Form Of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Research Articles

Malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma of ovary: Series of 4 cases

Mature cystic teratoma is the most common benign ovarian tumour of germ cell origin. Malignant transformation is rare in mature cystic teratoma. Here we present a series of 4 cases showing malignant transformation in the form of squamous cell carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, and clear cell carcinoma in mature cystic teratoma. Our case series suggest that there should be suspicion of malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma when they are present in perimenopausal and postmenopausal females.

Carcinosarcoma of the Larynx: A Reported Case

Spindle cell carcinoma (SCC), also referred to as sarcomatoid carcinoma or carcinosarcoma, is a rare and aggressive form of squamous cell carcinoma featuring both malignant epithelial and mesenchymal elements. This report details a case of laryngeal spindle cell carcinoma and includes a review of relevant literature on this uncommon tumor type.

Spindle Cell Carcinoma of the Ocular Adnexa: A Case Report and Literature Review.

A 68-year-old woman was seen in oculoplastic consultation with a medial canthal lesion initially diagnosed as an atypical fibroxanthoma. On excisional biopsy, she was found to have a spindle cell carcinoma, which is a rare and reportedly more aggressive form of squamous cell carcinoma. We highlight the surgical technique of biopsy and reconstruction, the detailed histologic and immunohistochemical analysis required for accurate diagnosis, considerations for adjuvant treatment, and suggestions for systemic workup and surveillance. This case adds to the small body of available literature on primary spindle cell carcinoma of the ocular surface and ocular adnexa, which we have summarized. We hope that as more data becomes available, there will be clearer diagnostic and treatment algorithms for this uncommon presentation.

A continuous-wave spectroscopic singlet oxygen sensor for photodynamic therapy dosimetry: Preclinical studies in a murine model of actinic keratosis

SignificanceSinglet oxygen (1O2), a type of reactive oxygen species, destroys cancer cells during photodynamic therapy (PDT). Inter-patient variations in tissue oxygen levels, dose of photosensitizer (PS), and fluence of light can affect 1O2 generation and result in suboptimal treatment efficacy in the clinic. ApproachHere, we describe a high throughput spectrometer system based on computational spectroscopy for real-time measurement of PS levels and 1O2 luminescence during PDT. The dosimeter provides a direct real-time measurement of 1O2 production in continuous-wave mode. Data were obtained from in-vitro protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) phantoms, and from in-vivo studies in mice with actinic keratosis (AK, an early form of squamous cell carcinoma) using the dosimeter. ResultsData indicated a correlation between 1O2 levels and treatment outcome (lesion shrinkage/clearance). ConclusionsThis study provides additional evidence for a correlation between 1O2 generation and AK treatment response, suggesting that 1O2 dosimetry could have utility in the dermatology clinic.

