Slope Form Research Articles

Modularity lifting results in parallel weight one and applications to the Artin conjecture: the tamely ramified case

AbstractWe extend the modularity lifting result of P. Kassaei (‘Modularity lifting in parallel weight one’,J. Amer. Math. Soc.26 (1) (2013), 199–225) to allow Galois representations with some ramification at $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}p$. We also prove modularity mod 5 of certain Galois representations. We use these results to prove new cases of the strong Artin conjecture over totally real fields in which 5 is unramified. As an ingredient of the proof, we provide a general result on the automatic analytic continuation of overconvergent $p$-adic Hilbert modular forms of finite slope which substantially generalizes a similar result in P. Kassaei (‘Modularity lifting in parallel weight one’, J. Amer. Math. Soc.26 (1) (2013), 199–225).

The Stability of 3D-Geomat in Different Slope Gradient

3D-geomat protective slope is a new type of protective slope form which combines the 3D-geocell with the planting grass. Because the complex and dense spatial structure can tie the slope soil and has a reinforced effect on the slope surface, it has the advantage in soil and water conservation and ecological protection, and it gets more and more widely used in the present engineering construction. By using the finite element model, we compare the whole stability in the 3D-geomat slope and unprotective slope under the condition of different slope gradient. And then we get the relative results.

Nanostructured Two-Component Composite Approach for Better High-Rate Capability of Cathode Materials

Many efforts have been made to turn insulating compounds into attractive electrode materials, including nanosizing, carbon nanopainting and metal doping. A new approach to enhance high-rate capability of materials with poor electric conductivity is based on the development of two-component composites comprising of low-conductive and high-conductive electrode materials. Monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 is a promising cathode for high-power lithium-ion batteries because of its open three-dimensional framework allowing fast transport of lithium ions. Its theoretical capacity is 132 and 197 mAh×g-1 upon cycling to 4.3 and 4.8 V, respectively. Recently, the enhanced electrochemical performance of nanostructured LiVPO4F/Li3V2(PO4)3 composites has been reported [1]. The aim of the present work was to prepare (1-x)LiMPO4/xLi3V2(PO4)3 (M=Mn,Fe) nanocomposites with 0.05£x£0.50 by mechanochemically assisted solid state synthesis and to investigate their structural features and electrochemical performance. The composites were synthesized by the joint carbothermal reduction of MnO2 (Fe2O3) and V2O5 in the mixtures with Li2CO3 and (NH4)2HPO4 using AGO-2 planetary mill. Crystal structure was studied by X-ray and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) using Rietveld refinement. NPD spectra were obtained at IBR-2 reactor of JINR (Dubna). Particle size and morphology were studied by SEM and TEM. The local structure of the LiFePO4/Li3V2(PO4)3 composites was investigated by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The samples were cycled in Swagelok-type half-cells with Li anode, Whatman GF/C separator and LiPF6-based electrolyte in the 2.0-4.8 V (Mn) and 2.5-4.3(4.8) V (Fe) range at 0.1-10C cycling rates. Additionally, GITT method was applied for the evaluation of Li ionic diffusion coefficient in the composites upon cycling. Two phases were present on XRD and NPD patterns of all samples: orthorhombic LiMPO4 (space group Pnmb) and monoclinic Li3V2(PO4)3 (space group P21/n). The refined cell parameters of LiMPO4 and Li3V2(PO4)3 in the composites slightly deviate from those of pure components (Fig. 1). Mössbauer spectroscopy of the 0.75LiFePO4/0.25Li3V2(PO4)3 composite reveals the presence of tiny amounts of Fe3+ ions. According to SEM and TEM, the average particle size of the composite decreases as compared with pure components, indicating that Li3V2(PO4)3 and LiMPO4 phases hinder the crystal growth of each other. In the 2.5-4.8 V range, Li3V2(PO4)3 exhibits four redox plateaus corresponding to a sequence of phase transitions: Li3V2(PO4)3→Li2.5V2(PO4)3→Li2V2(PO4)3→ Li1V2(PO4)3→V2(PO4)3. On the dQ/dU=f(U) plots of the LiMPO4/Li3V2(PO4)3 composites, some additional peaks are also observed corresponding to two redox pairs: Mn3+/Mn4+ (at 4.4 V) and Fe3+/Fe2+ (at 3.45 V). Charge-discharge profiles of the composites and the variation of specific discharge capacity of the composites vs. cycling rate are shown in Fig. 2. When the voltage cut-off increases to 4.8 V for 0.75LiFePO4/0.25Li3V2(PO4)3, its capacity increases and discharge profile gets a sloping form. The enhancement of high-rate electrochemical performance of LiMPO4 in the composites is considered to be a result of reduction in particle size and the nucleation energy for the formation of the MPO4 phases. GITT measurements confirm the increase of D Li and the improvement of Li diffusion in the composites. Thus, the nanostructured two-component composite approach (combination of low- and high-conductive electrode materials) supported by mechanochemically assisted solid state synthesis is shown to be applicable and very promising. The increase in the number of voltage plateaus and the mean intercalation voltage should be advantageous for improvement of cell performance.[1] N.V. Kosova, E.T. Devyatkina, A.B. Slobodyuk, A.K. Gutakovskii // doi 10.1007/s10008-013-2213-1

