Formulation Composition Research Articles

Investigation of the Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Activities of a Novel Kaempferol-Liposome-Loaded Hydrogel for the Treatment of Acute Eczema

Kaempferol liposome hydrogel is a novel drug carrier designed to solve the problems of the poor water solubility and low bioavailability of kaempferol. By combining kaempferol with liposomes and further forming a hydrogel, this composite formulation not only improves the stability of the drug but also enhances its penetration and therapeutic effect on the skin. It was demonstrated that the liposomal hydrogel of kaempferol had ex vivo and in vivo antioxidant activities, which could effectively inhibit the inflammatory response and oxidative stress and, thus, showed significant efficacy in the treatment of acute eczema. In the acute eczema model, kaempferol liposome hydrogel significantly improved the skin condition of mice by reducing the symptoms of skin redness, swelling, and itching. The experimental results showed that the hydrogel was rapidly absorbed into the skin after application and continued to release the drug to maintain its efficacy for a longer period of time. In addition, the kaempferol liposome hydrogel also showed good physicochemical stability and was not easily discolored or separated, making it suitable for long-term use. As an innovative drug carrier for the treatment of acute eczema, the kaempferol liposome hydrogel shows good application prospects and provides a new treatment option for eczema patients.

Enhancing postharvest quality of bananas: comparative study on the use ZnO and Ag2O nanoparticles and ZnO/Ag2O composites

The ‘Cavendish’ banana is cultivated for its flavor and nutritional value, but its climacteric nature leads to rapid ripening and reduced shelf life. Preserving postharvest quality is crucial for minimizing losses and ensuring consumer satisfaction. Nanoparticles such as ZnO and Ag2O have shown promise in extending the shelf life and maintaining the quality of perishable fruits. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ZnO- and Ag₂O-enriched edible coatings on the postharvest physicochemical quality of ‘Cavendish’ bananas stored at ambient temperature. Bananas were treated with five different formulations: (1) moringa extract alone (MG), (2) moringa extract combined with carboxymethyl cellulose and glycerol (MG + CMC + GLY), (3) carboxymethyl cellulose and glycerol with Ag2O nanoparticles (Ag2O), (4) carboxymethyl cellulose and glycerol with ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO), and (5) carboxymethyl cellulose and glycerol with a combination of Ag2O and ZnO nanoparticles (Ag2O + ZnO). The effects on key quality parameters, including weight loss, color retention, total soluble solids, total acidity, pH, and peel structure, were assessed. At the end of the storage period, the fruits treated with ZnO + Ag₂O nanoparticles demonstrated a significantly lower decay incidence of 44.44% than the control (100%). Similarly, nanoparticle-enriched treatments maintained higher L* (1.46-fold), b*(1.38-fold), and ho (1.11-fold) values than the control treatment. Remarkably, the Ag2O + ZnO composite formulation showed the most significant positive effects on total acidity, pH, and stomatal cell integrity toward improving banana quality. This study highlights the potential of ZnO/Ag2O composites as effective postharvest treatments to enhance banana quality and extend shelf life, providing a promising approach to reduce postharvest losses and ensure fruit quality during storage and transportation.

Comparative Effects of Drying Methods on Physicochemical Properties of Puree Blends of Some Indigenous Varieties of Watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>), Orange (<i>Citrus sinensis</i>) and Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>) Fruits

This study evaluates the comparative effects of freeze-drying and spray-drying methods on the physicochemical properties of composite fruit puree powders produced from local varieties of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), orange (Citrus sinensis), and mango (Mangifera indica) in Benue State, Nigeria. Composite formulations were developed by blending fruit purees in ratios of 50% watermelon, 30% orange, and 20% mango. Freeze-drying and spray-drying methods were employed to produce powders, which were subsequently analyzed for proximate composition, sensory attributes, and physicochemical properties. Freeze-dried powders retained higher vitamin C content (21.4 mg/100 g) compared to spray-dried powders (16.3 mg/100 g). Moisture content was significantly lower in freeze-dried powders (2.5%) than spray-dried powders (4.3%), while sensory evaluation showed no significant differences in overall acceptability (p>0.05). These findings suggest that freeze-drying is superior for nutrient preservation, whereas spray-drying is more energy-efficient. The results provide valuable insights for optimizing fruit powder production in agrarian settings.

