Form Of Terrorism Research Articles

Методология исследования террористической деятельности. Часть 2: познавательные инструменты

Introduction. The article is a logical continuation of the publication “Terrorism Research Methodology. Part 1: Research Fundamentals”. The article is devoted to the description of specific methodological tools of terrorist activity research. On account of the complexity of terrorist activity, the increasing complexity in the dynamics of social development, the diversity of types and forms of terrorism in modern transitional society, it is necessary to apply effective approaches to research. Methods. The methodological basis of the research was formed by the fundamental bases and postulates of philosophical methodology: universal categories, principles and regularities of dialectical and activity approaches, general scientific methodology of system approach, as well as a set of general logical methods of cognition. Results. The author substantiates that the dialectical method makes it possible to study the contradictory nature of terrorism, manifested in the dynamics of terrorist activity in the context of socio-historical development. The understanding of the complexity, diversity of types and forms, technological nature of terrorist activity as a modern socio-legal phenomenon, its place and role in the dynamics of social development of modern transitional society, as well as the need for systemic counteraction to it determines the requirement for applying a systemic approach. The use of the methodology of the interval approach provides a comprehensive study of the terrorist activity and its manifestations in various aspects and dimensions, the synthesis of knowledge of each of them helps to obtain an interval model of terrorist activity. Application of the activity approach reveals terrorist activity as criminal behaviour implemented on a systematic basis, including precriminal and post-criminal actions from a standpoint of committing a terrorist act.

Teaching to Fear: How Islamophobia is Perpetuated in Criminology and Adjacent Disciplines

Throughout American law enforcement history, a persistent pattern has emerged, emphasizing marginalized groups. This emphasis extends to higher education, notably seen in the proliferation of Terrorism and Homeland Security courses post-9/11 in criminology and related fields. These courses predominantly focus on the ‘Islamic threat’ to America, reflecting broader biases in counter-terrorism policies. Such biases overlook other forms of terrorism, especially right-wing extremism. We analyzed 382 syllabi from American higher education institutions to assess this bias. Our analysis reveals a concerning prevalence of misinformation in these courses. Educators hold a pivotal role in rectifying this imbalance, shaping the perceptions of future criminologists. Addressing this bias is crucial to providing a comprehensive understanding of terrorism threats and acknowledging all forms of extremism equally. It underscores the urgency for educators to present accurate and inclusive portrayals of terrorism in their curriculum.

White partisans’ reactions to real politicians’ tweets framing white supremacy and radical Islam as terrorist threats

ABSTRACT In recent decades, the discussion of terrorist threat in the United States has focused almost exclusively on radical Islam. Now, progressive politicians increasingly talk about white supremacy as a form of terrorism. We explore reactions to this new rhetoric using two survey experiments, in which non-Hispanic white respondents are exposed to real tweets of Democratic and Republican politicians discussing white supremacy and radical Islam as security threats. We formulate two alternative expectations: after seeing messages from Democratic politicians linking white supremacy to terrorism, whites may either diverge in their assessments of Republicans’ anti-Muslim appeals depending on their own partisanship or they may uniformly rate anti-Muslim rhetoric as more acceptable. Both experiments show significant increases in the perceived acceptability of anti-Muslim appeals when they are presented after messages about white supremacy, and these results are driven by white Democrats. Our results highlight the potential side effects of political communication about terrorism.

The responsibility to protect and its limits: Transnational intervention in The Honourable Woman

The horrors of September 11, 2001 gave us two powerful notions: international terrorism as a form of foreign intervention, on one hand, and the phrase ‘responsibility to protect’, on the other. But ‘responsibility to protect’ is a slippery ethical notion that can easily fall into interventionism, the latter linked with forms of terrorism. Thus, it is not by chance that TV shows and films revolving around important, powerful CEO decisions impacting upon the entire world have flourished like never before since September 11. One of the most important shows about global responsibility and shadowy conspiracies has been The Honourable Woman (2014), which revolves about a woman and a company trying their best to ensure global betterment. However, as a British miniseries, it cannot escape the implicit topic of intervention. The conspiracy here illustrates current fears about global interventionism and the state responsibility to protect: the possibility of the latter as a mere excuse for personal gain. Behind the façade of ‘responsibility to protect’ lies the possibility of a global conspiracy to only want to augment capitalist power.