Hyporheic Exchange and Nutrient Uptake in A Forested and Urban Stream in the Southern Appalachians

The hyporheic exchange (HE) is defined as the interaction between stream water and groundwater, where the stream water passes back and forth between the active channel and subsurface flow paths (Runkel, 1998). The zone of this exchange is characterized by saturated pore spaces, under sand or gravel stream beds (Hancock, 2002) and near the adjacent banks of the stream (Ryan, 2010), that contain some amount of water from the main stream channel (Boulton, Welty, & Larson, 2010). An indication of channel complexity within streams (Grimm, 2005), this transitional zone exposes surface water solutes to alternating oxic and anoxic conditions as they are mixed within the groundwater flow system (Lautz & Siegel, 2007). This plays a crucial role in stream ecosystem functioning with regard to physical characteristics (e.g. stream temperature), biogeochemical processes, (Ryan, 2010), and nutrient cyclings, which ultimately control the water quality of the stream (Lautz & Siegel, 2007). HE is driven by many physical attributes. Parent lithology of watersheds affects HE by controlling sediment porosity and hydraulic conductivity (Morrice, Valett, Dahm, & Campana, 1997). In addition, bed topography (i.e.dunes and ripples in sediments) drives HE through changes in local hydraulics (Harvey & Bencala 1993). Stream slope, morphology, and bed form (e.g. pool-step sequence, channel sinuosity, etc) also influence HE (Wondzell, 2005). As a result, extent of HE depends on a wide variety of factors including, but not limited to, sedimentporosity and hydraulic conductivity, channel morphology, as well as strength of groundwater upwelling, discharge, and size of the channel (Hancock, 2002). Size of HE in the vertical and lateral directions can range anywhere from a few centimeters to tens of meters depending on all of the above stated factors (Kasahara & Hill,2000). From a hydrological perspective, the hyporheic zone also has the potential to reduce peak discharge during storm events (Kasahara & Hill, 2002), a quality of particular importance in urban areas with extensive impervioussurfaces prone to storm runoff. The ecological significance of HE is even greater than just hydrologic flux. HE brings oxygen and other substrates in and flushes wastes out (Hancock, 2002). This process lends itself to a buffer having the potential to impede pollutant transport within both surface water flow paths as well as groundwater (Hester & Gooseff, 2010). HE increases the contact time of stream water with chemically reactive sediments and microbial communities, which creates hot spots for biogeochemical processes (Findlay, 1995).Given the permeable nature of hyporheic sediments, as nutrients flow through the hyporheic zone, it is reactively filtered (Trimmer et al., 2012). Hyporheic zones also provide a means for nitrogen (N) and other nutrients to be temporarily stored before they are lost downstream (Reidy & Clinton, 2004). This longer residence time for materials and reactive filtration allows for nutrient processing and plays a crucial role in regulating theconcentrations and forms of N exported downstream (Ensign & Doyle, 2006).

