Forms Of Sexual Exploitation Research Articles

The UNCRC and the Holy See

This contribution analyses the complex problems arising from the application of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) to the Holy See. Taking the continuous scandal of sexual abuses on children within the Catholic Church as a case study, it highlights the still persistent tension within international law between the protection of sovereignty and the full enjoyment of human rights, including children’s rights. To this end, after a preliminary analysis of the Holy See’s sui generis international legal personality, this contribution investigates two issues that prevent the Holy See from being held responsible for violation of children’s rights under international law. First, it examines the attribution of the conduct of local bishops/priests accused of sexual abuses worldwide to the Holy See, also in light of Pope Francis’ latest institutional reforms. Second, it addresses the immunity granted to the Holy See in these circumstances, thus questioning the rationale of such immunity when children are involved. Indeed, this article argues that, despite the Holy See having ratified the UNCRC (Article 34 of which calls on parties to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse), children’s rights and their best interests are generally ignored when the sexual abuse plague within the Church is encountered in international fora. Keywords: UNCRC; Holy See; Vatican City State; international law of responsibility; immunity; sexual abuses.

Analysis of Characters and Characteristics in The Novel "Perempuan di Titik Nol" By Nawal El Saadawi Using A Feminism Approach

This article analyzes the characters and characterization in the novel "Women at Zero Point" by Nawal El Saadawi using a feminist approach. This novel depicts women's struggle in facing oppression, violence and gender injustice in a patriarchal society. A feminist approach is used to analyze how the female characters in this novel face these problems and struggle to find freedom. This analysis uses a literature review method by referring to the novel "Perempuan di Titik Zero" and relevant feminist literature studies. Focus is given to the main character, Firdaus, as well as other female characters in this novel. The results of the analysis show that the female characters in this novel face oppression and violence carried out by the patriarchal system. Firdaus, as the main character, faces various forms of sexual exploitation, domestic violence, and objectification by the surrounding community. However, this novel also highlights women's solidarity as a source of strength and support in their struggle against gender injustice. A feminist approach helps in seeing how the author criticizes patriarchal norms that limit women. Firdaus and other female characters challenge narrow social expectations and attempt to shape their identities outside these constraints. In conclusion, This analysis confirms that the novel "Women at Point Zero" is a reflection of women's struggle to seek freedom and overcome gender injustice in a patriarchal society. Women's solidarity and criticism of patriarchal norms are important themes in this novel, inviting readers to consider the role and influence of patriarchy in women's lives.

The Criminal Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Jordanian Criminal Legislation: a Comparative Study

Objective: This study aims to investigate the criminal protection of children from sexual exploitation. It examines the substantive provisions related to the crime of inducing prostitution as a form of sexual exploitation, as regulated by the Jordanian Penal Code for the year 2022. Furthermore, it explores the crime of trafficking in children for sexual exploitation under the Jordanian Trafficking in Persons Act for the year 2021.
 
 Method: To achieve the desired objectives of the study, a descriptive and analytical approach was followed in describing and analyzing the texts of the materials that addressed child sexual exploitation in Jordanian legislation and comparative laws. The comparative approach was also used by comparing the subject of the study, which is the criminal protection of children from sexual exploitation in Jordanian legislation, with some criminal laws and international conventions.
 
 Result: One of the study's most important findings is that the Jordanian legislator did not successfully use the term "prostitution" in Article 14 of the Electronic Crimes Law because the term "prostitution" includes females only.
 
 Conclusion: The legislative phrasing of criminal provisions related to child sexual exploitation, specifically the phrase "for the purpose of exploiting them" found in Article 3/b of Jordan's Anti-Human Trafficking Law, and similar provisions in the studied legislation, raises an issue concerning the necessity of proving specific intent in child sexual exploitation crimes, namely the intent to exploit.

Upaya Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang

This trafficking crime is usually not only committed by individuals but also carried out by a group of people (corporations). This form of trafficking is related to commercial sex work and the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation includes, exploitation of prostitution by others, or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or service, slavery, or slavery-like practices, servitude or organ harvesting. The issue raised in this case is how the imposition of criminal sanctions in the Criminal Code and outside the Criminal Code and how these sanctions are related in the Human Rights Law in Law No. 39 of 1999. Based on Article 1 paragraph 1 of Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning Trafficking in Persons, the definition is the act of recruiting, transporting, sheltering, sending, transferring, or receiving a person by threat of violence, use of force, kidnapping, captivity, forgery, fraud, abuse of power or vulnerable position, debt bondage or giving payment or benefits, so as to obtain the consent of the person in control of the other person, whether carried out within countries or between countries, for the purpose of exploitation or resulting in exploitation of people. Trafficking operations were often conducted behind closed doors and operated outside the law. Traffickers quickly developed an undetectable way of working. This crime continues to grow at a rapid pace.

