Formulation A2 Research Articles

Shape memory resin with high temperature resistance for plugging fracture formations drilled with oil-based drilling fluid

Lost circulation usually occurs when drilling fracture formations using oil-based drilling fluids (OBDFs). This study synthesized the shape memory epoxy resins (EHN) with a glass transition temperature range of 94–122 °C. They exhibited good thermal stability and dynamical mechanism performance. The EHN did not swell in oil at different temperatures; however, its shape changed with temperature. Optimized by an orthogonal experiment, the thickness swelling rate prepared under the optimal conditions was more than 74%. The particle size reduction rate did not exceed 5% after aging at 150 °C in oil, which was less than 1/4 of that of the nutshell. The EHN1 with a glass transition temperature of 122 °C, prepared under the optimal conditions (OEHN1), was utilized to control lost circulation in OBDF at high temperatures. At a heating rate of 1–10 °C/min, the shape memory rate of OEHN1 required 14–107 min to reach 100% in the temperature range of 30–150 °C, respectively. The shape memory recovery rate of OEHN1 reached to 10, 28, 57, and 97% at 80, 100, 120, and 125 °C within 60 min, respectively. In addition, it required 4–10 min to recover to 100% at 135–150 °C, respectively. OEHN1 did not recover below 80 °C, partially recovered between 80 and 120 °C, and completely recovered above 125 °C (>glass transition temperature). When plugging the wedge fracture with inlet/outlet fracture widths of 3/1 mm at 80–150 °C, formula 2 (F2) containing OEHN1 exhibited lower fluid loss and stabler pressure-bearing capacity under 15 MPa. When plugging the wedge fracture with inlet/outlet fracture widths of 4/2 mm, F2 withstood a pressure of 5 MPa at 80 °C and 15 MPa at 120 °C and 150 °C. Further, OEHN1 exhibited excellent temperature responsiveness and plugging performance. They transformed from the glassy to rubber state following full activation at 125–150 °C. They became elastic particles, expanded from flakes to cubes, and could adapt to different crack sizes. In addition, they bridged, accumulated, filled, and formed compact cracks with other lost circulation materials. Consequently, they formed a force-chain network that improved the stability of the plugging layer.

Physicochemical characterization of novel toothpaste from Caulerpa racemosa and Thunnus fish bone: Antibacterial potency against colonization of selected cariogenic-periodontal bacteria

This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of toothpaste from combined Caulerpa racemosa and Thunnus fish bone (Toothpaste Caulerpa and Thunnus or TCT) and its antibacterial activity towards the colonization of selected cariogenic and periodontal bacterias. Four forms of toothpaste which contained C. racemosa extract and calcium carbonate or bone isolates of tuna and control (F1 (1.5:45); F2 (3:45); F3 (4.5:45); F4 (0:45)) were compared and analyzed for antioxidant activity (DPPH assay), organoleptic (sensory), homogeneity, viscosity, pH, and foamability. Antibacterial activity tests were conducted on Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The antioxidant activity of the group’s (F1, F2, F3, F4) p=0.0001 differed considerably (CI 95%). F3 was the most antioxidant-active formula, with 27.46 ± 3.09%. F3 also had good sensory tests, adequate homogeneity, optimal pH 7.64 ± 0.68, an increased viscosity level of 443.07 ± 0.12, and the least foam formations of 19.28 ± 0.07, all of which are significantly different (p<0.05) from other variations of TCT formulas. Interestingly, F3 has greater inhibition against the activity of selected bacterias. In conclusion, formula 3 (F3) is a recommended toothpaste, made from combined C. racemosa and Thunnus fish bone, and has promising physicochemical and antibacterial properties. A further clinical study is urgently needed.