CLINICAL CASE OF KERATOACANTHOMA

Keratoacanthoma is a common, rapidly growing skin tumour that has long been considered benign due to its staged course and ability to spontaneously regress. However, according to the latest World Health Organization classification, keratoacanthoma is classified as a well-differentiated form of squamous cell carcinoma.
 Despite its long history keratoacanthoma remains a subject of controversy with regard to epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
 The etiology and pathogenesis of keratoacanthoma are also not clearly defined. However, a number of factors have been identified that are highly likely to lead to the development of a tumour. In particular, these are ultraviolet and X-ray radiation, thermal and traumatic injuries, chemical carcinogens, genetic and immunological predictors, human papillomaviruses and certain drugs (sorafenib, infliximab, etc.).
 Clinically, keratoacanthoma appears on the skin as a single or multiple crater-like nodule. Dermoscopy can be used for early diagnosis and differentiation from other tumour formations. The choice of therapy varies widely and depends on the location, stage of development, and size of the tumour.
 The publication presents a number of cases which demonstrate the clinical, dermoscopic, and histological picture of keratoacanthomas.
 Case presentation. Patient A, 44 years old, skin with signs of photodamage. A single dense nodule, up to 0.5 cm in diameter, on the anterior surface of the right lower leg. It appeared and grew rapidly over the past month.
 Dermoscopy with photographic fixation was performed. A non-pigmented dome-shaped lesion with central yellow-brown keratinous masses, sporadic haemorrhages, and white structureless areas was observed. The vascular pattern was represented by looped, glomerular and helical vessels in a radial arrangement. The lesion was surgically excised. A pathohistological study was carried out. The conclusion was a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
 In typical cases, the diagnosis of keratoacanthoma is not difficult. However, the combination with other skin lesions can distort the clinical picture. For example, in Patient B, keratoacanthoma developed against the background of seborrheic keratosis. In such cases, the use of dermoscopy can provide additional clues to the diagnosis and, accordingly, influence treatment methods.
 Considering keratoacanthoma as a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, surgical excision is preferred. The metastatic potential of this tumour is not significant, but in high-risk areas such as the lip or ear, it can reach 30%. At the same time, surgery reduces the risk of local recurrence. Other approaches include electrodissection and curettage, cryodestruction, intratumoural administration of methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, bleomycin, and photodynamic therapy. These methods are appropriate in cases where the size or location of the tumour do not allow achieving the desired aesthetic effect.
 Conclusions: 1. Keratoacanthoma is a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with a low potential for metastasis. 2. Central yellow-brown keratinous masses, sporadic haemorrhages, white structureless areas, in combination with looped and glomerular vessels in radial disposition seen during dermoscopy of a nodule, may be a sign of keratoacanthoma. 3. The choice of treatment method for keratoacanthoma depends on its location and size; surgical excision of the tumour should be preferred.

Reflectance Confocal Microscopy and Dermoscopy of Facial Pigmented and Non-Pigmented Actinic Keratosis Features before and after Photodynamic Therapy Treatment

Actinic keratosis (AK), due to its widespread prevalence, as well as the possibility of progression to an invasive form of squamous cell carcinoma, requires treatment regardless of the clinical stage. New imaging techniques, such as in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), significantly increase the accuracy of diagnosis and allow noninvasive evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of the ongoing treatment. Our objective was to evaluate the prevalence of specific (video)dermoscopy and RCM features of pigmented and classical subtypes of AK before and after photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment. We included patients with facial grade II AKs (25 pigmented, 275 non-pigmented) were included in the study. Skin lesions were evaluated by (video)dermoscopy and RCM at the baseline and three months after PDT. In classic AK, the most frequent dermoscopic findings were fine wavy vessels (96%), scale (92%), microerosions (48%), and “strawberry” pattern (36%), while pigmented AK was characterized mostly by “rhomboidal pattern” (80%), scale (60%), white globules (48%), “jelly sign”, and superficial pigmentation (40%). RCM’s most characteristic classic AK findings were abnormal honeycomb pattern in the spinous layer, epidermal inflammatory infiltrate, and solar elastosis that were present in 96% of lesions. Pigmented AKs presented mostly with dark central areas of parakeratosis (72%), mottled pigmentation (72%), dermal inflammatory infiltrate (64%), solar elastosis (60%), and abnormal honeycomb pattern in the spinous layer (56%). Dermoscopically, PDT resulted in complete disappearance of the “rhomboidal pattern” in both classical and pigmented AKs, “starburst pattern” and “jelly sign” in classical AKs, and inner gray halo, “rosette sign” and central crust in pigmented AKs. Three months after one PDT session, RCM evaluation showed mostly solar elastosis in both classical and pigmented AK subtypes, epidermal inflammatory infiltrate in classical AKs, and dermal inflammatory infiltrate in pigmented AKs. New noninvasive imaging techniques such as RCM and (video)dermoscopy can help practitioners better visualize the efficacy of the ongoing PDT treatment in either classical or pigmented AK subtypes.