Phase dependent modulation of soleus H-reflex in healthy, non-injured individuals while walking with an ankle foot orthosis

ObjectiveTo examine the dynamic modulation of the soleus H-reflex while walking with a posterior leaf spring ankle foot orthosis (PAFO). MethodsSoleus H-reflexes were evoked on randomly chosen lower limb of fourteen healthy individuals (age range of 22–36 years, 7 women) while walking on a treadmill with and without a PAFO. In order to capture excitability across the duration of the gait cycle, H-reflexes were evoked at heel strike (HS), HS+100ms, HS+200ms, HS+300ms, HS+400ms in the stance phase and at toe-off (TO), TO+100ms, TO+200ms, TO+300ms, TO+400ms in the swing phase respectively. ResultsH-reflex excitability was significantly higher in the form of greater slope of the rise in H-reflex amplitude across the swing phase (p=0.024) and greater mean H-reflex amplitude (p=0.014) in the swing phase of walking with a PAFO. There was no change in the slope (p=0.25) or the mean amplitude of H-reflexes (p=0.22) in the stance phase of walking with a PAFO. Mean background EMG activity between the two walking conditions was not significantly different for both the tibialis anterior (p=0.69) and soleus muscles (p=0.59). ConclusionPAFO increased reflex excitability in the swing phase of walking in healthy individuals. Altered sensory input originating from joint, muscle and cutaneous receptors may be the underlying mechanism for greater reflex excitability. The neurophysiological effect of PAFOs on reflex modulation during walking needs to be tested in persons with neurological injury. The relationship between the sensory input and the reflex output during walking may assist in determining if there exists a neurological disadvantage of using a compensatory device such as a PAFO.

Soil Assessment along Toposequences in Rural Northern Nigeria: A Geomedical Approach

Case numbers of endemic Ca-deficiency rickets (CDR) have been reported to be alarmingly rising among children of subsistence farms in developing countries within the last 30 years. Fluoride toxicities in the environment are known to not be related to the disease. To investigate if, instead, CDR is caused by a nutrient deficiency in the environment, subsistence farms in an endemic CDR area near Kaduna, northern Nigeria, were investigated for bedrock, slope forms, soil types, and soil characteristics. The natural environment was investigated according to the World Reference Base, soil texture was analysed by pipette and sieving, and plant-available macronutrients were determined using barium-chloride or Ca-acetate-lactate extraction. The analyses showed that granite and slope deposits were the dominant parent materials. The typical slope forms and soil types were Lixisols and Acrisols on pediments, Fluvisols in river valleys, and Plinthosols and Acrisols on plains. Compared with West African background values, all of the soils had normal soil textures but were low in macronutrients. Comparisons to critical limits, however, showed that only the P concentrations were critically low, which are typical for savanna soils. A link between nutrient deficiency in soils and CDR in the Kaduna area was therefore considered unlikely.

Observation of a Class of Disturbance in Time Series Expansion for Fractional Order Systems

This paper is concerned with the problem of designing disturbance observer for fractional order systems, of which the disturbance is in time series expansion. The stability of a special observer with the selected nonlinear weighted function and transient dynamics function is rigorously analyzed for slowly varying disturbance. In addition, the result is also extended to estimate slope forms disturbance and higher order disturbance of fractional order systems. The efficacy of the proposed method is validated through numerical examples.