Penyembuhan Luka Bakar Gel Enzim Bromelin Secara In Vivo

Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme or natural protease found in tissues, including the stem, fruit, and leaves of pineapple (Ananas comosus var. comosus) and other plant species of the Bromeliaceae family. Bromelain is known as an efficient debdriding agent because it is beneficial in burn healing and tissue regeneration. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of bromelain enzyme for burns wounds in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). This research began with the optimization of carbopol 940 base preparations with variations in concentration, namely Formula 1 (F1) for 0,5%, Formula 2 (F2) for 1%, and Formula 3 (F3) for 1,5%. The evaluation of the gel formulation includes an organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, viscosity test, adhesive force test, and spreadability test. The evaluation result indicates the base concentration in Formula 1 (F1) at 0,5% has met the requirements for a gel preparation. Formula 1 (F1) for 0,5, then combined with varying concentration of bromelain, namely Formula 1A (0,1%), Formula 1B (0,5%), and Formula 1C (1%). The gel formulation wa re-evaluated, including an organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, viscosity test, adhesion test, spreadability test, irritation test, and in vivo test. In vivo effectiveness testing and irritation testing were conducted on five treatment groups, namely a positive control group (Bioplacenton®), Formula 1A (0,1%), Formula 1B (0,5%), Formula 1C (1%), and a group without treatment, then observed for 15 days. The observation data were processed using the One Way ANOVA test. Based on the results of the irritation test, Formula 1A (0,1%). Formula 1B (0,5%) and Formula 1C (1%) did not cause skin irritation. In the in vivo test, Formula 1C (1%) indicated the fastest recovery compared to other treatment groups, as evidenced by the decrease in wound diameter and visual observation, where the wound had started to close completely on day 15 of observation.

Formulation and physical stability analysis of red beetroots (Beta vulgaris l.) effervescent granules

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Red beetroots (Beta vulgaris L.) are a natural ingredient rich in nutrients and provide various notable health benefits. In dentistry, red beetroots have the potential to act as a plaque-disclosing agent. Previous studies showed that red beetroot preparation in gelform is more effective compared to chewable tablets, but has significant drawbacks in taste. Effervescent granules have the potential to conceal the unpleasant taste of beetroot substances. This study aims to determine the ideal formula and evaluate the physical properties and stability of effervescent granules made from red beetroot extract. Methods: This was an experimental design study with descriptive analysis. The maceration method was used to extract the red beetroot constituents. Fresh fruits were collected, air-dried, and macerated with 96% ethanol twice. The filtrates were then concentrated. The wet granulation method was used to formulate effervescent granules. The samples were grouped into formula 1 (F1), formula 2 (F2), and formula 3 (F3) using 1%, 3%, and 4% red beetroot extract, respectively. All sample groups were analyzed for physical stability, namely: organoleptic, flowability, density, dissolving time, and pH tests. Results: All samples surpassed the sensory evaluation for physical properties. Formula 1 (1%) and formula 2 (3%) models passed all the physical stability tests. Meanwhile, the 4% formula (F3) failed two physical tests. F1 (1%) samples also showed lighter brown color for its lower beetroot extract concentration, indicating under-qualification as dental plaque staining materials. Therefore, 3% concentration (F2) has the best formulation regarding physical properties and stability. Conclusion: Formulas F1 and F2 have the best physical properties and stability by passing all the tests, while Formula 3 failed the organoleptic and flow rate tests.KEYWORDSformulation, physical stability, Beta vulgaris L, effervescent granules

Uji Penyembuhan Luka Bakar Gel Enzim Bromelin Menggunakan Carbopol 940 Secara In Vivo

Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme or natural protease found in tissues, including the stem, fruit, and leaves of pineapple (Ananas comosus var. comosus) and other plant species of the Bromeliaceae family. Bromelain is known as an efficient debdriding agent because it is beneficial in burn healing and tissue regeneration. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of bromelain enzyme for burns wounds in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). This research began with the optimization of carbopol 940 base preparations with variations in concentration, namely Formula 1 (F1) for 0,5%, Formula 2 (F2) for 1%, and Formula 3 (F3) for 1,5%. The evaluation of the gel formulation includes an organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, viscosity test, adhesive force test, and spreadability test. The evaluation result indicates the base concentration in Formula 1 (F1) at 0,5% has met the requirements for a gel preparation. Formula 1 (F1) for 0,5, then combined with varying concentration of bromelain, namely Formula 1A (0,1%), Formula 1B (0,5%), and Formula 1C (1%). The gel formulation wa re-evaluated, including an organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, viscosity test, adhesion test, spreadability test, irritation test, and in vivo test. In vivo effectiveness testing and irritation testing were conducted on five treatment groups, namely a positive control group (Bioplacenton®), Formula 1A (0,1%), Formula 1B (0,5%), Formula 1C (1%), and a group without treatment, then observed for 15 days. The observation data were processed using the One Way ANOVA test. Based on the results of the irritation test, Formula 1A (0,1%). Formula 1B (0,5%) and Formula 1C (1%) did not cause skin irritation. In the in vivo test, Formula 1C (1%) indicated the fastest recovery compared to other treatment groups, as evidenced by the decrease in wound diameter and visual observation, where the wound had started to close completely on day 15 of observation.

