Forms Of State Intervention Research Articles

TAX LAW AND STATE INTERVENTION IN THE ECONOMY: WAR IN UKRAINE AND CHANGE IN TAX LEGISLATION TO MAINTAIN STABILITY IN BRAZIL

The scenario of instability and hyperinflation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the War in Ukraine has led Brazil to a serious crisis, with widespread price increases and deregulation of economic stability. Therefore, given the increase in fuel prices, which has a systemic effect throughout the country, it became necessary to implement a model of State intervention in the economic domain in order to minimize the impacts resulting from the unfavorable situation. Given the possible solutions, Tax Law proved to be the best solution for the case, being a mechanism for distributing the burdens of the situation among different entities of the Federative Republic of Brazil. It is therefore necessary to demonstrate how Tax Law is integrated into a form of State intervention in the Economy, correlated to classic State functions, in addition to the viability of intervention through tax legislation in order to reestablish a peaceful scenario and national economic stability.

Subvenções sociais: a construção de uma política pública de assistência na primeira metade do Século XX

The article analyzes the theme of social subsidies between 1900 and 1945, with a greater focus on the context of the Vargas Era in Brazil. It highlights the creation of the Caixa de Subvenções as an important institution that reflected the political, energy and social transformations of that period. The state began to play a central role in economic development and social welfare, intervening in markets and regulating social relations. The inclusion of various sectors of society in subsidy policies promoted the representation of interests and strengthened political participation. The article also seeks to emphasize the relationship between authoritarian governments and advances in social legislation, highlighting subsidies as a form of state intervention. By addressing the challenges, controversies and historical importance of subsidies, the text contributes to an understanding of this important period in Brazilian history.

Changing roles of the state in the development of long-term rental apartments under a transitional housing regime in China

Long-term rental apartments (LRAs) are booming in Chinese megacities in recent years, largely facilitated by various forms of state intervention in the private rental sector. Focusing on the state’s endeavours in promoting LRA development and incorporating it into the affordable rental housing scheme nationwide, this study explores the changing roles of the state in two stages of LRA development through the conceptual lens of housing regime. Drawing on a comprehensive policy analysis and a field investigation in Beijing, our major findings are threefold. First, two stages of LRA development—market-led under state supervision (from 2015 to 2019) and state-led development (after 2019) are identified, in which highly responsive state interventions were introduced to cope with the housing affordability crisis and maintain social stability. Second, the role of the state shifted from a facilitator to an active participant with the deepening involvement of state-owned enterprises in the rental housing market. Third, a transitional housing regime shifting from a productivist regime to a developmental regime is underway to achieve different socioeconomic goals. This study enriches our conceptual and empirical understanding of the latest episode of housing and land policies in response to the volatile political and socioeconomic climate by introducing a transitional housing regime in urban China.

Wrestling with unevenness: Sino-American rivalry, state strategy and the reformation of German capitalism

This article focuses on the case of Germany to demonstrate how the lens of ‘uneven and combined development’ (U&CD) can help critical scholars of Global Political Economy (GPE) make sense of a worldwide but nationally specific movement towards an augmented role for the state in the regulation of capitalism. The first section finds that the prevailing comparative-institutional literature suffers from a narrow conception of the international environment in which the German political economy is drifting in the direction of its main organisational rival – US-style neoliberalism. By contrast, the second section shows that the alternative lens of U&CD provides a richer picture of the systemic forces experienced by German state actors: they flow from a technologically leading US as well as a leapfrogging China, they increase competition but also present commercial opportunities, and they do not point towards freer markets but rather novel forms of state intervention that are best explored as a creative, if contested, process of ‘re-combination’. The third section details the structural, strategic and institutional reasons for why the German state cannot emulate either the US or China. It concludes that – in lieu of strong support from capital and labour and independent state capacities like the Chinese party apparatus or the US military-industry complex – German attempts to expand the remit of the state follow a substitutive process of ‘bricolage’ that patches together foreign and domestic techniques and a motley of special interests.