A Message from the Editor: Introduction to the Special Issue on Human Trafficking

A Message from the EditorIntroduction to the Special Issue on Human Trafficking Michael R. Hall, Sabella Abidde, and José de Arimatéia da Cruz In November 2000, the United Nations adopted the "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime." It stated, "'Trafficking in persons' shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs."1 The 7th INTERPOL Global Conference on Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in September 2019—three months before the 37th Annual Association of Global South Studies (AGSS) Conference held in Argentina's capital in December 2019. The INTERPOL conference attracted 750 participants from ninety-seven countries who focused on disrupting the "business model" of criminal enterprises behind human trafficking and migrant smuggling. In her opening remarks at the INTERPOL conference, Patricia Bullrich, Argentina's Minister of Security, described human trafficking and migrant smuggling as "the strong over the weak—those who exploit the vulnerability for their own profit." According to Bullrich, "It is important that we understand the essence of the crime, [End Page ix] not only to fight the offenders, but also to develop our ability to return freedom and peace of mind to all those who have suffered as victims."2 While attending the AGSS conference, Professor of Political Science Sabella Abidde at Alabama State University, Professor of Political Science José de Arimatéia da Cruz at Georgia Southern University, and Professor of History Michael R. Hall at Georgia Southern University—encouraged and influenced by the success and popularity of the recent INTERPOL conference—initiated a project that would examine the issue of human trafficking in Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Initially, the plan was to host a series of panels at the 38th annual AGSS conference to be held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, in October 2020. Due to travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, the conference was canceled. As a result, we approached Ryan Alexander, the editor of the Journal of Global South Studies (JGSS), with a plan for an issue of the journal dedicated to the theme of human trafficking in Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean. The fruition of this endeavor are the six articles by nine scholars from multiple disciplines included in this issue of the journal. In "Theorizing Human Trafficking and Unfree Labor," Julia Harnoncourt from the University of Luxembourg and Miguel Paredes from the University of Vienna examine human trafficking in the context of labor exploitation. The authors explain that unfree labor transpires when the workers cannot sell their labor freely. Significantly, the unfree labor condition involves a situation in which the laborer cannot end their labor relation. After placing their research in historical perspective, the authors examine the Palermo Protocol and the application of laws against human trafficking in two case studies: Bolivia and Brazil. In "Paradoxes and Anomalies in Caribbean Anti-Trafficking Law and Practice," Jason Haynes from the University of the Birmingham assesses existing state practice on human trafficking in the Caribbean. Haynes' study is based on empirical data collected from interviews with 50 government officials and nongovernmental organization representatives in twelve Caribbean nations. In "Comparative Analysis of Human Trafficking in Caribbean and African Islands from the Annual Trafficking in Persons Report," Kathleen M. Vogel from Arizona State University examines current trends in human trafficking in African and Caribbean islands. Especially relevant is the author's discussion of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human trafficking. In "Sun, Sand, Sex, and Safari: The Interplay of Sex Tourism and Global Inequalities [End Page...