Formulation and Evaluation of Citronella Oil (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) Cream for Acne Treatment

Acne is a prevalent skin disorder that aff ects 80–85% of teenagers globally. Citronella oil is one of the natural compounds that has been known to potentially treat acne, but its application is limited due to its greasiness and uncomfortable sensation on skin. This study aimed to optimize the concentration of cetyl alcohol as a viscosity enhancer that can produce a physically stable cream preparation and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the optimized formula against Propionibacterium acnes. Following the emulsifi cation process, the physical characteristics of the fi ve cream formulas, including organoleptic, homogeneity, emulsion type, pH, adhesion, specifi c gravity, viscosity, and stability were evaluated. Formula 3 (F3), cream formulation with 6% cetyl alcohol having physical characteristics of a white homogeneous cream with a pronounced lemongrass scent, emulsion type o/w, pH of 6.30 ± 0.02, adhesion of 16.85 ± 0.58 s, a specifi c gravity of 1.031 ± 0.009 g/mL, and viscosity of 4418 ± 182 m Pas was chosen as the optimized formula. F3 was then subjected to antibacterial testing against P. acne and showed a 9.35 mm inhibition zone. Cream-based citronella oil, therefore, becomes a promising preparation for acne treatment

Preparation, characterization and release studies of naproxen-loaded microspheres from natural gums

Background: Use of biodegradable natural materials as pharmaceutical excipients is increasing. In this study, Naproxen loaded microbeads were produced, using natural gums obtained from Cedrela odorata and Irvingia gabonensisObjective: Aim is to evaluate physicochemical properties of the gums and determining release properties of the formulations.Materials and Methods: Cedrela gum (CG) and Irvingia gum (IG) were extracted from Cedrela odorata and Irvingia gabonensis respectively, and characterized by viscosity, density and pH measurements. Naproxen microbeads were formulated (Formulation A2 to A9) with the gums and sodium alginate using ionotropic gelation method. Cross linkers (CaCl2 or Al2[SO4]3) were used at different curing times. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photomicrographs, entrapment efficiency and release profiles of the formulations were determined.Results: Physicochemical property tests showed that the gums possess good flow, viscosity and they presented with acidic pH. There was no interaction between FT-IR spectra of the gums and naproxen. SEM revealed microbeads to be almost spherical, having slightly rough surfaces. Microbeads from Formulation A6 had the largest particle size (1500±163.2 μm) while Formulation A9 possessed the smallest particle size A9 (491.6±191.7 μm). All the formulations gave high entrapment efficiency (80 – 96%); microbeads containing IG (Batch A6 – A9) had higher values than those formulated with CG gum (Batch A2 – A5) (p > 0.05). Batch A6 (containing IG with CaCl2 at curing time of 15 minutes) gave the highest drug release (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Gums obtained from Cedrela odorata and Irvingia gabonensis possessed good physicochemical properties and produced microbeads suitable for the controlled release of Naproxen. Formulations containing Irvingia gum showed higher drug release and better entrapment.

Pembuatan Formula Bolu Kukus Selobit dan Uji Daya terima sebagai Kudapan dalam Upaya Pencegahan Ibu Hamil dengan Kurang Energi Kronis and Anemia