OTONOMI DESA ADAT: SEBUAH FATAMORGANA? KASUS DARI DESA ADAT INTARAN, BALI, INDONESIA

This study examines the empirical experience of indigenous village autonomy in Indonesia as normatively regulated in the 1945 Constitution and the recent 2014 Law on Regional Government. The prolonged debate by many on the issue has mainly focused on how autonomous indigenous villages have actually been due to various forms of state intervention (also referred to as "stateization"). This study specifically identifies a number of empirical practices of autonomy in the Desa Adat Intaran of Bali Province. The case study provides a fertile ground for a variety of information related to the subject matter amidst the recent developments in the COVID-19 pandemic recovery efforts and the strong resistance of village communities to the LNG Terminal development project on Mertasari Beach by the Central Government and Bali Province in 2022 within the territory of Desa Adat Intaran. This study is particularly important in terms of adding current data and information to the current debate on the practice of indigenous village autonomy in Indonesia. This research utilizes qualitative research methods with a series of interviews, Focus Group Discussions as well as literature studies as data collection techniques. Triangulation techniques were also used to validate the qualitative data. The study argues that there has been noticeable state intervention in the implementation of autonomy of Desa Adat Intaran both in terms of institutions, programs and the allocated village budget. This finding confirms that there is a large gap between normative indigenous village autonomy and actual practice.

‘Grew Up with a Silver Spoon in My Mouth, But it Ended Up the Nose’: The Stigma and Labelling of Injection Drug Use in an Affluent Beachside Community

Criminological scholarship has long grappled with the roles that stigma and labelling play in drug use in disadvantaged communities. While stigma leads to marginalisation, less is known about the way stigma impacts the structurally advantaged, or those from communities of relative affluence. Our research involved fieldwork and 18 qualitative interviews with people who inject drugs in the affluent coastal community of Sydney’s Northern Beaches. We find that even when people occupy the ‘ideal’ class position, internalised stigma was present, but did not readily translate into labels involving a criminal self-concept. We also found that while the capacity to resist crime-related labelling processes and other forms of state intervention were limited by social positionality, some participants still had to contend with intersecting forms of gendered and racialized stigma. However, for white male participants, their status and that of the area were experienced as protective of their criminalisation, actively limiting criminal labelling processes.

PERMINTAAN MAAF NEGARA ATAS PELANGGARAN HAM YANG BERAT SEBAGAI BENTUK REPARASI KORBAN

The settlement of gross violations of human rights cases in Indonesia has faced various obstacles, including the absence of a public state apology. In fact, according to International human rights normative standards, an apology is categorized as an effective form of reparation. By a socio-legal research approach, this article examines the significance of a public state apology from the perspective of victimology and International human rights standards, as well as the victim's perspective. Interviews were also conducted with victims of the gross violations of human rights in the 1965-1966 tragedy and the tragedy of Semanggi I in 1998. This article argues that according to the perspective of radical victimology, an apology is a form of state intervention in the form of symbolic recovery. Based on Boven/Bassiouni Principles, the public state apology is acknowledged as 'Satisfaction' for the victim. Even though some victims tend to reject the public state apology, this article argues that this symbolic reparation should be the first step in fulfilling reparations for victims. An apology should also be accompanied by other forms of reparation, such as the prosecution of the perpetrators of gross human rights violations at the Human Rights Court.

Comments on Wojciech Dzieduszycki’s Reflections on the State and Law

<p>Conservatives in Galicia during the Austro-Hungarian monarchy exerted an overwhelming influence on political and social life. Among the conservative groups and parties, there were the so-called Podolaks, to which Wojciech Dzieduszycki belonged, writer, politician and philosopher. He wrote about the genesis and concept of law, the functions of the state and the scope of state power. He spoke against the law that regulates all manifestations of human life, because social relations are also regulated by moral and religious norms. Dzieduszycki was critical of socialism and all excessive forms of state intervention because he was against excessive state power. Based on Dzieduszycki’s reflections on the state and law, it can be concluded that he was an advocate of evolutionary conservatism.</p>

Rights to the rescue? The promotion of Indigenous women's political-electoral rights and the rise of the Mexican security state