К ВОПРОСУ ОБ ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОСНОВАХ БОРЬБЫ С МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫМ ТЕРРОРИЗМОМ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЕВРАЗИИ

An issue of terrorism is one of the most important in the modern world. Terrorism poses a serious threat to the security and stability not only of individual countries but also of the entire international community. In the Eurasian space we face the manifestation of various forms of terrorism, which have not only national and regional, but also global dimension, capable of affecting negatively security throughout the world. Analyzing the development of terrorism in the Eurasian region, the author identifies the main reasons for its emergence and spread. In the author’s opinion, young post-Soviet states in Eurasia are in a zone of special danger, which for various reasons are often unable to cope with the terrorist threat on their own. A productive solution in that case is the creation of integration associations of different profiles, which contribute to the unification of financial and military potential the above states in the fight against terrorism. The author notes that such organizations – the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization – should unite in the future, creating a new pan-regional organization that would specialize in combating both “classic” forms of terrorism and its more formidable manifestations, such as terrorist wars.

Uloge žena u savremenom terorizmu - izvršioci, žrtve ili nešto treće?

The author analyzes all the roles that women can play in modern terrorism. Until now, science has mostly focused on the role of women as perpetrators and victims in terrorist activities. However, the author also pays special attention to the third role of a woman, which has not been sufficiently investigated so far - as a mothers. Viewing the role of women as mothers in terrorism has a dual character: while on the one hand, mothers can play a significant role in the prevention of terrorism (especially with sons), on the other hand they can also encourage their children in terms of terrorist activities, especially if they are and radicalized ones. The author gives a series of examples that specifically concern Islamist terrorism and the role of the mother in preventing or encouraging this phenomenon. The role of a woman as a mother has not been explored to a large extent in other forms of terrorism, which would represent a significant contribution for future scientific research. Also, this role of the mother is mainly related to certain so-called conservative regions, such as the Balkans or the Middle East, where the role of the mother is specific, especially in the upbringing of male children. Numerous prejudices are a complicating factor in elaborating the role of women in terrorism. One of them is that women are exclusively members of the "gentler" and "weaker" sex, and that as such they cannot be linked to terrorism. Another prejudice that is rooted in human society concerns the gender relationship to politics. Namely, since ancient Greece, politics was explicitly seen as a public job and a "male activity", while women were reserved for the oikos, as a private sphere. Hence, terrorism as a political phenomenon is mostly seen as a "male phenomenon." The subject of the research is directed towards different ideologies of terrorism, which condition accordingly, and different approaches towards women. The author points out that just as terrorism does not know race, religion and nation, it does not know gender either, and that attention should also be paid to the gender dimension when researching this phenomenon.

