Physical Formulas Research Articles

Interface microstructure and magnetic properties of α-Sm2Co17/β-Sm2Co17 dual phase nanowire magnetic composite

The α-Sm2Co17/β-Sm2Co17 dual phase nanowire magnetic composite have been successfully electrodeposited into the highly self-ordered AAO templates using a direct current (DC) electrodeposition method and annealing process. Based on the relevant physical formula and chemical principle of atomic size and electronegativity applied in bulk amorphous alloys, the author explained the formation mechanism and amorphous characteristics of Sm–Co amorphous nanowires. It is proved that this theory coincides with the experimental results quite well. In addition, adopting the method of calculation and graph simulation, we explain the crystallization mechanism of phase transformation of Sm–Co amorphous nanowires electrodeposited in AAO template, give out a schematic illustration of the corresponding microstructures and morphologies of Sm–Co phases, and indicate the relationship between interface microstructure and magnetic properties of the α-Sm2Co17/β-Sm2Co17 dual phase nanocomposite.

The problems of integrating multiple representation skills in physics learning

This is a preliminary research to find out what problems exist in physics learning related to students’ ability in understanding the concept of physics with multiple representation learning approaches. Problem analysis is carried out in conjunction with physical content analysis and analysis of student characteristics based on data collected from interviews, observation and literature review. Of the 100 high school students in Padang who were interviewed and given a questionnaire, 80% of students did not understand the physical concepts of physics formulas that had been studied, mathematical formulas and equations in physics actually made them not understand the learning material and they hate physics subjects and assume that physics subjects are difficult subjects. Observation results indicate that 78% of teachers have used a multiple representation approach but it is not effective to improve understanding of the concept of physics. Literature review show that concept understanding will be more optimal if the approach in learning is presented in an interactive and interesting form as can be done if using ICT in learning. The results of this study then will be used as material in further research on the development of multiple representation modeling learning models to solve problem in physics learning.

Theoretical study on 252 terahertz Gaussian beam shaping based on an off-axis transmissive all-dielectric metasurface

An off-axis transmissive all-dielectric square metasurface with a side length of 55 mm is designed and studied in this paper. It can shape the 2.52 terahertz Gaussian beam into a rigorous plane wave (we define the required field-quality of the rigorous plane wave region: peak-to-peak amplitude ripple less than 1 dB and phase ripple less than 10°). The metasurface is composed of silicon cylindrical resonators whose phase modulation can almost span over the entire 2π range and the poly (4-methyl-1-pentene) substrate. The diameters of the resonators are from 11 to 35 μm and the heights of them are all 60 μm. The working range of the obtained plane wave is calculated by the physical optics integral formula when the off-axis angle is 22°. The results show that when the off-axis propagation distance is 1050 mm, the area satisfying the plane wave condition is 17×20 mm2, and the diffraction efficiency (we define the diffraction efficiency: the ratio of the total light field energy on the target plane to the total energy of light field that is just after the metasurface along the propagation of incident light) of the rigorous plane wave region cross-section is 23.4%. In addition, a random silicon cylinder diameter fabrication error within ± 4.5 μm is taken into account for the actual fabrication condition. The error satisfies the normal distribution with a mean of 0 μm and a standard deviation of 3 μm. The influence of the fabrication error on the shaping result is studied. We anticipate that the whole study will have certain pragmatic applications in some fields, such as enlarging the capture area of terahertz optical tweezers.

Theory Mathematics and Physics Model Fitting of Kinematic Parameter for Usain Bolt 100 Metres Sprint at Beijing Olympic Games 2008

In this paper, we develop a mathematical and physics model or formula of displacement-time dependent, velocity-time dependent, acceleration-time dependent, kinetic energy-time dependent and mechanical power-time dependent for Usain Bolt in the 100 m sprint at Beijing olympic games 2008. We use data of distance, velocity, time for Usain Bolt from Mackata Krzysztof and Antti Mero analysis kinematic parameter of Usain Bolt to compare the mathematical and physics model. The mathematical and physics model corresponding velocity, and acceleration as shown in the book entitled Introduction to sport biomechanics of Roger Bartlett(pp.83-92).

Закономерности размещения уникальных и крупных месторождений нефти и газа в земной коре, нефтегазогенерирующие глубинные зоны образования углеводородов и первичные астеносферные землетрясения как единый планетарный процес

The causal relationship between the location of the largest discovered hydrocarbon deposits (about 1000) and the lithosphere thickness in the regions of the Earth crust is shown. Only the significant amount of facts may be considered as the arguments of uniqueness of the existence of deep zones of hydrocarbon generation on planetary rheological in nature, lithospheric-asthenospheric boundary followed by catastrophic break in the lithosphere. In the framework of the proposed model, the next migration process can be both sequential and abrupt. The model is based on the well-known physical formula transformed into a geodynamic expression that describes a natural process of hydraulic fracturing of the lithosphere crystalline rocks when the plume achieves the critical volume. It seems that the process of accumulation of matter in the plume and its evacuation interacts and goes parallel to the earthquake activity.