The incidence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) in pregnant women can increase the mother's risk of anemia, low body weight, bleeding, infectious diseases, and low birth weight. One of the efforts to reduce the incidence of CED pregnant women is the provision of additional food (PMT). Steamed Bolu can be an alternative to PMT for pregnant women. This study aims to determine the acceptability of beetroot cake as PMT for pregnant women and the effect of giving beetroot steamed cake on pregnant women's Hb levels. This type of research is an experiment with a completely randomized design (CRD). The number of experimental units was 4 treatments and each treatment was repeated with 3 replications. The results of the study were analyzed by ANOVA. The results of the preference test showed that Formula 2 (addition of 150gr of beets) turned out to be preferable in terms of taste (p-value=0.452), and aroma (p-value=0.713). Meanwhile, F1 (addition of 125gr of beets) is preferred in terms of color (p-value=0.922), texture (p-value=0.201), and aroma (p-value=0.713). Formula 3 (addition of 175gr of beetroot) turned out to contain higher energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, Fe, and water content than other formulas. The results of the trial on pregnant women showed that there was no significant difference between Hb levels before and after being given a steamed sponge. This study concludes that formula 1 (F1) is preferred. Then formula 3 (F3) contains the highest nutrient content. There was no difference in the Hb levels of pregnant women before and after being given steamed beet cake.

Development and Characterization of Tramadol Hydrochloride Rectal Suppository

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic drug. Rectal administration of tramadol is useful in the treatment of post-operative pain or malignant pain in cases where it cannot be administered orally. Rectal suppositories of tramadol hydrochloride were prepared using different bases and polymers and the effect of different additives on in vitro release of tramadol hydrochloride was studied. The agar-based suppositories were non-disintegrating/non-dissolving. All the prepared suppositories were evaluated for various physical parameters like weight variation, drug content and hardness. In vitro release study was performed by USP type I apparatus. Addition of 10% w/w propylene glycol accelerates the release of tramadol hydrochloride significantly (P<0.05) as in A1, which may be due to decrease in the gel matrix of agar. In formulation A2, A3 Addition of HPMC (1%, 3% w/w) and in formulation A3 and A4 addition of PVP (1%, 3% w/w) retards the release significantly (P<0.05), which may be due to increase in the viscosity and gel strength of the polymer matrix. Hence, PVP, HPMC and similar polymers in higher concentration can be used to formulate sustained released suppositories. The sustained release suppositories can be prepared by addition of PVP, HPMC in agar-based suppositories. Keywords: Tramadol, Rectal suppositories, PVP, HPMC, Agar.

Formulation of Anti Acne Loose Powder of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) Ethanol Extract

Bawang dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb is one of the notable Iridaceae family, originating from Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Previous studies have reported that E. bulbosa ethanol extract and its cream preparation have antibacterial properties that can inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria and cause no significant skin adverse reaction. This study aimed to make a loose powder preparation from E. bulbosa ethanol extract and determine its physical evaluation and antibacterial activity. Loose powder formulation was made with various concentrations of E. bulbosa ethanol extract, F0 (0%), F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%). Loose powder evaluates for organoleptic, homogeneity, and antibacterial activity by the disc diffusion method. The results show that E. bulbosa ethanol extract can produce a loose powder formulation. The color of the formula is rather yellow (F0), brown-ash (F1), and light brown (F2 and F3), which has a typical mint odor, smooth texture, and homogeneous. All formulations inhibited the growth of Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. This present study showed the potential of Formula 3 (F3) as an anti-acne loose powder due to its organoleptic properties, homogeneity, and antibacterial activity, which has the largest inhibition zone diameter of 17.6 ± 3.1 mm.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI SEDIAAN TABLET HISAP DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI KOPI ARABIKA (Coffea arabica L.) JAVA PREANGER SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN

Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Java Preanger is the best coffee from West Java which is better known internationally as Java Preanger. One of the secondary metabolites found in Arabica coffee beans and efficacious as an antioxidant is chlorogenic acid. Lozenges were made by wet granulation method with various concentrations of coffee extract 5%, 10% and 15%. The resulting preparation was then evaluated for its physical and antioxidant activity. Physical evaluation includes organoleptic tests, weight uniformity, size uniformity, hardness, friability, frictionibility and disintegration time. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity test was carried out using the ABTS method. Based on the results of the physical evaluation, the formulation that meets the requirements is formula 3 (F3) with a coffee bean extract concentration of 15% and has the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 27.915 ppm.