Violent Communal Conflicts as a Form of Terrorism in Taraba State, Nigeria

This study is a socio-legal investigation of the violent communal conflicts in Taraba State, North East Nigeria. Applying a legal research method through doctrinal analysis of literature, anchored on the concept of acts of terrorism under the Terrorism (Prohibition and Prevention) Act 2022, and framed on the human security theory, the study collected data from a sample of 12,663 respondents selected from the seventeen Local Government Areas in the State. The main instrument used to collect the data was structured questionnaire and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tools. Data was also sourced through field surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Findings revealed that violent conflicts are often complex and deeply rooted in historical, social, economic, and political factors. The study finds that this situation results from differences between ethnic or religious groups within the society, fueled by grievances, perceived injustices, competition over resources, and political manipulations. The study further finds that the conflicts usually escalate to widespread loss of lives, destruction of properties, disruption of economic activities, displacement of communities, and long-term societal disaggregation. The study establishes that efforts towards mitigating the conflicts have yielded little results due to several challenges including lack of implementation of the reports of various committees of inquiry into the conflicts, lack of adherence to peace agreements by warring parties, and political interests of elites. Consequently, the study recommends that the government should be proactive and responsive towards security intelligence reports on perceived outbreaks of violent conflicts, should show greater commitment to guaranteeing the security of the people by implementing recommendations from commissions of inquiry, while civil society organizations and traditional institutions working with the government, should continually employ dialogue mechanisms to foster understanding between the belligerents. The paper concludes with the position that addressing these issues is crucial for effective conflict prevention, peacebuilding efforts, and promoting reconciliation in the State.

Employing the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) to Impose Universal Jurisdiction Regarding Cyber-Terrorism

Objective: the development of wireless technologies and digital infrastructure has radically changed the human habitat, giving rise to a new type of space -a cyberspace. The uniqueness and peculiarities of this environment, including anonymity, boundlessness and problems related to the determination and establishment of jurisdiction, have become a breeding ground for the emergence of a new global threat - cyberterrorism. The latter is characterized by a high level of latency, low detection rate and incomparably greater danger than “real world” crimes. Countering new forms of crime has required the development of universal tools that overcome the limitations of traditional jurisdiction and allow states to prosecute terrorists in cyberspace. Identifying the relevant tools and identifying the political-legal obstacles to their implementation is the objective of this study. Methods: to achieve the set goal the formal-legal method was used to analyze legal sources, including judicial practice, national legislation, and international acts. The doctrinal approach was also used, which allowed, on the basis of scientific works and theoretical constructions, explaining the complexity of the modern phenomena and predicting their future development. This said, the main focus is on criminals to prove their antagonism with humanity in accordance with theoretical views. Finally, the study analyzes the theories of universal and traditional jurisdiction and how they are applied to prosecute terrorists.Results: the paper provides a critical analysis, reviewing and adapting the concept of jurisdiction as applied to a global, borderless and decentralized digital environment (cyberspace) and to the struggle against new forms of terrorism (cyberterrorism). Various jurisdictional models applicable in cyberspace are presented. The author bridges the gap between the main branches of law: international private law and public law by linking, in relation to cyberterrorism, the two theories: the “responsibility to protect” (R2P) theory and the application of universal jurisdiction. The trends of universal jurisdiction development are revealed.Scientific novelty: the study develops the accumulated scientific knowledge while justifying the introduction of foreign jurisdiction in a state territory to prosecute cyberterrorists. It also establishes a link between the theory of universal jurisdiction in private international law and the “responsibility to protect” (R2P) theory in public international law, recognizing the latter as a relevant basis for the introduction of universal jurisdiction over cyberterrorism. Such traditional concepts as sovereignty and jurisdictional independence are reviewed. The gap related to the consideration of cyberterrorism as a crime against humanity in international law is bridged.Practical significance: the implementation of the proposed conclusions will contribute to the strengthening of international prosecution of cyberterrorism and harmonize the international and national legal tools to struggle against this crime.

Naming the city: on the governing forces of narratives in the formation of security dispositifs

ABSTRACT Narratives, it is often said, help us make sense of the world. They structure reality and reduce complexity. Yet narratives, we argue, are also visionary. They open up worlds, they allow us to imagine alternative realities and render a matter urgent. In our study of counterterrorism exercises for the German police we examine the ‘governing forces’ of narratives: Narratives help to connect the dots and create a sense of how new forms of terrorism have entered urban life, thus making new forms of security responses seem indispensable. They also help bring the police trainees close to the realness of a threat as well as of the training situation. ‘Naming the city’ where terror attacks have happened works like a vehicle that transports the experience. Bringing approaches of narrative criminology into dialogue with studies of governmentality allows us to capture the forms of subjectivity that the trainings produce. Rather than a top-down endeavour of the state, security is better understood in how it is put into practice – and how the unforeseeable is meant to be embodied.