Research on Soil-Like Slope Instability Based on FEM Strength Reduction

In the construction of mountainous area roads, the similar soil slope is the most common slope form. During the construction, the problem we often meet is how to make the evaluation about the stability of the similar soil slope. The joints exist in the matrix rock, which make great effect on the stability of the slope. The main idea of this article is to analyze the effect of joints and the rain seeped in on the instability of the slope. To solve the problem, the finite element strength reduction theory is taken in this article, and the geotechnical finite element analysis software z_soil is chosen to make the analysis about the instability criterion and the stability in the condition the rain of the similar slope.

Aportación al desarrollo diferencial de las repoblaciones forestales en relación con factores topográficos y geomorfológicos (La Rioja)

A sampling of 110 experimental plots of reforestation was made, measuring the growth and the forest covering. Results are contrasted with the topography and the slope form. An uniqual growth in the slopes and small basins was found We conclude that the hidromorphological dinamics, with respect to the topography and form of the slope, conditions the water supplies and nutriments for the forest growing.

Agroecosystem Analysis of the Choke Mountain Watersheds, Ethiopia

Tropical highland regions are experiencing rapid climate change. In these regions the adaptation challenge is complicated by the fact that elevation contrasts and dissected topography produce diverse climatic conditions that are often accompanied by significant ecological and agricultural diversity within a relatively small region. Such is the case for the Choke Mountain watersheds, in the Blue Nile Highlands of Ethiopia. These watersheds extend from tropical alpine environments at over 4000 m elevation to the hot and dry Blue Nile gorge that includes areas below 1000 m elevation, and contain a diversity of slope forms and soil types. This physical diversity and accompanying socio-economic contrasts demand diverse strategies for enhanced climate resilience and adaptation to climate change. To support development of locally appropriate climate resilience strategies across the Blue Nile Highlands, we present here an agroecosystem analysis of Choke Mountain, under the premise that the agroecosystem—the intersection of climatic and physiographic conditions with agricultural practices—is the most appropriate unit for defining adaptation strategies in these primarily subsistence agriculture communities. To this end, we present two approaches to agroecosystem analysis that can be applied to climate resilience studies in the Choke Mountain watersheds and, as appropriate, to other agroecologically diverse regions attempting to design climate adaptation strategies. First, a full agroecoystem analysis was implemented in collaboration with local communities. It identified six distinct agroecosystems that differ systematically in constraints and adaptation potential. This analysis was then paired with an objective landscape classification trained to identify agroecosystems based on climate and physiographic setting alone. It was found that the distribution of Choke Mountain watershed agroecosystems can, to first order, be explained as a function of prevailing climate. This suggests that the conditions that define current agroecosystems are likely to migrate under a changing climate, requiring adaptive management strategies. These agroecosystems show a remarkable degree of differentiation in terms of production orientation and socio-economic characteristics of the farming communities suggesting different options and interventions towards building resilience to climate change.

Landslides and gully slope erosion on the banks of the Gauja River between the towns of Sigulda and Līgatne

This study examines contemporary and past slope erosion processes in the Gauja River valley and adjoining area between the towns of Sigulda and Līgatne. In the field survey landslides and gullies were mapped. Spatial landslide and gully data were correlated with the landslide- and gully-related features (local relief, slope lithology, slope form, slope angle and density of gullies). A novel approach was applied to establish the relationships between slope processes and factors influencing them. This approach uses correlation between raster values of landslide-related factors in specific slope sections and the number of slope processes in these sections to determine the areas prone to slope processes and their causes. As a result, the susceptibility index of the landslides and gullies was mapped and compared with landslides and gullies from field observations. The map of landslide susceptibility was more compatible with observations from field studies than the map of gully susceptibility. A more developed gully network in the northern part of the study area can be explained by smaller resistance of sediments to erosion, while in the southern part of the study area shallow dolomite deposits are limiting gully erosion. The distributed sediment volumes in separate zones were calculated to compare erosion rates on both banks of the Gauja River. Higher erosion rates were obtained for the left bank. Large cross sections of tributary valleys and large gullies, poorly developed erosional network, weak correlations with slope angle and lithology indicate that the erosion network was formed in a short time interval, possibly during the Late-Glacial period in paraglacial environments.