Consistent Empirical Physical Formula Construction for Gamma Ray Angular Distribution Coefficients by Layered Feedforward Neural Network

Multipolarities of gamma rays and spins-parities of nuclear states are usually investigated by the angular distribution of gamma rays emitted from aligned states formed by nuclear reactions. For different multipolarities of the transitions, the distribution shows different characteristics. The distribution is obtained by using angular distribution formula which has literature tabulated coefficients for different spins and multipolarities. However, these coefficients involve -fold tensor products and they are highly nonlinear in nature. Furthermore, as the calculation of these coefficients implicitly involves highly complicated integral quantities, they are very difficult to handle explicitly for larger values. In this respect, as we theoretically proved in a previous paper, universal nonlinear function approximator layered feedforward neural network (LFNN) can be applied to construct consistent empirical physical formulas (EPFs) for nonlinear physical phenomena. In this paper, by concentrating on the integer spins of nuclear states and dipole and quadrupole type multipolarities of the transitions, we consistently estimated the coefficients by constructing suitable LFNNs. The LFNN-EPFs fitted the literature coefficient data very well. Moreover, magnificent LFNN test set forecastings over previously unseen data confirmed the consistent LFNN-EPFs for the determination of coefficients. In this sense, we can conclude that the LFNN consistently infers nonlinear physical laws governing the angular distribution of gamma rays, which are otherwise difficult to obtain by conventional coefficient calculation methods.

RANCANG BANGUN MEDIA BELAJAR FISIKA DASAR UNTUK MAHASISWA BERBASIS ANDROID

The design of basic physics aims to assist students in understanding the lessons of physics for students in particular and the general public .. This design contains basic formulas of physics, exercise problems and cases that run with the Android operating system designed specifically for smartphones and tablets, and can be done in offline, so users are not required to connect to the internet to use it. Rapid Application Design method is very well used to solve the problem of misunderstanding between users and analysts arising from the user is unable to clearly define their needs. And the analysis using Unified Modeling Language method used to perform specifications, visualization, construction, and documentation artifact a software system

Semi-Autonomous Drone for Agriculture on the Tractor Base

Abstract This paper deals with the prospects of using a drone for spraying the gardens and vineyards. Relevance of this process is substantiated with the help of statistical data on the industry in Ukraine. To increase the efficiency of drones during the plant treatment, the concept of a semi-autonomous drone is proposed with connection to a communication line with a tractor – a “tractor-drone” complex. A spraying solution and commands for the drone are transmitted via the communication line. Basic physical formulas for appropriate selection of technical means for the lifting of sprayer frame are presented. Environmental parameters for the flight control system were estimated: temperature fluctuation at 20 K requires screw speed increase by 1.5%; an increase in atmospheric pressure by 5% allows reduction of screw speed by 2%. Tasks of the control system for the concept of semi-autonomous drones are defined in the paper.

Synthesis of a Helical Analogue of Kekulene: A Flexible π-Expanded Helicene with Large Helical Diameter Acting as a Soft Molecular Spring.

A π-expanded helicene that is the helically twisted analogue of kekulene was synthesized using a 6-fold ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM) reaction as a key step. The π-expanded geometry with large helical diameter ( dh = 10.2 Å), consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms (C54H30), was unambiguously determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. We found that the π-expanded helicene with large helical diameter will act as a soft molecular spring with a small spring constant. Interestingly, the mechanical properties of the molecular springs roughly satisfied a physical formula for macroscopic spring materials; i.e., the force constant of the elongation of a molecular spring ( k) is inversely proportional to the third power of the helical diameter ( k ∝ dh-3).

Design of a New Type of Solid-State Coaxial Blumlein Pulse Forming Line

Due to the volume and weight of the coaxial Blumlein pulse forming line (B-PFL) with liquid energy storage medium are very large and energy storage density is relatively small, a new solid-state coaxial B-PFL is designed for the pulsed power technology in this paper. There are three conductor cylinders in the pulse forming line (PFL): inner cylinder, middle cylinder, and outer cylinder. Ferroelectric ceramics is selected as the energy storage medium which is between the middle cylinder and inner cylinder, and middle cylinder and outer cylinder. The impedance, electric length, parameters such as pulsewidth and its required physical length calculation formula of the PFL is deduced, based on the coaxial cable of the related parameter calculation formula. The formula for determination of relative suitable radius size is obtained. The simulation of electric field of PFL is implemented in the simulation software Ansoft Maxwell, and the results show that the design of the coaxial B-PFL is feasibility. The pulse forming principle has carried on the detailed validation in the simulation software PSPICE, and the results show that the design scheme of PFL is feasible. The application of the PFL can largely reduce the volume and weight of the pulsed power device, and it has a good application prospect.