This article demonstrates how the promotion of Indigenous women's political-electoral rights in Mexico has furthered a conservative agenda of state securitization. To do so, it presents a discourse analysis of national media reports focused on the story of Eufrosina Cruz, a Zapotec woman who became the figurehead for state-led initiatives to promote Indigenous women's rights. It argues that a colonial rescue narrative constructed through Cruz's figure helped generate new hegemonic discourses of gendered indigeneity that portrayed Indigenous peoples' alternative political practices and spaces as anti-democratic and illegal. In an era where advancements in party democracy were linked to processes of state securitization, these categorizations helped justify new forms of state intervention into Indigenous peoples' lives. By exploring how rights initiatives were discursively constructed through racialized, spatialized and gendered constructions of indigeneity, this article contributes to a critical geography of indigeneity within political geography.

Reflections on ideas and disputes in the context of the promotion of healthy eating.

Actions in the promotion of healthy eating are strategic for reversing nutritional problems. This article analyzes the disputes over ideas in discursive repertoires on healthy eating in Brazil's national policies and international, government, civil society, and private commercial sector documents in the last 20 years. Based on the document analysis method in dialogue with the academic literature, the following perspectives on healthy eating were identified: traditional culturalist; medicalizing biological/nutritional; multidimensional; and systemic. The disputes are established between ideas in the following areas: the existence of "unhealthy foods"; the attributions, limits, and forms of State intervention; eating as an individual or public matter; and the meanings of sustainability, commensality, culture, and food. Policy positions on pesticides, food fortification, and supplementation are key elements in these disputes. In the policy sphere, the private commercial sector adopts strategies of fragmentation, downplaying, and distortion of meanings that reinforce polarization between individual actions (lifestyles, freedom of choice) and environmental interventions, thereby disseminating a narrow approach to food and nutrition education. Civil society pressures governments to establish concepts and principles in policies that directly affect the disputes' parameters. The latter act with greater or lesser permeability to pressures from internal or external stakeholders, depending on their composition and the institutional spaces for dialogue with society.

INTERVENTION OF A FINANCIAL CAPITAL GROUP IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AS AN EXAMPLE OF STATE CAPITALISM

This article presents the result of the business case research based on state interventionism realised by the state-owned financial capital group’s investment in a company from the construction industry. It shows how the transaction can have influence on the sector itself benefits , the investment itself, and finally the Polish state. Two main research questions were asked: 1. Does the state intervention in form of the state-owned financial capital group in a private enterprise from the construction industry make sense from the point of view of the state itself and as well as from the sector? 2. What influence the investment might have on the construction industry future? In order to answer to these questions the case study and interview with people participating in the capital group transaction in company from the construction industry was conducted. Finally, it was recommended to investigate more cases of world state interventions in specific industries to examine the purposefulness and effectiveness of this form of state intervention.

Political devolution and employment relations in Great Britain: the case of the Living Wage

AbstractThis article examines the role of the devolved governments of Scotland and Wales in promoting the voluntary Living Wage. It shows that active promotion of the Living Wage standard has emerged in both countries from a broader commitment to an economic policy of ‘inclusive growth’. Employment law is not a devolved matter, and the article identifies a broad range of economic incentives and soft forms of regulation that have been used by the devolved governments to promote the Living Wage in the absence of hard power to legislate. Non‐legislative forms of state intervention are often regarded sceptically, but the article shows that the attempts of devolved governments to spread the Living Wage have been impactful, particularly in Scotland.

The geographies of the institutional and industrial constraints on the financialization of German brewing

In recent decades, financialization has reworked the ownership, organization and geographies of global brewing. However, the institutional constellations of national, regional and local markets continue to shape and mediate its processes in variegated ways. Presenting a more granular and spatially sensitive conceptualization of financialization, this article adopts a cultural political economy (CPE) framework to analyse its relationships with the German brewing industry. First, the article distils the key elements of firm-level financialization and identifies a range of core constituents which provide the foundations for observing how financialization is enacted as part of wider institutional and political economic contexts. Second, the paper explains how these core constituents unfold as part of the global brewing industry, where the growing importance of mergers and acquisitions (M&As), the cultivation of global brands and the strategic prioritization of value over volume have reconstituted mature beer markets. Analysis then turns to the brewing industry and market in Germany, where regional patterns of production, a localized culture of consumption and various forms of state intervention are shown to constrain the enactment of financialization. Building on this empirical evidence, it is argued that geographically particular social relations, cultural conditions and political economic structures intertwine to shape and mediate processes of financialization, in different ways, with geography both causal and constitutive in its uneven expression.