Krivičnopravna zaštita polnog integriteta dece

Criminal law protection of a child from sexual violence is very complex in nature and is achieved by prescribing crimes against sexual freedom. In the Serbian criminal legislation, in most criminal offenses, protection is provided for their qualified, i.e. more serious, form. Violation of the sexual integrity of a child in the form of sexual exploitation and abuse is one of the most serious, inhumane, crimes. Systematic study of the phenomenon of endangering the sexual freedom and integrity of child undoubtedly represents a supranational problem and overcomes the mutual social, cultural, religious and other differences of individual states. Criminal law protection is achieved by prescribing certain behaviors as criminal acts, i.e. by stipulating when certain human behaviors can be considered punishable and under what conditions, as well as by prescribing penalties for such acts. It is the most vulnerable category (child) that is placed in a special position according to which sexual freedoms and integrity are most seriously violated and endangered, which inevitably requires initiation of criminal proceedings in order to protect them. On the one hand, in the modern criminal legislation, the legal incrimination is expanding in most criminal acts when it comes to children, because, on the other hand, the number of criminal acts committed to the detriment of children is increasing. In support of this is the fact that the adopted Law on Amendments to the Criminal Code from 2009, in the chapter against sexual freedom, criminalized two new crimes: inducing a child to attend sexual acts (Article 185a) and abuse of computer networks and other technical means of communication for committing crimes against sexual freedom against a minor (Article 185b). The original text of the Criminal Code also contains incriminations of Rape ((Article 178), Sexual Intercourse through Abuse of Position (Article 179), Sexual Intercourse with a Child (Article 180), Showing, Procuring and Possessing Pornographic Material and Minor Person Pornography (Article 185) which provide protection of the child's sexual integrity. The paper analyzes criminal acts that provide basic and additional protection of the child's sexual integrity, but also examines the compliance of new normative solutions with relevant international legal documents in this area, primarily with the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children from Sexual Abuse and Sexual Exploitation.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI KONSUMEN YANG BELUM CAKAP TERHADAP PLAY MUSIC DALAM BENTUK VIDEO KLIP DEWASA

Pornography is a bad intake for children's development, especially in video clips consumed by children as a form of sexual exploitation, so that protection of children needs sufficient attention. Allowing children to access sites that contain pornography will have a major impact on the child's development process. The purpose of this study is to find out what forms of legal protection are applied to children who consume sites that contain pornography. The research method uses normative research methods. The technical analysis of legal materials in this study uses qualitative analysis. Based on the results of the study, the form of legal protection for children who use pornography is to provide a sense of security, security and welfare for the child by providing special protection to children so that bad habits and mental health are not disturbed. Protect children who value pornography over rehabilitation . Efforts that can be made by parents as the closest people, government and society to prevent the occurrence of bad habits committed by children who consume pornography, namely as parents are obliged to give directions to children which actions are not allowed which are not permitted, often taking children to go recite the Koran so that the child can be busy with good things, hold seminars, appeals or socialization to the community so that the protection of children from cases related to pornographic sites is not spread to the younger generation for the nation's successors and can be done by various means of prevention

Human Trafficking in Malaysia: The Right of Women and Children (2010-2019)

Human trafficking is gaining attention internationally as a serious human rights violation. Today, almost every nation of the world is affected by human trafficking activities. Cases that are involving women and children trafficking are among the primary concern in Malaysia today. Besides, trafficking in women and children is a violation of human rights, mostly in the forms of sexual exploitation and forced labor. It threatens the security and the socio-economic condition of Malaysia. Human trafficking is commonly occurring within the perimeter of cross borders, it influences high numbers of women and children being trafficked due to poverty or internal unrest. Majority of them are originated from the neighborhood ASEAN member states and Malaysia is seen as a transit country. This paper deliberates on issue of human trafficking in Malaysia. It examines state and international policies towards combatting human trafficking issue in order to seek an adjustable solution. Likewise, it is also regarding the human rights matter due to violations faced by the vulnerable women and children. Finally, it examines the challenges that law enforcements are confronting in combatting human trafficking in Malaysia. The study adopts descriptive qualitative research method through the use of secondary resources. It was found that Malaysia has issues in standardizing clear proceeding to determine the perpetrators of Human trafficked victims. It was proposed that enforcement agents need to be diligently experienced in handling arrest of exploiters of immigrants. Furthermore, it was equally found that Malaysia lacks adequate implementation in the process of protecting the rights of the trafficked victims. The paper proposed some input on adequate strategies for handling human trafficking in Malaysia.

DINAMIKA KEJAHATAN DUNIA MAYA MENGENAI ONLINE CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION DI TENGAH PANDEMI COVID-19