Perfluoropolyether Segmented Polybutadiene Urethanes With Improved Dispersion of Silica Particles: A Surrogate Methodology for Additive Manufacturing of Composite Binders

ABSTRACTFluorinated hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene (F‐HTPB) urethane binders were prepared by the incorporation of a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) diol (Fluorolink E10H (FL)) as a terpolymer system. Rheology measurements at 25°C showed a steady decrease in viscosity with increased cure rates at the gelation time with increasing molar loadings of FL. The optimized F‐HTPB urethane binder was then formulated with fluorinated silica particles (F‐SP) that were successfully modified with a monolayer of perfluoropolyether bound carboxylic acids using Krytox 157 FSH. Loadings up to 20 wt% F‐SPs were prepared with no phase separation demonstrating the interfacial compatibility of the fluorine‐rich PFPE domains of the binder and the silica particle surface while lowering the viscosity at full cure. These rheology measurements suggest the fluorinated binder composite formulations would advance their application as practical drop‐in feed stocks for reactive in situ additive manufacturing techniques at room temperature. This work also includes comprehensive analysis of the particles and composite formulations to include infrared spectroscopy, surface wettability measurements, calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric decomposition analysis.

Constructing an efficient segregated thermally conductive network for a PBX substitute using graphene aerogels

High-energy explosives prompt stringent control over their experimental environment, which limits the feasibility of conducting experiments. This study explores the use of melamine (Me), a safe material with a structure and physical properties similar to 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), as a substitute for TATB in composite formulations aimed at improving the thermal conductivity of polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs). In waterborne polyurethane emulsion (WPU), graphene oxide (GO) was reduced and self-assembled into graphene aerogels (GA) on the surface of Me, resulting in the formation of Me@GA/PU (MGP) particles with a core-shell structure. The GA surface coating enhanced the interfacial bonding between the thermally conductive fillers (GA) and Me, improving the dispersion of the fillers within the composite. After freeze-drying and hot pressing, cylinders of MGP with a segregated thermally conductive network were obtained. The segregated network, formed by GA at low filler loading, provided an effective pathway for heat transfer and improved the thermal stability of the composites. The thermal conductivity of the MGP composite, prepared with 0.5 wt.% GO content, increased by 80% compared to the pure sample. The temperature gradient and thermal stress distribution in the composite cylinders during complex thermal cycling were evaluated using finite element analysis.

Wood polymer composite (WPC) formulation from Ethiopian indigenous lowland bamboo particles and post-consumer plastic blends: synergetic and dual effects of both coupling agent and organic crosslinking catalyst

Wood polymer composite (WPC) formulation from Ethiopian indigenous lowland bamboo particles and post-consumer plastic blends: synergetic and dual effects of both coupling agent and organic crosslinking catalyst

Algae extract-based nanoemulsions for photoprotection against UVB radiation: an electrical impedance spectroscopy study

Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide, with exposure to UVB radiation being a significant risk factor for its development. To prevent skin cancer, continuous research efforts have focused on finding suitable photoprotective ingredients from natural sources that are also environmentally friendly. This study aimed to develop oil-in-water photoprotective nanoemulsions containing marine macroalgae extract. A Box–Behnken experimental design was used to identify the most promising formulation composition, resulting in optimal physical properties. These properties, including droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential, were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS). To assess the photoprotection capacity of the formulations, electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to evaluate alterations in the electrical characteristics of excised pig skin membranes placed in Franz cells equipped with a 4-electrode set-up. The final composition of the nanoemulsion was caprylic/capric triglycerides 4%, Macrogolglycerol ricinoleate 30%, and algae extract 1%. The nanoemulsions had an average droplet size of 128.5 ± 8.6 nm, a PDI of 0.25 ± 0.06, and a zeta potential of 45.14 ± 0.02 mV. Compared to the control group, the photoprotective capacity of the oil-in-water nanoemulsions was statistically significant. Specifically, only a 15% reduction in the skin membrane electrical resistance following UVB exposure was observed when the formulation containing algae extract was used, whereas a 50% reduction was observed for the vehicle. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that the developed nanoemulsions based on natural ingredients show promising protective capacity against UVB exposure of the skin.