The Acceleration Formula (Equation) In Physics: How To Use It

The Acceleration Formula (Equation) In Physics: How To Use It

PARAMETRIZATION AS AN ASSISTENT IN PHYSICAL PROBLEM SOLVING

The article deals with physical problems solving and derivation of general physical formulas using parameterization. There is shown in particular examples how the physical problems can be generalized by introducing suitable parameters which then allows to effectively solve the entire series of tasks. The authors also draw attention to the possibilities of didactic use of this procedure within mathematics and physics education, especially the usefulness of discussion on the problem solution according to the parameters values. Last but not least, the parameterization of the physical problems contributes to better learners´ understanding of relationships between physical quantities. Article visualizations:

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Kalkulator Fisika-Induksi Elektromagnetik Berbasis Adobe Flash Pro CS6

The purpose of this research are to: (1) produce a Physics Calculator application for Junior High School (SMP) based on Adobe Flash with study of material of Electromagnetic Induction and (2) to know the feasibility of the Physics Calculator application. This application has a model of physics formula based on basic competence , with animation on each material and exerciseand the model referring to the UN CBT standard . Besides, the completion output on th is app lication provides the solution. The research and development method used refers to the concept of ADDIE. Menu s and features of the application have been adjusted to the design, so it can work well on Windows Operating System. The feasibility test of Physics Calculator application is carried out by distributing the assessment sheet s to the media expert s and to 9 th grade students at SMPN 251 Jakarta and SMPN 203 Jakarta, with the result of 88.63%, 93.83%, and 93.38% respectively . The average validation percentage is 91.94% .S o , it can be concluded that this physics calculator app is categorized valid. This application is expected to optimize the 9 th grade students ’ understanding of subject mater ials through animated media based on Adobe Flash Pro CS6.

SPECIAL THEORY OF ADMINISTRATIVE – LEGAL REGULATION OF INFORMATION SECURITY OF THE SOCIAL SYSTEMS

The article deals with the principles of creating a special theory of administrative and legal regulation of information security, analyzes the process of its analogy with physical laws, analyzes the threats and dangers to interests and all information security that affect the process of modeling, determines the principles of constructing and researching models of information security of social systems. It was noted that the administrative and legal regulation of information security is due to the need for state management of the processes of formation and use of information resources, the creation and application of information systems and the provision of information security of social systems. It is proved that to a large extent information security is caused by the need for administrative regulation of information relations in various spheres that form the system itself and maintain its integrity. It is determined that the administrative and legal basis of information security of social systems should provide an ideal state of activity of subjects, system and its models. Selected concrete administrative and legal principles of information security, such as physical formulas, create its model. Of course, for each social system, the model of information security is individual. However, there are also general patterns of modeling, for example — the construction of the model should be based on the simple and optimal (as we are referred to by the flow of light), administrative and legal principles. It is proved that high rates of development of information technologies, create new requirements to the sphere of security in general and to information security in particular. The reform of the legislation regulating activity in the field of information security should be based on the proper scientific theory. What is urgent is the need to create a General Security Theory, which would explain and regulate the set of processes of ensuring the safety of society.

Abrasion wear analysis in running shoes using a gridded methodology with CIE-L-a-b colour identification

Wear identification and projection have eluded shoe manufacturers due to the myriad of factors that affect the abrasion wear of shoes. Using a gridded three-dimensional cloud comparison in CloudCompare software, abrasion wear thickness of shoes was identified using the CIE-L-a-b colour system that is interpolated with the physical formula representation of colours. After obtaining the thickness lost, other wear factors like the material properties of the shoe sole, the runners’ personal profile and the running schedule were combined for wear projection. The methodological process from a non-destructive wear detection to wear projection allows shoe manufacturers to reduce the iterations of wear testing while maximizing the entire analysis of shoe wear. Shoe samples were kindly sponsored by ASICS Institute of Sport Science.