Pragmatic linguistic analysis of the videos by terrorists of the Barcelona and Cambrils attacks

Three homemade audiovisual recordings filmed a few days before the 2017 terrorist attacks to Barcelona and Cambrils by some individuals involved in these events were weighed as evidence during the trial held at the Audiencia Nacional between November, 10 2020, and May, 27 2021. No expert in linguistics analyzed this evidence in the proceedings. In Spain, the literature on jihadist terrorism has focused on the process of radicalization (Vicente, 2018), including the use of digital media for this purpose (Torralba, 2019) and the importance of counter-narratives to battle it. However, few studies have analyzed terrorist productions from a linguistic perspective. This study examines the recordings screened in the trial for the 2017 attacks through the lens of the comprehensive model for pragmatic and discourse analysis put forward by Fuentes Rodríguez (2000, 2009). Results show how various linguistic devices perform multiple functions at the super-, macro- and microstructural levels, allowing the participants to address various audiences and fulfill three communicative goals. Participants claim membership of a jihadist community and convey a message aimed, on the one hand, to intimidate the viewers they discursively construct as their opponents and, on the other, to obtain recognition from those that share their ideological stance. The discursive singularities of these recordings and their commonalities with productions linked to other forms of terrorism are discussed against the literature.

Concept of Terrorism in International Relations

Terrorism is already recognized as a main threat to the international system in the XXI century, rightly compared with the Cold War problem in the 20th century. After the notorious 9/11 events, the issue of terrorism has prevailed over such serious problems as proliferation, organized crime, etc. Thus study of terrorism is increasingly becoming one of the most challenging activities. Terrorism is an extremely complicated phenomenon, making its study quite difficult. The scholars need to count with a variety of details, often leading them to confusion. Thus a number of directions for study of terrorism had been singled out, including definition of the concept itself; history of terrorism; theoretical explanation of terrorism; and finally-the various forms of terrorism.

Counter Cyber Terrorism Governance In Indonesia

Information and communication technology has a significant impact on various aspects. Its developments affect daily life, and also give a new color to the political-security dynamics, especially in Indonesia. This depends on the purpose of using information and communication technology, which if not regulated, will become a double-edged sword. The typology of threats is also increasingly varied and transforming, including in the context of security threats in the form of terrorism which involves many dimensions ranging from religion-based terrorism to cyber-based terrorism. The state's response to cyber terrorism as a new security threat phenomenon is examined in this paper in a balanced way using an inward-looking and outward-looking perspective. By using qualitative research methods and descriptive research types, the existing data related to what has been done by Indonesia are interpreted into the form of a governance conception in the context of countering cyber terrorism. Indonesia has identified domestic conditions to be able to optimize its resources. At the same time, Indonesia is also trying to improve its capabilities by conducting international cooperation. So that the governance of countering cyber terrorism in Indonesia still leaves several problems that need to be resolved, such as institutional barriers including organizational culture which is the key to coordination between institutions related to countering cyber terrorism in Indonesia.