South Africa’s Golden Gate Highlands National Park management plan: Critical reflections

The Golden Gate Highlands National Park (GGHNP) is on the foothills of the Maluti Mountains and is the only national park in the eastern Free State Province of South Africa. The park is famous for its impressive sandstone formations. It was established in 1963 for the purpose of protecting a pristine area with much emphasis on conserving the sandstone formations and the montane and Afro-Alpine grassland biome. The GGHNP is situated in QwaQwa, which is well known for lacking sustainable development, and has been declared a Presidential Nodal Point because of high poverty, population growth and unemployment. These problems persist despite the fact that the park is the province's major tourist attraction. Previous research in and around the park has focused on geology, palaeontological finds, slope forms and the prominent lichen weathering, and remarkably little has been done on the institutional framework and policy environment governing the management and conservation of park resources.

Morphology of Coronoid Process and Sigmoid Notch in Orthopantomograms of South Indian Population

ABSTRACT Introduction The shape of the coronoid process and sigmoid notch is useful in anthropological studies and forensic dentistry. Literature review shows that the morphological variation in the shape of coronoid process and sigmoid notch may be due to hereditary or functional changes and have a correlation with the mode and degree of the attachment of temporalis muscle. Materials and methods In this study the shape of the coronoid process and sigmoid notch were analyzed in 200 orthopantomographs. The coronoid process and sigmoid notch were classified as beak shaped, flat round, triangular and sloping, round and wide respectively. In this study, we have attempted to analyze the prevalence of different shapes of coronoid process and sigmoid notch in the residents of South India. The different shapes of coronoid process and sigmoid notch were compared for sexual dimorphism and difference on either side. Results The mean age ± SD of the study population was found to be 35.03 ± 18.37. No significant changes were observed among right and left coronoid process and sigmoid notch, neither was there any changes observed among males and females. Triangular shape coronoid process and the sloping form for sigmoid notch appears to be more common. Variation in the shape according to age was found to be statistically insignificant. Conclusion A multicentric study involving various ethnic groups of larger sample size may be undertaken to analyze variations in the morphology of coronoid process and sigmoid notch. How to cite this article Shakya S, Ongole R, Nagraj SK. Morphology of Coronoid Process and Sigmoid Notch in Orthopantomograms of South Indian Population. World J Dent 2013;4(1):1-3.

ℒ-invariant of the adjoint Galois representation of modular forms of finite slope

We establish a formula for the ℒ-invariant of the adjoint p-adic Galois representation of cuspidal eigenform that is of finite slope at p. The formula relates the ℒ-invariant to the derivative of the Up-eigenvalue of the Coleman family, generalizing a result of Hida.

Reason Analysis of Landsliding for the Side Slope Corner Area

Deformation amount is depended on area position for approximate condition on engineering geology. Deformation amount is small as radius of curvature become small, conversely large. This paper studies severe plastic deformation reason of slope body. Landsliding reason of the side slope corner area is the rain soaked softening effect for the lower part of the clay rock special slope form. Therefore, abnormal deformation is produced. Slope stability is related slope angle, sometimes related secondary softening effect of rain water. So, key measures of slope safety are ensured for controlling the rain soaked softening effect.