Sistema de proteção social no governo Lula (2003-2010): mudança ou continuidade no padrão de intervenção do estado na sociedade?

Esse artigo insere-se no âmbito do debate sobre Estado e Política Social e analisa o legado do governo Lula (2003-2010) enquanto continuísmo ou mudança relativa ao modelo neoliberal implementado pelo governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso (modelo regressivo), no que concerne ao sistema de proteção social compreendido como forma de intervenção do Estado na sociedade. Com base em bibliografia especializada, dialogamos com representantes das teses da “continuidade” e da “descontinuidade” da política social e do modelo de Estado no governo em questão. Sustentamos que, no mesmo, no que concerne ao embate entre forças progressistas (defensoras de princípios associados a um regime específico de um Estado de bemestar social) e forças conservadoras (defensoras de princípios associados ao Estado mínimo), foram vitoriosas as últimas na determinação da política social dos governos Lula, consolidando, através dessas, um modelo de intervenção neoliberal do Estado nas suas relações com a sociedade.

Managing “Self‐Preservation”: Charles Pearson's National Life and Character and the Early Australian Commonwealth

In National Life and Character (1893), Charles Pearson argued that the breakdown in “character” threatening social cohesion in Britain was a phenomenon that was replicated on a global scale in the late nineteenth century. The economic and technological progress that characterised the industrial revolution in Britain had stimulated urbanisation, and unleashed, Pearson claimed, a “bestial element in man”, degrading the quality of civic and economic life, and leading to a rising population of “stunted specimens of humanity”. Most analyses of National Life and Character focus on its fear of non‐white races and influence on policies of racial restriction; we argue that National Life and Character is a more ambitious work of political economy preoccupied, as Pearson observed, with the “self‐preservation” of the white European race, grappling with the tension of managing a potentially degraded population as new forms of state intervention, decline of traditional religious faith, and global expansion transformed white society, leaving it declining into a “stationary state” and vulnerable in the face of the rising non‐European peoples. These concerns were shared by many of the architects of Australian Federation, influencing the policy initiatives of the post‐Federation period.

Water quality trading schemes as a form of state intervention: Two case studies of state-market hybridization from Canada and New Zealand

The agricultural sector is considered as an important contributor to diffuse nutrient pollution within watersheds. While hierarchical models of environmental governance are costly to implement when targeting diffuse pollution, market-based water quality trading (WQT) is viewed as a win–win solution. Based on economic incentives, WQT promoters suggest that it offers greater flexibility to implicated actors for attaining environmental goals within watersheds, provides private funds to finance agro-environmental practices and diversifies income sources for farmers. These programs, however, have produced few results, and where they are successful, WQT schemes appear strongly dependent on institutional support from public agencies. This paper explores the gap between what is theorized on WQT institutional operation and what occurs in practice. In particular, this work adopts a lens of hybridization to understand how institutional forms that emerge around WQT blend both market-based techniques, while retaining top-down hierarchical structures. Through analysis of two case studies – South Nation Total Phosphorus Management Program (Canada) and Lake Taupo Nitrogen Trading Program (New Zealand) – we argue that WQT programs serve as a novel intervention framework for public authorities to retain their influence on the way watershed management takes place. In both case studies, we find the state also uses the WQT discourse and established institutional structures to channel new funding sources, target a broader range of actors and manage a suite of environmental and socio-economic objectives. These new institutional arrangements reframe traditional modes of environmental management and affect the way private and public resources are used and distributed among implicated actors. Both case studies illustrate how hybrid forms of financing and governance strategies, in which heterogeneous private and public institutions are brought together, are a response to the transaction costs and particular socio-ecological contexts faced in the implementation of WQT.