EFFORTS TO INCREASE INTEREST AND LEARNING OUTCOMES OF ECONOMIC SUBJECTS THROUGH ACTIVE DEBATE METHOD

Learning becomes quality if students can be actively involved in creating a meaningful learning process. The results of initial observations in class XII Social Sciences 3 SMA Negeri 1 Tanggul Even Semester for the 2019/2020 Academic Year obtained data on the Economics subject teaching material "Characteristics of Trading Companies " students who have not achieved completeness as much as 44%, meaning that most students have not been actively involved in learning . The subjects and at the same time the objects in this study were all 36 students of class XII IPS 3 as many as 36 students. This research is a type of quantitative research. Data collection by the questionnaire method. The data analysis technique used is statistical analysis. In this Classroom Action Research, the researcher wants to provide a learning method that has never been applied before, namely the active debate method in Economics in class XII IPS 3 SMA Negeri 1 Tanggul Even Semester for the 2019/2020 Academic Year. Students of class XII IPS 3 were chosen as subjects in the study, because researchers wanted to improve learning outcomes which so far have not been as expected.Active debate is a form of terrorism or argument, either orally or in writing, between two people or groups of different opinions, by attacking or influencing each other so that they want to carry out, act, follow or at least have a tendency in accordance with what is desired by the speaker or writer

EFFORTS TO INCREASE INTEREST AND LEARNING OUTCOMES OF ECONOMIC SUBJECTS THROUGH ACTIVE DEBATE METHOD

Learning becomes quality if students can be actively involved in creating a meaningful learning process. The results of initial observations in class XII Social Sciences 3 SMA Negeri 1 Tanggul Even Semester for the 2019/2020 Academic Year obtained data on the Economics subject teaching material "Characteristics of Trading Companies " students who have not achieved completeness as much as 44%, meaning that most students have not been actively involved in learning . The subjects and at the same time the objects in this study were all 36 students of class XII IPS 3 as many as 36 students. This research is a type of quantitative research. Data collection by the questionnaire method. The data analysis technique used is statistical analysis. In this Classroom Action Research, the researcher wants to provide a learning method that has never been applied before, namely the active debate method in Economics in class XII IPS 3 SMA Negeri 1 Tanggul Even Semester for the 2019/2020 Academic Year. Students of class XII IPS 3 were chosen as subjects in the study, because researchers wanted to improve learning outcomes which so far have not been as expected.Active debate is a form of terrorism or argument, either orally or in writing, between two people or groups of different opinions, by attacking or influencing each other so that they want to carry out, act, follow or at least have a tendency in accordance with what is desired by the speaker or writer

Security vs. civil liberties: How citizens cope with threat, restriction, and ideology

How do citizens balance their preferences for civil liberties and security in the context of a competitive party system? Using the case of terrorism and counter-terrorism, I argue that the willingness to support restrictions of civil liberties does not only depend on external shocks and being targeted by a counter-policy. Instead, it also depends on their ideological match with policymakers and terrorist actors. Using an original survey experiment conducted in Germany in 2022, I study how the four factors feeling threatened by a terrorist attack, being targeted by a surveillance measure, the ideology behind an attack, and the partisanship of counteracting politicians influence the attitudes of citizens and whether these factors are mutually dependent. While earlier research has focused on one kind of terrorism (mostly Islamic), this paper examines various forms of terrorism (religious, right-wing, and climate-radical) and how they affect peoples' attitudes toward civil liberties and surveillance. The results show that terrorist ideology plays a minor role, but that it matters whether citizens sympathize with the party that proposes a policy. The study extends our understanding of the political consequences of polarization, threat perceptions of terrorism, and public support for surveillance policies.

Effects of Insurgency and Sit-At-Home Syndrome on Quality Secondary School Administration in South East Nigeria

In recent times, one of the most devastating factors to Nigeria’s development, which has also posed the biggest threat to national leadership and security, is the proliferation and criminal activities of multiple insurgent groups across the various geopolitical regions of the country. More than any other factor, insurgency and other forms of terrorism have caused a colossal damage to Nigeria’s human, social, economic and infrastructural development. In the Northern parts of Nigeria, most of the schools have either been closed down or completely damaged. Hundreds of students have equally been abducted and are still in captivity. Many local government areas and communities have also been taken over and are under full control and administration of Boko Haram (which means western education is forbidden). This constitutes a threat to Nigeria’s corporate political existence as well as a great challenge and setback for educational management and administration and therefore need reform. The paper is based on the fact that education is the life wire of every nation. In the absence of quality assurance in secondary education, this important provision of the national policy on education becomes jeopardized. This paper examined some key concepts in the discourse and the negative effects of these syndromes on education. Recommendations on measures that can restore or curb deficiencies arising from these effects are made. One of the recommendations is the extension of school time table to accommodate about 450 hours of lesson period and more than 135 topics of sub-topics of the scheme of work or curriculum which are either lost or not taught every school term in the various subjects of both the junior and senior secondary school classes.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence, Bio Terrorism and Corporate Culture in Society: A Post-Modernist Critique on ‘Windup Girl’