Influence of Formulation Composition on the Characteristic Properties of 5-fluorouracil-loaded Liposomes.

Variations in the types and quantities of excipients used to prepare liposomes can affect the physicochemical properties of liposome formulations. This study aimed to provide information about the design and fabrication of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-loaded liposome formulations using different lipid and cholesterol (CHOL) derivatives. Passive loading via a small-volume incubation method was used to prepare liposomes. The particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of the formulations were determined. The release studies of the formulations were conducted using a Franz diffusion cell at 37 °C. In this study, a high-pressure liquid chromatography device was used to measure the amount of 5-FU. The mean particle sizes of all formulations were between 134 and 166 nm, and they had a negative charge on their surface. Increasing the cholesteryl hemisuccinate content reduced the size of the liposomes. Additionally, all formulations exhibited a low polydispersity index (0.3). The EE% of all formulations exceeded 30%. The in vitro release of 5-FU from liposome formulations followed the Korsemeyer-Peppas model. Modifying the lipid and CHOL content in the formulations, as indicated by the experimental results, can change the characteristic properties of liposomes. The use of soybean phosphatidylcholine and cholesteryl hemisuccinate appears to be a promising combination for the preparation of hydrophilic drug-loaded liposome formulations.

Quantitative Structural and Compositional Elucidation of Real-World Pharmaceutical Tablet Using Large Field-of-View, Correlative Microscopy-Tomography Techniques and AI-Enabled Image Analysis.

The purpose of this study is to present a correlative microscopy-tomography approach in conjunction with machine learning-based image segmentation techniques, with the goal of enabling quantitative structural and compositional elucidation of real-world pharmaceutical tablets. Specifically, the approach involves three sequential steps: 1) user-oriented tablet constituent identification and characterization using correlative mosaic field-of-view SEM and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques, 2) phase contrast synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography (SyncCT) characterization of a large, representative volume of the tablet, and 3) constituent segmentation and quantification of the imaging data through user-guided, iterative supervised machine learning and deep learning. This approach was implemented on a real-world tablet containing 15% API and multiple common excipients. A representative volumetric tablet image was obtained using SyncCT at a 0.36-µm resolution, from which constituent particles and pores were fully segmented and quantified. As validation, the derived tablet formulation composition and porosity agreed with the experimental values, despite the micrometer-scale particle and pore sizes. The approach also revealed the formation of ordered mixture inside the tablet. Notably, the image-derived size distributions of both the agglomerated microcrystalline cellulose and its primary particulate units matched the laser diffraction-based measurements of the as-is material. Key pore attributes including the pore size distribution, spatial anisotropy, and pore interconnectivity were also qualified. Overall, this study demonstrated that the correlative microscopy-tomography approach, by leveraging phase contrast SyncCT and AI-based image analysis, can deliver new, practically-useful structural and compositional information and facilitate more efficient formulation and process development of tablets.

Lavender Oil: A Versatile Natural Therapeutic – Extraction, Composition, Applications, and Innovative Formulation Strategies

Lavender Oil: A Versatile Natural Therapeutic – Extraction, Composition, Applications, and Innovative Formulation Strategies

Enhancing Composite Performance: Hydrothermally Treated Wood Reinforcement in Recycled Polypropylene