FORMULATION AND ANTIOXIDANTS EVALUATION OF LIQUID SOAP OF SALACCA ZALACCA (GAERTN.) VOSS. PEELS ETHANOL EXTRACT 96%

Background: Free radicals are compounds that can adversely affect the skin, so antioxidants are needed to maintain healthy skin. Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss. peels extract contains flavonoids which are potential as antioxidants. To maximize the role of topical antioxidants from extracts of Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss. Peels against free radicals that expose the skin, therefore an acceptable preparation is needed, one of which is soap. Objective: this study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of the 96% ethanol peels extract of Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss. and the formulated soap which containing the fruit peels extract. Method: Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH test (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). Results: IC50 of Antioxidants values of the extract are 62.08 ppm. Antioxidants IC50 of the formulated soap are 139.65 ppm for Formula 1 (F1); 73.2 ppm for Formula 2 (F2); and 55 ppm for Formula 3 (F3). The results show that the 96% ethanol extract of Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss has the potential as source of natural antioxidants that can be developed in liquid soap preparations. Conclusions: Peels and the soap formulated containing the extract of the fruit peels has antioxidant potency. The antioxidant activity of liquid soap preparations increases with the increase in ethanol extract 96% of Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss in the liquid soap. Formula 3 (FIII) contained 3% of Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss ethanol extract 96% is the best Formula against free radicals with 62.08 ppm of IC50 which is categorized as moderate anti-oxidant

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF BREAST MILK ETHANOL EXTRACT FRUIT MEAT (Psidium Guajava L.) BY USING VARIATIONS OF EMULGATOR CONCENTRATION

Preparations cream is a semisolid dosage forms containing one or more ingredients dissolved or dispersed in the base material which one of the plants that is used as a face cream is guava, because it contains vitamin C which is quite high and has the potential as an excellent antioxidant. This study aims to determine the effect of emulsifier concentration on cream preparations and which formulas show stable results.
 This research is an experimental study with a posttest only design. The population in this study was guava fruit (Psidium guajava L.) from guava trees in Dulomo Selatan Village, Kota Utara District, Gorontalo.
 The results showed that in formula I (F1) and formula III (F3) there was a rancid odor, for texture and appearance there had been a change from formula I (F1), namely soft and dense texture and formula II (F2) and formula III (F3). to a soft and fluid texture. The result of measuring the pH of cream preparations in formula 1 (F1) is 7, formula (F2) is 7 and formula (F3) is 7, the test for spreadability of cream preparations in Formula 1 (F1) is 5.25 cm, Formula 2 (F2) 4 .5 cm and Formula 3 (F3) 5.25 cm, the centrifugation test for cream preparations in Formula 1 (F1), Formula 2 (F2) and Formula 3 (F3) separated for 2 hours.

IN VITRO DRUG RELEASE STUDY OF CHLORAMPHENICOL IN SITU GEL WITH BASES MIXTURE OF POLOXAMER 407 AND HPMC BY OPTIMIZATION WITH FACTORIAL DESIGN

Objective: The objective of this study was to find the best base mixture composition (poloxamer 407 and HPMC) of chloramphenicol in situ gel formula based on in vitro property (Cumulative amount of drug release).
 Methods: The in vitro diffusion of chloramphenicol in situ gel study was carried out using franz diffusion cells to know the effect of the Critical Process Parameters (CPPs) as independent variables (poloxamer 407 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)) on the Critical Quality Attribute (CQA) as dependent variable (cumulative amount of drug release) with 22 factorial design.
 Results: 22 factorial design of chloramphenicol in situ gel yielded 4 variations of poloxamer 407 and HPMC bases component in %w/v as follows, F1 (5:0.45), F2 (10:0.45) F3 (5:1) and F4 (10:1). The amount of drug release results from in vitro dissolution assay were 30.60% (F1), 45.64% (F2), 58.30% (F3), and 22.50%) (F4).
 Conclusion: Formula 3 (F3) was considered as the best formula component in terms of in vitro assay of chloramphenicol in situ gel with a desirability value of 0.58.