Successful extirpation of a perforated esophagus after chemo radiotherapy in infiltrative ulcerative squamous cell carcinoma

Esophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, occupying the eighth place in the structure of morbidity worldwide. Despite comprehensive approaches to treatment, mortality continues to grow in both gender groups, which moves this pathology to the sixth position in the structure of mortality from malignant tumors. A lot of patients undergo radiation therapy in the preoperative period or in an independent version due to the peculiarities of the localization of the tumor or the spread of the process. One of the serious complications of the disease on the background of ongoing conservative therapy is perforation of the esophagus, which, according to the literature, can develop from 5.6 to 33 % of cases, and the risk factors for the development of this complication are infiltrative-u lcerative form of cancer, disease stage T3–4 and the presence of esophageal stenosis, as well as the use of chemotherapy drugs such as fluorouracil and cisplatin. The article describes a clinical case of esophageal perforation in a patient with infiltrative-u lcerative form of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus on the background of preoperative chemoradiotherapy. The total focal dose (TFD) at the time of complication development was 24 Gy. As a result of a comprehensive additional examination, which revealed a developed complication in the form of perforation of the esophagus, an interdisciplinary council decided on an immediate surgical intervention, during which extirpation of the esophagus with gastro- and esophagostomy was performed. The patient was discharged on the 15th day in a satisfactory condition with a recommendation to conduct an IHC study for the presence of PD-L1 expression to determine further management tactics. This clinical case demonstrates the role of the infiltrative- ulcerative form of tumor growth, the stage of the disease, as well as the use of chemotherapy drugs during radiation treatment as risk factors for the development of esophageal perforation; an important task at the prehospital stage in the selection of such patients is a thorough examination in specialized oncological centers to exclude possible complications in the process of the above conservative treatment.

"Pharyngolaringeal Neoplasm Treated with Surgery and Radiotherapy – Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Sarcomatoid Dedifferentiation – Clinical Case"

"Sarcomatoid carcinoma is a rare and aggressive form of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It is a biphasic tumor that has been shown to be a dedifferentiated monoclonal form of classic squamous cell carcinoma. The factors that contribute to proliferation of SCC to sarcomatoid carcinoma are not precisely known but some studies revealed the importance of anterior radiation therapy. This case report describes a 62-year-old man, heavy smoker and alcohol drinker diagnosed with laryngeal neoplasm. The pathological diagnosis was well-differentiated SCC of the piriform sinus. Surgery was performed and the pathology report revealed medium differentiated SCC, pT4aN1M0. The patient underwent external radiotherapy (RT) with 66Gy/tumour bed in 33 fractions. At 4 months post RT the clinical exam revealed tumor recurrence near the tracheal stoma. A second surgery was performed and the pathology diagnosed a recurrence of SCC with sarcomatoid-looking areas, with two surgical margins being invaded by the tumor. Postoperative computer tomography (CT) of the neck showed no evidence of macroscopic disease. The next treatment used was chemotherapy with 4 cycles of carboplatin paclitaxel but soon after, an inoperable locoregional recurrence was diagnosed and he started treatment with Nivolumab followed by rapid locoregional progression. Squamous cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid dedifferentiation is a rare histology of laryngeal cancer, with an aggressive behavior that requires intense treatment and follow-up."

High-grade Spindle Cell Squamous Carcinoma of the Supraglottic Larynx Treated with Definitive Curative Radiation Therapy- A Rare Case Report

Spindle cell carcinoma or sarcomatoid carcinoma is a highly malignant form of squamous cell carcinoma with a low incidence of 2-3% in the larynx. Considering the poor prognosis, early diagnosis and treatment are imperative. This case report describes a high-grade spindle cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx treated with definitive radiation therapy.

COL7A1 Editing via RNA Trans-Splicing in RDEB-Derived Skin Equivalents

Mutations in the COL7A1 gene lead to malfunction, reduction or complete absence of type VII collagen (C7) in the skin's basement membrane zone (BMZ), impairing skin integrity. In epidermolysis bullosa (EB), more than 800 mutations in COL7A1 have been reported, leading to the dystrophic form of EB (DEB), a severe and rare skin blistering disease associated with a high risk of developing an aggressive form of squamous cell carcinoma. Here, we leveraged a previously described 3'-RTMS6m repair molecule to develop a non-viral, non-invasive and efficient RNA therapy to correct mutations within COL7A1 via spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing (SMaRT). RTM-S6m, cloned into a non-viral minicircle-GFP vector, is capable of correcting all mutations occurring between exon 65 and exon 118 of COL7A1 via SMaRT. Transfection of the RTM into recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB) keratinocytes resulted in a trans-splicing efficiency of ~1.5% in keratinocytes and ~0.6% in fibroblasts, as confirmed on mRNA level via next-generation sequencing (NGS). Full-length C7 protein expression was primarily confirmed in vitro via immunofluorescence (IF) staining and Western blot analysis of transfected cells. Additionally, we complexed 3'-RTMS6m with a DDC642 liposomal carrier to deliver the RTM topically onto RDEB skin equivalents and were subsequently able to detect an accumulation of restored C7 within the basement membrane zone (BMZ). In summary, we transiently corrected COL7A1 mutations in vitro in RDEB keratinocytes and skin equivalents derived from RDEB keratinocytes and fibroblasts using a non-viral 3'-RTMS6m repair molecule.

Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix in a Northern Nigerian Hospital: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma occurs very rarely in the uterine cervix. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma is a form of squamous cell carcinoma with a poor prognosis that primarily affects persons in their late sixties and early seventies. This paper describes a case of Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma in the fifth decade that had spread to the myometrium, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. The macroscopic findings of a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salphingo-oophorectomy revealed an ulcerative fungating tumor distorting the whole cervix and macroscopic invasion of the posterior uterine wall. Histologic features revealed a Basaloid tumour disposed in nest exhibiting peripheral palisading and stromal retraction with most of the nest having comedo pattern of necrosis. The tumour cells are fairly small uniform round cells, with scanty cytoplasm having increased nuclei cytoplasmic ratio with vesicular to open nuclei. Immunohistochemical stains; Cytokeratins, EMA, p63 and Ki-67 showed cytokeratin positivity and EMA strong and diffuse positivity. Keywords: Basaloid Squamous cell Carcinoma, uterine cervix, p63, EMA, Ber-EP4

Receptor for activated C kinase 1 promotes cervical cancer lymph node metastasis via the glycolysis‑dependent AKT/mTOR signaling.

Cervical cancer (CC), an aggressive form of squamous cell carcinoma, is characterized by early-stage lymph node metastasis and an extremely poor prognosis. The authors have previously demonstrated that patients with CC have aberrant glycolysis. The upregulation of receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is associated with CC lymph node metastasis (LNM). However, its role in mediating aerobic glycolysis in CC LNM remains unclear. In the present study, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis revealed a significant association between RACK1 expression and the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway. Additionally, RACK1 knockdown inhibited aerobic glycolysis and lymphangiogenesis in vitro and suppressed CC LNM in vivo. Furthermore, protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was identified as a critical RACK1-regulated pathway that increased lymphangiogenesis in CC. Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis revealed that RACK1 activated AKT/mTOR signaling by interacting with insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). POU class 2 homeobox 2 (POU2F2) bound to the RACK1 promoter and regulated its transcription, thereby functionally contributing to glycolysis and lymphangiogenesis in CC. Of note, the admin-istration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, which attenuates glycolysis, inhibited RACK1-induced lymphangiogenesis in CC. The correlations between RACK1, IGF1R, POU2F2 and hexokinase 2 were further confirmed in CC tissues. Thus, RACK1 plays a crucial role in CC tumor LNM by regulating glycolysis via IGF1R/AKT/mTOR signaling. Thus, the targeting of the POU2F2/RACK1/IGF1R/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway may provide a novel treatment strategy for CC.

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Marker Brachyury Is Not Expressed in Spindle Cell Carcinoma of the Head & Neck