The low thermal stability of cellulose presents unique technological challenges to the formulation of wood and plastic composites that are compatible and processable. For this, hydrothermal modification is a well-established technology for improving dimensional stability and durability of wood's components, in addition to providing better interaction with the polymer. This study produced polymer composites in which hydrothermally treated wood waste fibers (WT) reinforce a recycled polypropylene (RPP) matrix. Wood waste fibers were selected by grain size and distribution, treated hydrothermally, and characterized by SEM, ATR-FTIR, and water sorption. Composites were produced varying the reaction time of treatment hydrothermal (from 30 to 180 minutes), granulometric size (from 425 to 1400 μm) and percentage of WT (from 10 to 20%), following a 2³ full-factorial experimental design, by extrusion with internal recirculation and the mechanical test specimens were modulated by injection. Tensile, flexion, IZOD impact and water sorption tests were statistically analyzed. Reaction time was the most statistically significant factor. Composites of wood waste fibers treated for 30 min and containing 20% of WT presented better mechanical properties than expected. However, the preservation of the lamellar fibers during the reaction time allowed for better adherence to the polymer, and the insertion of a greater quantity of fibers in the material provided greater rigidity in the composite. In general, the results obtained gives properties of stability and resistance to damage of composites containing hydrothermally treated wood fibers.

Effect of formulation composition on trastuzumab stability.

For monoclonal antibody drug products as for other biologics, while the innovator drug products first becomes commercially available, they are often followed by one or more biosimilar products. These biosimilars often differ from the innovator product, as well as from each other, in their formulation composition. However, the impact of the formulation composition on the stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient subjected to different 'stresses' is still not understood. We have evaluated the effect of different formulations on structural stability and aggregation behavior of a monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab (both the drug substance and the final drug product), against three most common stresses encountered during production, storage, and formulation into a lyophilized product - freeze-thaw, freeze-drying, and agitation. Irrespective of the stabilizer used, the formulations exhibited good conformational stability against all three stresses. However, the freeze-drying process caused a significant increase in the number of soluble aggregates, but only in sucrose containing formulations. On the other hand, agitation in sorbitol containing formulation led to a significant increase in insoluble aggregates. This effect could also be attributed to the absence of surfactant in this formulation composition. The stabilizing effect of trehalose appeared to be independent of its concentration. Therefore, the effect of formulation composition is more pronounced for aggregation of trastuzumab than for its conformational stability. Our findings suggest that formulation design warrants consideration of both conformational stability and aggregation behavior of the active ingredient.

Mechanical properties of hemp fiber‐reinforced thermoset and thermoplastic polymer composites: A comprehensive review

AbstractHemp fibers have mechanical characteristics similar to those of synthetic fibers, which makes them an attractive material for producing environmentally friendly composites. Hemp fibers have excellent mechanical properties and a unique hydrophilicity, requiring for extra attention in composite formulations. Hemp fibers are a very versatile vegetable fiber that is frequently utilized in structural composites. In addition, hemp has shown potential in a variety of other fields, including as sports goods, building, and lighter materials. The present article aims to give a comprehensive summary of the status of sophisticated studies in hemp fiber reinforced composites at present time. The most important research on thermoset and thermoplastic materials reinforced with hemp fiber is compiled and discussed in this publication. This document also provides an overview of the primary attributes of hemp fibers, talks about how to develop these attributes chemically, explains how to create and describe hemp fiber composites, and identifies areas that need more research. In summary, this study ends with several important recommendations and future approaches that draw attention to the issues that require further investigation and potential industrialization of composites.Highlights Advances in hemp fiber extraction and chemical treatments. Performance traits of hemp‐reinforced thermoset and thermoplastic composites. Tribological, and moisture absorption properties of hemp fiber composites. SEM analysis revealing composite structural characteristics. Future applications and sustainability of hemp fiber in polymers.

Release-modulating mechanism and comparative pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs of bethanechol-loaded oral dosage forms.