Sound pressure level of a Formula 3 car and the influence of detachable muffler-tip

This study presents the initial findings associated with the noise emission tests that were carried out in preparation of the UWR Formula 3 car. Even though Formula 3 (F3) race cars are excluded from road vehicle noise emission regulations (EU No. 540/2014), their emission is closely regulated by Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) technical regulations. According to FIA regulations, the noise generated by participating cars must not exceed 110 dB (A-weighted) under specific test conditions. The acoustic tests presented in this study were carried out at RAF (Royal Air Force) Cosford airfield in the UK closely simulating FIA recommended conditions. The tests were established to characterise the noise emission of the car during drive-by and stationary conditions. In addition to measuring the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) emitted, the study was extended to evaluating the performance of a detachable muffler tip that is permitted under the FIA regulations. The study found that the tested muffler-tip did not reduce the LAeq acoustic emission under any of the test cases considered. Nevertheless, introducing muffler-tip worsened the LAeq levels by 0.2 dB which is within the standard acoustic measurement uncertainty. Overall, the paper establishes the noise levels associated with F3 cars and the requirement for customised muffler-tips as opposed to aftermarket ones for meaningful noise reduction without adversely affecting performance.

Impact of encapsulating probiotics with cocoa powder on the viability of probiotics during chocolate processing, storage, and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.

Chocolates can be formulated as a functional food via enrichment with probiotics. However, the added probiotics must overcome the challenges of processing and storage conditions and the harsh gastrointestinal environment. The study aimed to overcome these challenges using two different formulations of cocoa powder as alternative encapsulants along with Na-alginate (A1 ) and Na-alginate and fructooligosaccharides (A2 ). Seven different probiotic strains were encapsulated individually using the new formulations and viabilities of these encapsulated probiotics were assessed prior to and after they were added to chocolates. The highest achieved encapsulation efficiencies were 93.40% for formulation A1 (with Lactobacillus casei) and 95.36% for formulation A2 (with Lactobacillus acidophilus La5). The encapsulated probiotics with the new formulations maintained higher viability than the recommended therapeutic level (107 colony forming unit [CFU]/g) for up to 180 and 120 days of storage at 4 and 25 °C, respectively. The tested encapsulants improved probiotics survival when subjected to thermal stress and maintained about 9.0 Logs CFU/g at 60 °C. Additionally, the viable numbers of probiotics in fortified chocolates showed higher than 7 Logs CFU/g after 90 days of storage at 25 °C. Both formulations exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) high survivability of probiotics (8.0 Logs CFU/g) during the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. This study demonstrated that cocoa powder along with Na-alginate and FOS has the potential to be used as a probiotic encapsulating material, and chocolates could be an excellent carrier for the development of healthy probiotic chocolate products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The introduction of cocoa powder as an effective encapsulating agent to deliver probiotics could help the chocolate industry to develop healthy and attractive functional snacks for health-conscious consumers.

Formulation, Development and Physicochemical Characterization of Diclofenac Topical Emulgel

Emulgel is one of the convenient and promising topical drug delivery approaches especially for the hydrophobic drugs. The purpose of the study was to prepare emulgel of diclofenac sodium using polymers namely Carbopol-934, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose and studied for their drug release from the gel formulations. The 1% Carbopol-934 formulated gel was found highest drug content (101.72%) than the other formulations. The pH of the formulations ranged from 6.8 to 7.2 and viscosity is from 36,000 to 51,000 cps. Extrudability of carbopol and HPMC gels were excellent than the SodiumCMC gel. In vitro drug release was observed highest (64.91%) for the formulation A2 (1% Carbopol-934) and was improved further on the addition of DMSO as a permeation enhancer. In the same time, 1.0% carbopol-940 also showed a similar release pattern, but the release was lesser (51.47%) and the release of HPMC and sodium CMC gels was much lesser. The study revealed that formulation A2 with 1% Carbopol-934 was observed to be the best formulation having good in vitro release profile, stability and bioavailability among all prepared formulations. Hence, the study brought to a close idea that the emulgel A2 was a successful outcome as a topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic formulation among all.

Formulation and Antibacterial Activity Test of Foot Spray with Beluntas Leaf Ethanol Extract (Pluchea Indica L.)