Introduction. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex biologic process by which epithelial cells lose their cytomorphologic characteristics and assume the phenotype of mesenchymal cells. EMT is essential to normal human embryogenesis, and also occurs in wound healing, tissue repair and cancer progression. Acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype via EMT enhances the migratory capacity of carcinoma cells, increasing their metastatic capability and worsening prognosis for patients. One emerging marker of EMT is brachyury, a T-box transcription factor protein. Recent studies have demonstrated upregulation of brachyury in several carcinoma types, includ- ing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC) is a variant of SCC in which cancer cells have a predominantly spindled phenotype. Whether brachyury is expressed in SpCC and contributes to this pheno- typic change is not clear. Objective.To examine brachyury expression by immunohistochemistry in SpCC of the head & neck, hypothesizing that brachyury expression is increased in SpCC, as compared with other forms of SCC. Methods.Immunohistochemical staining for brachyury was performed on 20 head and neck carcinoma cases per group in each of four groups: SpCC; moderately- to well-differentiated SCC; moderately- to poorly-differentiated SCC; and verrucous carcinoma (VC). Uninflamed fibroma was the negative control; and human chordoma, along with a 14.5-day-old mouse embryo, were positive controls. Evaluation of brachyury reactivity was completed by light microscopy. Results.Brachyury expression was not seen in any of the experimental groups. Nuclear reactiv- ity was present in both positive controls, including within chordoma cells, and within the nucleus pulposus of the mouse embryo. Conclusions.Brachyury does not appear to be involved in the cytomorphologic changes present in SpCC, nor is it expressed in any head & neck SCC variants. Our results are contrary to those found in previous reports. This result supports the hypothesis that an alternate mechanism contributes to the phenotype of SpCC.

New insights into Canis familiaris papillomaviruses genetics and biology: Is the genetic characterization of CPV types and their variants an important clinical issue?

Canis familiaris papillomavirus (CPV) is a member of the Papillomaviridae family and is found in dogs. After infection, the host can remain asymtomatic or develop benign ephitelial neoplasms such as papillomas and pigmented viral plaques, which can progress to cancer, in the form of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In humans, 227 types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been described, with a well-established risk classification for cancer development. In addition, it is also known that variants of some high-risk HPV types may present different risks in respect of SCC development. In dogs, however, only a few types of CPV have been identified, despite the growing interest in this area, and knowledge on the genetic characterization of CPV variants is still scarce. Recent studies of CPV have shown that, as with HPV, benign neoplasia can develop into cancer, but it is believed that there are many more types and variants still to be described. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the genetics and biology of CPV, with the focus on what is known about lesions, geographic localization, virus types and variants.

Comparative study of genomic, immunological and functional features of squamous cell carcinomas in five anatomical locations

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are the most common human solid tumors and a major cause of cancer mortality. They are a group of aggressive, genetically complex neoplasms with a high risk of recurrence and metastasis. In the Republic of Moldova in 2018 the incidence of head, neck, esophagus, lung, skin and cervical cancers constituted 3242 cases of which about 50% represented the histopathological form of Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Early diagnosis, improving the outcomes of disease management and adaptation of therapies are current and necessary requirements for reducing mortality. Genetic changes, alteration of intracellular signaling pathways, and immune system response in these cancers may be influenced by various factors such as: oncogenic viruses (HPV), local microbiome, tumor localization, etc. In order to extend the understanding and the area of knowledge about these malignancies, to highlight the biological similarities and differences between certain types of SCCs, are required complex, comparative studies of genomic, epigenomic, proteomic, metabolomic, imunological and microbiome events. This complex, comparative approach has not been widely applied in previous studies and will allow the identification of similarities and differences between the multi-omics and non-omics features, the determination of individual and common biomarkers in 5 types of Squamous Cell Carcinomas: skin, head-neck, esophagus, lung and cervical. The goal of the research is the comparative study of SCCs from different anatomical locations in order to improve the screening, early diagnosis, disease management and treatment of these tumors.

Spindle Cell Carcinoma of the Breast: A Case Report Representing Diagnostics, Therapeutics, Intervention, and Outcome

Background: Spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC) is an unusual form of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and can sometimes present in the breast. Owing to the rarity of breast SpCC, few case studies are available nowadays and proper evidence is scarce. Case presentation: We herein report a 60-year-old female patient, who was referred to the surgery services after presenting with a right breast ulcerated mass. On physical examination, a 7x7 cm mass was found along with a 3 cm ulcer on the top of it. Both mammography and ultrasound showed a dense mass, and tru-cut and skin punch biopsies confirmed neoplastic spindle cells within the lesion. The patient underwent a right total mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsies with no further chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Conclusion: Owing to the heterogeneity of SpCC, there is no exact treatment protocol for this type of cancer, and mastectomy or conservative surgery can be performed in certain groups of patients depending on tumor size, stage, and lymph node involvement. Fortunately, promising medical and biological therapies might be of use in the near future.