Today the whole world is facing the threat of the COVID-19 Pandemic, such conditions have changed the social attitudes of children and adolescents whose schools have been closed to spend more time online. This change in attitude has an impact on the field of crime or cyber crime, especially in the form of new sexual exploitation that is currently developing by utilizing internet facilities. This new form of sexual exploitation is known as online child sexual exploitationindicated to be increasingly widespread in the midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic.A new form of sexual exploitation that is developing is known as online child sexual exploitation. Several cases of sexual exploitation on a small scale have been found in the Philippines and Thailand, namely cases of grooming (sexual seduction), distribution of child pornography content, and even solicitation in the form of sexting (sending indecent images) have occurred in both countries. The dynamics of cyber crime in the form of online child sexual exploitation have also developed in Indonesia in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, there are difficulties in identifying and investigating violators, as they can continually adapt technology to enable their sexual harassment and exploitation, and avoid detection.In addition, one of the problems that arise is the inconsistent use of terms or terminology related to child sexual exploitation online, so that it has an impact on difficulties in law enforcement.(law enforcement).Therefore, This scientific article intends to describe and explain the terminology and characteristics of online child sexual exploitation in a positive legal perspective, as well as to identify the dynamics of cyber crime regarding online child sexual exploitation in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Защита половой неприкосновенности несовершеннолетних в сети Интернет

Protection of the sexual integrity of minors is one of the key tasks of criminal law protection. The protection of children from sexual violence is enshrined both in domestic legislation and at the level of international acts. At the same time, these crimes have always been considered one of the most dangerous criminal acts, as they lead to the loss of health and life of these children, as well as to a destroyed psyche. Not the last place in the commission of violent crimes against the sexual integrity of children is the Internet. The purpose of the study is a hypothesis about the need to increase the effectiveness of countering crimes that infringe on the sexual integrity of minors through the Internet. The methodological basis of the study is the methods of analysis and synthesis, which make it possible to identify a causal relationship between the Internet and the growth of crimes against sexual integrity. The statistical method makes it possible to trace the dynamics of the growth of the crimes under consideration, the logical method of presenting the research material is also used, as well as the method of modeling and abstraction. We analyze the possibilities of the Internet for committing the indicated crimes. These opportunities include: a variety of special digital programs that allow you to establish contact with a large number of children, also helping to collect data on children and use them to involve minors in committing crimes against them that infringe on their sexual integrity; the widespread use of mobile devices with access to the World Wide Web allows minors themselves to distribute their images of a sexual nature, which become the property of adults who are interested in receiving them. We focus on the means of committing the indicated crimes: mass distribution, placement and promotion on the Internet of materials containing images of sexual abuse of children; direct sale and receipt of financial rewards for such materials; creation of web studios for viewing pornographic materials; organization of child sex tourism. We identify the following forms of sexual exploitation and abuse of children: Internet harassment, drawing children into viewing materials that are detrimental to their development, where alcoholism, drug addiction, and prostitution are demonstrated and cultivated; involvement of minors in sexual contact; cyberbullying based on real and fake images of the sexual nature of minors; trafficking in minors into sexual slavery, etc. The results of the study are aimed at improving the mechanism for counteracting crimes that infringe on the sexual integrity of minors through the Internet.

Malignant trauma and the invisibility of ritual abuse

This article draws on psychoanalytic theories of malignant trauma to explain the invisibility of ritual abuse. Ritual abuse refers to the misuse of rituals in the organised sexual abuse of children. Despite expanded recognition of the varieties of child maltreatment, ritual abuse remains largely invisible outside the trauma and dissociation field as a specific form of sexual exploitation. Presenting qualitative data from interview research with ritual abuse survivors and mental health specialists, this article argues that the trauma of ritual abuse and its invisibility are co-constitutive. The perpetration and denial of ritual abuse occur within a relational matrix of perpetrators, victims, and bystanders structured by the presymbolic dread of vulnerability and dependency. The simultaneity of perpetration and disavowal creates the conditions for the malignancy of ritual abuse, including the invisibility of victims and the intergenerational transmission of extreme abuse. The article examines how the provision of care to ritual abuse survivors can become contingent on its erasure, and reflects on the role of therapists and others in interrupting the metastases of malignant trauma and crafting cultural and moral frameworks to transform the dread at the core of ritual abuse.