Foot odor is one of the things that is quite disruptive to appearance, the 2014 American Podiatric Medical Association studied a significant increase in the prevalence of foot odor in the community. One of the causes of foot odor is the presence of bacteria, especially the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis. This study used the ethanol extract of beluntas leaf (Pluchea Indica L.) as the active ingredient because the ethanol extract of beluntas leaf has been widely used and proven to have antibacterial activity besides the ethanol extract of beluntas leaf has a high enough compatibility to be used as a cosmetic product, including spray preparations. The spray form was chosen because of its easy and pleasant use. This study aims to make a foot odor control product in the form of a spray with 3 concentrations of beluntas leaf ethanol extract, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% to study the antibacterial activity using the well diffusion method. The results showed that the ethanol extract of beluntas leaf can be formulated into foot spray preparation with the results of the organoleptic examination of the three formulas are clear liquid, and yellow slightly green color. The pH of the preparation is in the range 5.10 -5.92. In formula 3 (F3) with a concentration of 1.5% beluntas leaf ethanol extract, it has a strong bacterial inhibition zone with an average inhibition zone diameter of 12.5 mm.

Formulasi Pasta Buah Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lamk) dan Tepung Ubi Jalar Mikmak (Ipomea batatas L.) untuk Produksi Saus Buah Merah Pedas

Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lamk) and sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas L) are the endemic plants that grow in the plains of Wamena, Papua. The processing of red fruit is very necessary to diversify food and increase its economic value. This study aims to determine the best formulation between red fruit paste, red chili pepper, and sweet potato flour to obtain spicy red fruit sauce product with a good nutritional quality and organoleptic properties. The formulation of red fruit paste and sweet potato flour was done with six levels i.e., A1 (100%:0%), A2 (95%:5%), A3 (85%:15%), A5 (80%:20%), and A6 (75%:25%). The quality of red spicy fruit sauce tested was physical quality (viscosity and total dissolved solids), chemical quality (and pH value), and organoleptic quality (hedonic test and hedonic quality with color, taste, flavor and consistency parameters). Based on the research, the best formulation was found in A2 treatment with the ratio of red fruit paste and sweet potato flour of 95%:5%. Formulation A2 has viscosity of 1733 cP, total dissolved solids of 21° Brix, pH value of 5.13, organoleptic value of color of 7.6, taste of 7.4, flavor of 7.4, and consistency of 6.6. The product of spicy red fruit sauce is in conformity with Standard National Indonesian (SNI 01-2976-2006) about chili sauce quality requirement on parameters of pH, viscosity, total dissolved solids, flavor, taste, color, and consistency. Keywords: formulation, Mikmak sweet-potato flour, red-fruit paste, spicy red-fruit sauce

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TOPICAL GEL OF ACYCLOVIR FOR TREATMENT OF VIRAL DISEASE

Aim: Formulation &amp; Evaluation of Topical Gel of Acyclovir for Treatment of Viral Disease. &#x0D; Material &amp; Methods: Acyclovir gels were formulated using different polymers like Carbopol 934, Carbopol 940, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose and Sodium Carboxy methyl cellulose. Different concentrations of polymer were used in the formulation of gels. All the formulations were evaluated for the various parameters.&#x0D; Results &amp; Discussion: Different formulations with use of different polymers were prepared. The amount and percentage of drug present in gel formulation using different polymers were estimated as per the procedure. The prepared gel using 1% carbopol- 934(A2) showed maximum drug content (101.72%) compared to other formulations. The spreadability of gels was determined as per the procedure. From spreadability data is observed that the formulation with 1.0% carbopol-934 showed maximum (8cm), where as the formulations with 1% carbopol-940, 3%, HPMC and Sodium CMC 3% were showed significant spreadability. 1.0 % carbopol-934 shows maximum release (74.59%). The addition of DMSO as permeation enhancer improves the drug release from gel formulation. 1.0% carbopol-940 also showed a similar release pattern, but the release was lesser. In case of HPMC and Sodium CMC gels the release was much lesser than carbopol gels. The addition of DMSO as permeation enhancer drug release was improved. Stability study for the best formulation was done as per the procedure. The gel was both physically and chemically stable at 4-50C, Room temperature and 37±50C.&#x0D; Conclusion: From this investigation, it was concluded that formulation A2 with 1% Carbopol-934 may be the best formulation having good in vitro release profile, stability and bioavailability. Based on the results from the study further utility of the dosage form may depend on pharmacokinetic data. Forthcoming research work of antiviral activity may contribute in the challenging area.&#x0D; Keywords: Acyclovir, Topical gel, Viral Disease, Skin Disease, Formulation &amp; Development