SPECIAL THEORY OF ADMINISTRATIVE – LEGAL REGULATION OF INFORMATION SECURITY OF THE SOCIAL SYSTEMS

The article deals with the principles of creating a special theory of administrative and legal regulation of information security, analyzes the process of its analogy with physical laws, analyzes the threats and dangers to interests and all information security that affect the process of modeling, determines the principles of constructing and researching models of information security of social systems.It was noted that the administrative and legal regulation of information secu- rity is due to the need for state management of the processes of formation and use of information resources, the creation and application of information systems and the provision of information security of social systems. It is proved that to a large extent information security is caused by the need for administrative regulation of information relations in various spheres that form the system itself and maintain its integrity. It is determined that the administrative and legal basis of information security of social systems should provide an ideal state of activity of subjects, system and its models. Selected concrete administrative and legal principles of information security, such as physical formulas, create its model. Of course, for each social system, the model of information security is individual. However, there are also general patterns of modeling, for example — the construction of the model should be based on the simple and optimal (as we are referred to by the flow of light), administrative and legal principles.It is proved that high rates of development of information technologies, create new requirements to the sphere of security in general and to information security in particular. The reform of the legislation regulating activity in the field of infor- mation security should be based on the proper scientific theory. What is urgent is the need to create a General Security Theory, which would explain and regulate the set of processes of ensuring the safety of society.

Test of Einstein's Mass-Energy Relation

The Einstein's mass-energy relation E = mc^2 is one of the most fundamental formulae in physics, but it has not been seriously tested by an elaborated experiment, and only some indirect evidences in nuclear reaction suggested that it holds to high precision. Manifestly, for a particle, different self potential leads to different energy-speed relation, which can be used as the fingerprints of them. In this letter, we propose an experiment to test this relation. The experiment only involves low energy of particles and measurement of speed, which can be easily realized. The experiment may shed lights on a number of fundamental puzzles in physics.

Movement of a railway car rolling down a classification hump with a tailwind

The purpose of this paper is to calculate kinematic parameters of a railway car moving with a tailwind for designing a classification hump. The calculation of kinematic parameters is based on the d'Alembert principle, and the physical speed and distance formula for uniformly accelerated or uniformly decelerated motions of a body. By determining a difference between two components - gravitational force of a car and the resistance force of all kinds (frictional resistance, air and wind resistance, resistance from switches and curves, snow and frost resistance), which take place at different sections of a hump profile, the authors calculated the car acceleration at various types of car resistance, as well as time and speed of its movement. Acceleration, time and speed were plotted as a function of the length of a hump profile section. The research results suggest that permissible impact velocities of cars can be achieved by changing profiles of projected hump sections or by using additional hump retarders.

Spark ignition engine modeling for in-cylinder pressure and temperature prediction using simulink

Mathematical model for four-stroke gasoline engines based on a cylinder-by-cylinder engine modeling method that incorporates physical formulas such as engine geometry and empirical formulas such as combustion duration are applied in this study. In-cylinder pressure and temperature can be calculated for gasoline four-cycle engine. Modeling is done by treating each step in the cylinder as a volume control, solving the conservation equations of energy with submodules for combustion, heat transfer and dynamic analysis. Calculations in cycles are performed at each crank angle, so that the correct angle of ignition, variations in velocity, amount of intake mass and fuel burning speed can be predicted. Adjustment for the combustion parameter such as burn duration and form factor of the Wiebe function to increase the model accuracy was performed. It is shown that the optimization of the Wiebe function parameters able to improve the sum squared error of the engine pressure estimation by 58.17% compared to the result from generalized parameter functions, and the parameter of form factor and burn duration are influential by around twice of (1.86 and 2.55 times, respectively) the efficiency factor.

Consistent neural network empirical physical formula constructions for nonlinear scattering intensities of dye-doped nematic liquid crystals with ultraviolet pump laser-driven Fredericksz threshold shifts

Intrinsic high nonlinearity in experimentally measured laser scattering intensities poses significant difficulties in analyzing various molecular and optical properties of nematic liquid crystals (NLCs). In this respect, as we theoretically proved in a previous paper, universal nonlinear function approximator layered feedforward neural network (LFNN) can be applied to construct consistent empirical physical formulas (EPFs) for nonlinear physical phenomena.The novelty of this paper is that, by using our previous conference paper data (literature data or simply data for short) for He-Ne probe laser illumination nonlinear scattering intensities of dye-doped NLCs with ultraviolet pump laser-driven Fredericksz threshold (FT) shifts, we constructed definitive LFNN-EPFs for these illumination intensities of nonlinear scattering exhibiting FT shifts. The dyes used in the literature data were methyl red (MR) azo and disperse red (DR) anthraquinone. The LFNN-EPFs fitted the data very well. Moreover, magnificent LFNN test set forecastings over previously unseen data confirmed the consistent LFNN-EPFs inferences of the intensities of scattering. The LFNN-EPFs properly extracted the FT threshold shifts, as well as revealing the intensity dependencies on the kind of dye used. We, therefore, conclude the LFNN consistently infers nonlinear physical laws governing the NLC scattering data. Provided that sufficient scattering intensity data is available, these nonlinear physical laws embedded in LFNN-EPFs may potentially be useful for investigating various NLC molecular structure parameters in molecular nonlinear optics domain. This knowledge may be applicable in developing new optical materials.