Principles for Rating of State Aid and de Minimis Aid in Repayable Finance

Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The subject of the article is an analysis of the state aid rules by state authorities in the context of calculating the amount of state aid. This problem was discussed on the basis of a relatively new form of assistance repayable instruments. The aim of this article is to identify the noncompliance of the rules generally applicable to the rules for repayable support. Materials and methods: In order to achieve the objectives set, the analysis of the identified problems was based on non-reactive research involving the assessment of available information. It included studies of normative acts, literature of the subject and reports and analyzes. Results: It has been identified that the current form of act on State aid cases does not take into account the specific nature of aid calculation under return instruments, which is that the final value of the state aid is known only after the repayment of the financial instrument. Conclusions: The legislator should adjust the law on proceedings in state aid cases, the more frequently used form of State intervention is repayable finance. The current practice differs from the literal wording of the provisions in question and should therefore be amended to adapt the provisions to this form of aid.

‘The Right to Live with Dignity’: Politicising Experiences of Precarity through ‘Popular Economy’ in Argentina

This article takes an ethnographic perspective to analyse the ways in which social movements in Buenos Aires, Argentina, politicise experiences of precarity through the creation of popular economy initiatives. I argue that we cannot understand these organising processes exclusively in relation to the pursuit of ‘formalisation’ or the improvement of working conditions. In the context of new forms of State intervention, the notions of ‘rights’—to labour and to the city—that these movements put forward, express ways of envisioning full inclusion in society that encompass notions of worthiness and ‘dignified life’, forged over the course of grassroots political action.

Intervention on the agricultural land market in relation to the end of the transitional period for purchasing agricultural land by foreigners

Research background: A traditional form of state intervention in agriculture comprised regulating the rights to ownership. One of the often discussed aspects of regulations refers to those binding for foreigners.Purpose of the article: The objective of the article was to analyse the position (of the European Economic and Social Committee and the Polish legislator) regarding the phenomenon of purchasing agricultural property by foreigners as well as the opinions of farmers on the consequences for the agricultural land market resulting from ending the transitional period in Poland for purchasing agricultural property by foreigners as on 1 May 2016.Methods: Direct studies were conducted in 2015 among 86 farmers in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.Findings and Value added: The main reason for such a discussion conducted globally and in Europe is the phenomenon of excessive concentration and the use of land for non-agricultural purposes. Whereas, the European Economic and Social Committee indicates that in order to limit unfavourable practices in the EU member states, activities directed at preventing speculation, preserving local traditions and ensuring a proper usufruct of land should be permitted. The majority of farmers were afraid of the changes in the agricultural land market after the end of the transitional period in purchasing agricultural property by foreigners. They emphasised the above by expressing opinions on regulations binding in the transitional period and their effectiveness. With regard to the provisions of the Act of 5 August 2015, farmers were afraid of an increase in prices of agricultural land and the capital advantage of foreigners.

Trafficking Rescue Initiatives as State Violence

In the last several years, the anti-domestic violence movement has gradually moved away from initial state response policies mandating arrest and prosecution of aggressors. Scholars and advocates argued that these forms of state intervention, which were intended to protect survivors, in fact deprived them of meaningful choices and potentially put them in greater fear or danger. Ironically, as the anti-domestic violence movement sought to disentangle itself from law enforcement, the criminalization of human trafficking offenses empowered law enforcement interventions that could be criticized on similar grounds. This article compares experiences of domestic violence and trafficking survivors and their interactions with law enforcement. Though domestic violence and trafficking law share common policy history, the justice system now responds to these offenses very differently; trafficking survivors are often treated as “victim-offenders” who may be punished rather than protected. The typologies of emotional abuse developed by Professor Linda Mills to frame experiences of domestic violence survivors also suggest that trafficking survivors might comparably experience law enforcement “rescue” interventions as violence. The article concludes that, as in the case of the domestic violence movement, policies that support survivor autonomy and safety are the most promising for survivor protection and trafficking prevention.