Bethanechol chloride (BTC), a quaternary ammonium compound used in bladder dysfunction treatment, requires challenges in developing optimal oral dosage forms due to its high water-solubility, short half-life, rapid elimination and four times a day administration. The aim of this study was to develop optimal BTC-loaded oral dosage forms that could provide both rapid onset and sustained therapeutic effects while reducing the frequency of conventional four-times-daily dosing (Mytonin® tablets). Four different BTC-loaded oral dosage forms were designed including gastro-retentive tablet (GRT), controlled-release tablet (CRT), bilayer tablet (BLT), and tablet-in-tablet (TIT). Then, release-modulating mechanism and in vivo pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs were compared. The release profiles of the four BTC-loaded dosage forms varied according to system design and formulation composition. The optimized GRT F-5 showed rapid buoyancy within 15 s and floated for 12 h, while continuously releasing the drug. CRT showed Fickian diffusion release, whereas BLT and TIT exhibited biphasic immediate and sustained release profiles. Polymer swelling behavior was analyzed using the Vergnaud model, where GRT F-5 and CRT showed n values < 0.5, confirming diffusion-controlled polymer hydration mechanism. In the instrumental analysis, the hydrogen bonding formation of BTC with release-modulating polymers, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyethylene oxide and loosening of the polymer structure was crucial as the water influx increased. In pharmacokinetic studies in beagle dogs, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) by normalizing dose for 48 h for GRT, CRT, BLT, and TIT were 90.2 %, 108.6 %, 83.8 %, and 76.4 %, respectively, compared with that of the reference drug (Mytonin® tablets, immediate release, four times a day). Interestingly, the plasma maximum concentration (Cmax) and AUC)0-12h of GRT F-5 and and Mytonin® tablets for the first 12-h period were much higher compared with that of other BTC-loaded CRT, BLT, and TIT. BTC was absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but is preferably absorbed in the stomach and upper intestinal sites. However, the GRT F-5 could provide more therapeutic potential for improving patient compliance in bladder dysfunction treatment by achieving both rapid onset and sustained drug release with reduced dosing frequency.

A comprehensive update on over the counter artificial tears.

Artificial tears play a critical role in the management of dry eye disease (DED), providing patient symptomatic relief and improving ocular surface health. Its clinical importance has driven pharmaceutical innovation in terms of its formula and ingredients. The following article is an overview of the artificial tear products on the market. The artificial tears on the market vary in terms of their active ingredients, inactive ingredients, preservatives, and formulation. The particular chemical composition of ingredients and formulation plays a clinical role in treating ocular pathology. Conversely, certain ingredients can cause more ocular damage than other ingredients. Upon review of the artificial tears on the market, the authors conclude that clinicians should consider the products' composition when designating a treatment for DED. Different artificial tear composition may benefit specific causes of DED such as evaporative, aqueous-deficient, glaucoma, ocular surface tumors, corneal ulcers, and viral conjunctivitis.

Revolutionizing Dental Polymers: The Versatility and Future Potential of Polyetheretherketone in Restorative Dentistry.

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has emerged as a revolutionary material in modern dentistry because of its unique combination of mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and versatility. This literature review examines the current applications and future potential of PEEK in various dental disciplines. PEEK's favorable properties, including its low specific weight, high strength-to-weight ratio, and ability to be easily machined, have led to its adoption in prosthetics, implantology, and dental esthetic restorations. This material has shown promise for fabricating crowns, bridges, removable partial denture frameworks, and implant components. PEEK's radiolucency and bone-like elastic modulus make it particularly suitable for dental implants and abutments. Additionally, its resistance to degradation and compatibility with various surface treatments enhances its long-term performance in the oral environment. While challenges such as bonding to other dental materials and aesthetic limitations exist, ongoing research is addressing these issues through surface modifications and composite formulations. As the dental field continues to evolve, PEEK's adaptability and biocompatibility position it a key player in the development of next-generation dental materials and techniques, potentially transforming patient care and treatment outcomes in dentistry.

Обоснование параметров пресс-гранулятора для линии приготовления высокобелковой кормовой добавки для с/х птицы

On the basis of the analysis of the composition of on the basis of the analysis of the composition of traditional formulations for broilers the conclusion is made about the necessity of obtaining the meat and fish component at a lower cost. It is concluded that it is necessary to obtain meat and fish components of lower production cost. By analysing the existing by analysing the existing designs of press-granulators the direction in their improvement is established. The innovative scheme of the press-granulator is offered, for which the parameters are theoretically justified parameters are substantiated by theoretical way. The use of this device as a part of technological line for production of high-protein granulated additive has shown its high efficiency in comparison with extruding. Key words: FORMULATION, FEED, PRESS-GRANULATOR, SCHEME, PARAMETERS, PRODUCTIVITY, MEAT AND FISH BONE RAW MATERIALS, SOYA FLOUR, POWER, ENERGY

The Potential of Using Shungite Mineral from Eastern Kazakhstan in Formulations for Rubber Technical Products.