RELATIONSHIP OF RISK FACTORS WITH HISTOPATHOLOGICAL TYPES IN CERVICAL CANCER PATIENTS IN DR SOETOMO HOSPITAL

Cervical cancer is a process of changing into malignancy in the cervix. Based on studies and previous research, cervical cancer is the third female cancer in terms of incidence (527,600 new cases) and mortality (265,700 deaths) in the world. Cervical cancer has histotopathological types in the form of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and other types. This study aimed to analyze the relationship of risk factors with histopathological types in cervical cancer patients in Dr. Soetomo Hospital. Method: This analytical descriptive study used a cross sectional research design. The number of samples were 300 patients collected by total sampling. Independent variables were risk factors including age, marital age, parity, smoking, oral contraceptives, and education while dependent variables were histopathological types including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and other types. Instruments used documentation. Data analysis used chi square, fisher and contingency coefficient tests. Results: There was a relationship of cervical cancer risk factors of age to histopathological type (p= 0.000 and contingency coefficient = 0.170) and no relationship of risk factors to number of parity (p= 0.321 and contingency coefficient = 1000 0.064 ), marriage age (p = 0.720 and contingency cofience = 0.038), smoking (p = 0.711 and contingency cofience = 0.036), oral contraceptive (p = 0.655 and contingency comfience = 0.042), education (p = 0.744 and contingency co-efficiency = 0.089) to histopathological type. Conclusion: There is a relationship between risk factors and histopathological types in cervical cancer patients at Oncology Polyclinic at Dr Soetomo Hospital of Surabaya.

A novel parotid carcinoma with a prominent ghost cell population: a masquerading tumor or “salivary ghost cell carcinoma”?

Ghost cell is one of several unique cellular morphologies associated with aberrant keratinization. We encountered a novel parotid tumor containing numerous ghost cells and herein describe its histological features and discuss diagnostic problems. The patient was a 90-year-old Japanese male, who complained of swelling of the left parotid area for four months. Positron emission tomography indicated no cervical lymph node metastasis or distant metastasis. The tumor was successfully resected with no signs of recurrence or metastasis for six months after surgery. Histologically, the tumor was mainly composed of squamous cells forming irregularly shaped nests with a mixture of pleomorphic giant or multinucleated cells and bland basaloid cell. Keratinized areas were occupied by a prominent ghost cell population. Immunohistochemically, CK5/6 and CK19 were widely positive as well as AE1/AE3, p40 and p63. Nuclear expression of β-catenin was also observed. The present case can be regarded as a particular form of squamous cell carcinoma and is believed to contain a large number of ghost cells resulting from an unclear mechanism. However, it seems difficult to consider such tumors as a clinicopathologically independent entity at present. Applying a term such as "salivary ghost cell carcinoma" would be premature.

Two different clinical forms of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the perineum and vulva of two mares

BackgroundGenital malignant neoplasms in mares are relatively rare. The treatment involve surgical removal of the tumour masses, chemotherapy or both.Case presentationTwo elderly warmblood mares, aged 16 and 20 were presented in University Clinic with the lumpy lesions at the region of perineum and left labia. Surgical removals of tumour masses were performed on standing animals. Removed tissues were subjected to histopathological examination which confirmed SCC.ConclusionsClinical and ultrasound examination of reproductive organs in both mares showed no inflammatory or neoplastic changes. Both mares healed within 2 weeks after surgery and showed no signs of tumour recurrence for the following year despite no chemotherapy treatment.

Influence of the results of international studies on the choice of treatment tactics for unresectable forms of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

The results of the clinical studies have a direct impact on clinical practice. The main criteria for the effectiveness of treatment method are increasing the overall life expectancy and improving its quality. In the treatment of common forms of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, induction chemotherapy can be used, including platinum drugs, preferably in combination with cetuximab. Next immuno-oncological drugs should be prescribed. In the future, in the 1st line of therapy, it is possible to replace cetuximab with pembrolizumab or monotherapy with pembrolizumab, which allows to increase the effectiveness of treatment and reduce its toxicity. The article presents 3 clinical observations that demonstrate the possibility of integration the results of clinical research in practice.