cultured organisms. This study aimed to examine the protective effect of astaxanthin on P. vannamei exposed to microcystin-induced stress. The experiment consisted of three groups: one group was fed formulated feed containing MC (100 μg/kg), another group was fed formulated feed containing MC (100 μg/kg) + AX (100 mg/kg), and the third group was fed basic feed (control group). After 15 days of feeding, the specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly higher in the MCAX group (2.21% day-1) compared to the MC group (0.77% day-1), and there was no significant difference between the MCAX group (2.21% day-1) and the control group (2.24% day-1). Similarly, the percent of weight gain (PWG) was also significantly higher in the MCAX group (14.61%) compared to the MC group (13.44%) and the control group (16.64%). Compared to the control group, the epithelial cells in the MC group suffered severe damage and detachment from the basement membrane. However, in the MCAX group, although there was still a gap between the intestinal epithelial cells and the basement membrane, the overall intestinal morphology was slightly less impaired than it was in the MC group. The analysis of the intestinal microbiota revealed a significant disparity in the community composition (chao 1 and ACE) between the MC and MCAX groups. When comparing the various bacterial genera, the MC group exhibited an increase in Vibrio abundance, whereas the MCAX group showed a decrease in both Shewanella and Vibrio abundance. The results indicate that AX has a positive impact on the growth performance and resistance of P. vannamei against MC by regulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota. AX can be utilized to mitigate the detrimental effects of MC in aquaculture practices. This function could be attributed to the role of AX in preserving the structural integrity of the intestinal mucosa and regulating the composition of the intestinal microbiota.

Potentiality of natural live food organisms in shrimp culture: A review

The aquaculture industry is growing quickly due to increased fish consumption and a decline in wild fish catch. About half of the world's seafood demand for human consumption is now met by farmed seafood. The aquafeed market is expanding along with the aquaculture sector. Some of the elements in shrimp feed are derived from terrestrial plants and low-value forage fishes (fish meal). It is impossible to produce more fish meals since doing so would harm the ocean's environment and sustainability. The reduction in shrimp feed cost can also be done by introducing low-cost, environment-friendly ingredients in shrimp feed formulation. Therefore, new and ecologically friendly shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feed component sources must be created. Live food organisms are a preferable option for this since they provide a variety of essential amino acids and beneficial triglycerides like fat, vitamins, and colors in their cell metabolites. Microalgae biomasses also represent feasible ingredients for shrimp feed sources. Their distinctive variety of bioactive chemicals can enhance color and pellet quality, act as a bulk element in shrimp feed, and boost the viability of farmed species. Live food organisms have a great economic potential since they have the highest biomass productivity of all photosynthetic organisms. In addition to giving farmers and exporters a better choice for feeding their fish, the availability of on-grown live food would also open up the prospect of improving the performance and quality of the fish and shrimp through bioencapsulation. This review study examines the possibility of generating natural food biomass as a component in shrimp feed.