This study examined the effect of partially replacing semi-reinforcing carbon black grade N550 (up to 10 pts. wt.) and fully replacing industrial chalk with natural shungite mineral in industrial formulations of elastomer compositions intended for manufacturing various rubber technical products. It has been shown that due to the high content of carbon and silicon components in the composition of shungite mineral micropowders, their use as a filler in elastomer formulations significantly improves the physical and mechanical properties of rubber technical products (RTPs) manufactured using such compositions. It was determined that the use of SM as a partial replacement for carbon black in rubbers intended for molded rubber technical products contributes to a reduction in Mooney viscosity (up to 26.8%) and optimal vulcanization time (up to 23.7%), achieving rubbers with the required set of physical-mechanical properties and with an enhancing sealing capability (up to 19.7%). It has been established that the use of shungite mineral micropowders as a complete replacement for industrial chalk increases the strength of rubber products (RTPs) by up to 18.5% and enhances their resistance to liquid aggressive environments.

Enhancing mechanical properties of recycled sheet molding compound composites through catalytic and ozone activation

AbstractCurrently, mechanical recycling offers a feasible approach to reduce scraps or end‐of‐life product (EoL) of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites, such as sheet molding compound (SMC), without gravely impact on energy and costs. However, the resulting material is characterized by a discontinuous bulk, limiting its application to low‐value products. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of composites made by fresh unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and recycled SMC with a content from 10% up to 40% by weight (wt), was carried out. To enhance the chemical interactions between the inert recycled SMC and the fresh UPR, and as consequence their mechanical properties, two different transesterification catalysts, aluminum (III) sec‐butoxide and titanium (IV) butoxide at 1.0 wt%, were utilized. To further investigate the interaction between SMC and fresh UPR, an ozone treatment was carried out on SMC before blending and all the composites compared with no‐treated reference systems. Among the formulated composites, the one made by 40 wt% of SMC and titanium (IV) butoxide results to be the most performant system with a Tg around 137°C, a modulus of 3.7 GPa and strain at break around 1.42%. These results could innovate the manufacturing of recycled composites with superior mechanical properties, potentially used for applications such as cabinet, panels, or external cladding.Highlights Mechanical recycling of sheet molding compound “SMC”. Ozone treatment of SMC filler before blending with fresh UPR. Activation of filler with Al and Ti Alkoxide; –Enhanced mechanical properties for UPR + SMC40% + Ti sample; –Enhanced elongation at break for UPR + SMC20% + O3.

Starch-based composite formulation of chickpea flour and black carrot (Daucus carota l.) pomace in extruded snacks: In vitro gastrointestinal behavior and stability of bioactive compounds.

Black carrot pomace (BCP) is a by-product of colorant production, containing various valuable components with the health promoting effects. In this study, for the first time, BCP was incorporated into a starch-based extruded snack formulation using wheat semolina and corn starch. Total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, phenolics, and anthocyanins after processing and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion were investigated, and physical and textural properties of the snack products were determined. Incorporating BCP significantly raised the TPC and antioxidant levels, notably achieving peak levels in snacks enriched with 20 % BCP. The phenolic acids and anthocyanins were increased significantly (48-382 %) (p < 0.05) with simulated gastric digestion whereas no anthocyanins were detected after simulated intestinal digestion. On the other hand, the extrusion process resulted in a negative impact on anthocyanin concentrations, particularly marked by a significant reduction in some cyanidin derivatives indicating the detrimental effect of extrusion on the molecular integrity of anthocyanins under high temperature and pressure, leading to their degradation. In the final product, the snacks displayed lower expansion indices, water absorption index, water solubility index, and lightness; but had higher hardness and redness values compared to the control and turned slightly darker. The study proposes to evaluate BCP as a value-added ingredient that imparts functional properties to foods along with the utilization of starch in the extrusion process. Additionally, the integration of wheat semolina and corn starch contributed to the structural integrity and texture of the extruded snacks, highlighting the importance of polysaccharides in the formulation.