Trends in Soil Erosion and Woody Shrub Encroachment in Ngqushwa District, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Woody shrub encroachment severely impacts on the hydrological and erosion response of rangelands and abandoned cultivated lands. These processes have been widely investigated at various spatial scales, using mostly field experimentation. The present study used remote sensing to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of soil erosion and encroachment by a woody shrub species, Pteronia incana, in a catchment in Ngqushwa district, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa between 1998 and 2008. The extreme categories of soil erosion and shrub encroachment were mapped with higher accuracy than the intermediate ones, particularly where lower spatial resolution data were used. The results showed that soil erosion in the worst category increased simultaneously with dense woody shrub encroachment on the hill slopes. This trend is related to the spatial patterning of woody shrub vegetation that increases bare soil patches--leading to runoff connectivity and concentration of overland flow. The major changes in soil erosion and shrub encroachment analysed during the 10-year period took place in the 5-9° slope category and on the concave slope form. Multi-temporal analyses, based on remote sensing, can extend our understanding of the dynamics of soil erosion and woody shrub encroachment. They may help benchmark the processes and assist in upscaling field studies.

Damage detection in composite materials using deflectometry, a full-field slope measurement technique

This paper presents a method for detecting damage in layered composite materials using a simple measurement technique, deflectometry. The aim is to locate the damage in a specimen and provide a “signature” in the form of surface slopes. The first part of the paper presents the experimental procedure: material, lay-up and sample types, then the set-up and data extraction are detailed followed by the finite element (FE) models. Finally the results are presented and commented.

Ceria-promoted oxygen reduction reaction in Pd-based electrocatalysts

PdCo-ceria electrocatalyst is synthesized on carbon support in a size of a few nm by colloid method. Enhanced oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics of PdCo is observed in the presence of ceria similarly as confirmed for PtCo-ceria in a half cell experiment. In addition, there appears a positive shift of the ORR onset potential of PdCo-ceria compared to PdCo while PtCo-ceria shows no such an apparent shift of onset potential. These effects of ceria on the ORR onset potential and the ORR kinetics are more remarkable as temperature increases. To get the most of oxygen storage and supply capacity of ceria, a high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is fabricated using PdCo-ceria as a catalyst at the cathode. Ceria effects on the ORR of PdCo-ceria catalyst are realized in the form of higher OCV and lower Tafel slope compared to PdCo catalyst in the PEMFC single cell performance. Enhancements in both ORR kinetics and ORR onset potential are very attractive features of ceria as a co-catalyst in the development of a non-Pt ORR electrocatalyst.

Sandstone geomorphology of the Golden Gate Highlands National Park, South Africa, in a global context

The Golden Gate Highlands National Park (GGHNP) is well known for its impressive sandstone formations. While previous geoscience research in the park has focused on geology, palaeontology, slope forms and the prominent lichen weathering, remarkably little has been written on the diversity and possible origins of sandstone phenomena in the region. The objectives of this study were (1) to present a geomorphological map of prominent and interesting landforms for particular portions of the park and (2) to document the variety of macro- and microscale sandstone formations observed. During field work, we undertook global positioning system measurements to map landforms and, in addition, measured the dimensions of several landform types. A Schmidt hammer was used to conduct rock hardness tests at a variety of localities and lithologies for comparative purposes. We indentified and mapped 27 macro- and microscale sandstone landforms, of which 17 are described in detail. It is demonstrated that for the most part, the landforms are a likely product of surface lithological reactions to a regional climate characterised by pronounced multitemporal temperature and moisture shifts, recently and in the past. However, many of the geomorphological processes producing landforms are controlled by microclimates set up by factors such as macro- and microtopography. Conservation implications: The GGHNP is best known for its geological, geomorphological and palaeontological heritage. This paper highlights the diversity of sandstone geomorphological phenomena, many of them rare and ‘unique’ to the region. Not only are these landforms of aesthetic interest to tourists, but they also provide microhabitats for biota. Thus, conservation of biota requires associated conservation of geo-environments where they are established.

Mazur-Tate elements of nonordinary modular forms

We establish formulae for the Iwasawa invariants of Mazur--Tate elements of cuspidal eigenforms, generalizing known results in weight 2. Our first theorem deals with forms of "medium" weight, and our second deals with forms of small slope . We give examples illustrating the strange behavior which can occur in the high weight, high slope case.