Bio Terrorism is a form of terrorism in which biological agents such as pathogens, fungi, viruses, and toxins are deliberately unleashed onto the world in order to kill a wide range of humans. Bio punk theory investigates the ramifications that are most commonly associative to the rapid advances made in the field of biotechnology, synthetic biology, and agricultural biotechnology. Bio Punk is the futuristic derivative of cyberpunk theory, subgenre of science fiction. Paolo Bacigalupi's "Windup Girl" depicts the impact of corporate culture and how an advance in biotechnology eventually leads to bioterrorism. This article delves into the topic of Artificial Intelligence, bioterrorism, corporate culture, and its impact on people and society.

TERRORISM AS A GLOBAL THREAT: A BRIEF ANALYSIS

Terrorism is the gravest human security problem of 21st century. Today, it is not the problem of one country, rather the whole world is witnessing the menace of terrorism in one way or the other. It has spread its tentacles to almost all the countries and has posed a great threat to the world.It has not only the killed people,but has also annihilated social and economic systems various countries. It has broken the civilized world order that took millennia to form. Militancy, insurgency, cross-border terrorism, state terrorism, international terrorism are few words which are interchangeably used as different expressions of terrorism,though they are conceptually different from each other.Thus,in this paper an attempt has been made to make a brief analysis of different forms of terrorism which have posed a great threat to the entire world. Further, in this paper an endeavor has been made to offer suggestive measures for solutions to the prolonged problem of terrorism.

Falling Man and the Aesthetics of Terrorism

Abstract This paper analyses Don DeLillo’s novel Falling Man as an influential example of post-9/11 literature. This novel, in describing the shattering impact of the destruction of the symbolic reference points that determine our experience of reality, has undoubtedly contributed to defining a “before and after 9/11” cultural scenario, where the new era is abruptly marked by the presence of new meanings, new attitudes, new spaces and new categories. This complex reframing of reality has engendered a new approach to the role of art, and especially of literature, in the Western world. This paper demonstrates that Falling Man can be read a site of political (re)configuration, in which the return to the link between the creative process and the issue of terrorism – a theme that runs through much of DeLillo’s writing – leads to a move beyond established categories and concepts. Such a move responds to a public need for a reconceptualisation of paradigms of terror/horror. I argue that the novel’s narrativisation of terrorism has introduced important suggestions into the contemporary cultural panorama, which now allow us to identify both a new form of terrorism that is closely connected with the emergent metamodern sensibility, and new aesth-ethical concepts that are better suited to describing contemporary violence.

The Transformation of the Forms of Terrorism During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The present study analyzes the implications of COVID-19 on the different forms of terrorism. The authors discuss the two types of terrorist acts: (i) the radicalization, recruitment, and funding of terrorism and (ii) planning the place and target of the operation. The authors argue that the COVID-19 policies have failed to inhibit or stop terrorism in Indonesia. This is supported by the four cases of terrorism that took place in the country during the COVID-19 period. Since the purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the social phenomenon, a qualitative method was adopted for collecting the data. The authors conclude that while COVID-19 did affect the financing and operation of terrorism, it helped the terrorist groups to radicalize and recruit new members due to the increasing use of the Internet, people’s insecurities during the pandemic, and the radical narrative.
 Keywords: activities, COVID-19, terrorism, transformation