The Failure of MINUSCA as Peacekeeping Force in the Central African Republic (CAR) in 2013-2015

Since Bozizé led the CAR from March 15, 2003, to March 24, 2013, there has been resistance from some of the rebel forces. The rebellion continues because of the economic and political weaknesses in the CAR government. One of them comes from an opposition coalition known as Séléka who staged a rebellion in 2013 with the aim of overthrowing the Bozizé regime. After the fall of Bozizé, CAR's condition has worsened because Séléka rebels have committed gross human rights violations in the CAR. This is where the conflict develops from the conflict that was originally just a conflict of government-opposition, then widened and turned to religious conflicts. As a result, questions arise about the efforts and involvement of third parties in conflict resolution within the CAR and the social impacts of the conflict. This article attempts to answer questions which focuses on the involvement of third parties as peacekeepers in conflict areas. In this case, the authors use qualitative research methods in the form of literature studies such as books, journals, and scientific articles in supporting the final explanation. The result of this paper shows that the failure of Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) as a peacekeeping force in the conflict in CAR in 2013-2015 is caused by human rights violation in the form of sexual exploitation. This has had a social impact on the lives of communities, especially women and children, suffer from physical and mental trauma resulting from conflict and become victims of human rights violations committed by MINUSCA.

Fikih Hak Asasi Manusia Menguak Kejahatan Tindak Pidana Korporasi Trafficking

This paper discusses the corporate crime of human trafficking. The background used is the assessment that classifies Indonesia in third place for the handling of human trafficking by the international community. The word “Hero Exchange” may often be heard, they are the workers from Indonesia who often become victims of Human Trafficking, victims sometimes traded not only for the purpose of prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, but also includes other forms of exploitation, such as forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery. Various government policies are made concerning the protection of women and children, basically made ​​relatively comprehensive policies, ranging from Basic Act 1945 and the rules below. However many government policies in tackling this problem is not followed by real action in the field and it can be concluded, the legal protection of women and children victims of human trafficking is still felt less effective. This is evident from the very rarity of severe criminal imposed by the judge against traffickers. The absence of compensation in the form of sanctions against traffickers also add to the sense of injustice padakorban trafficking who have suffered both physically, mentally, and economically.
 

Kebijakan Kriminal terhadap Eksploitasi Seksual Sebagai Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang dalam Perspektif Kriminologi

Sexual exploitation is one form of trafficking in person as a modern enslavement that occurs in many countries. The groups that are most victims of sexual exploitation are women and children. The modus operandi is done varies between country one with other country different. The causes of these crimes are also different according to the characteristics of the country. Criminal law policy in the prevention of sexual exploitation can be done with two approaches: non penal and penal policies. Type of research used is normative juridical by using approach of legislation and concept of criminology. The purpose of this study is to contribute thoughts in the prevention of trafficking in the form of sexual exploitation in the future.

The Historical Development of the Laws Relating to Child Sexual Exploitation Prior to the Passing of the UNCRC in 1989

The abuse of children for sexual purposes has a long-standing history. It evolved due to many factors such as disparity in gender, misled religious beliefs, acceptable customary practices, superstition and economic development and it remains severe globally. The United Nations Children's Fund (“UNICEF”) estimated in 2014 that about 120 million girls under the age of 18 have been subjected to forced sexual acts at some point of their lives. Even though this statistic covers all categories of sexual abuse, including exploitative as well as non-exploitative forms, the number is irrefutably alarming and UNICEF acknowledges that sexual violence, including sexual exploitation, is one of the most disconcerting of violations against the rights of children. Owing to the severity of the matter, protecting the children against sexual exploitation and abuse has become an international agenda since the late 1800s. It is now universally established under Article 34 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (“the UNCRC”) that children have the rights to be protected against any form of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. This article seeks to canvass the historical development of the laws relating to child sexual exploitation prior to the passing of UNCRC in 1989.

Sexual exploitation by UN peacekeepers: the ‘survival sex’ gap in international human rights law

ABSTRACTAllegations of sexual exploitation and abuse against United Nations peacekeepers over the past decade prompted a zero-tolerance policy response. Despite the many reforms to date, it is the troop-contributing countries which have exclusive criminal jurisdiction over their military contingent members and the current framework has been criticised for failing to ensure accountability of offenders. This article focuses on a particular form of sexual exploitation known as ‘survival sex’; where sex is exchanged for aid or assistance which is already owed to the local population. In an effort to consider ways to improve individual accountability of perpetrators of survival sex, this article will explore three arguments; first, that survival sex should be considered violence against women under international human rights law and, second, that state obligations to respond to survival sex do not currently exist. Third, the question of whether the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women should consider filling the ‘survival sex’ gap will be discussed.

Sexual Exploitation by UN Peacekeepers: The ‘Survival Sex’ Gap in International Human Rights Law

Allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse against UN peacekeepers over the past decade prompted a zero-tolerance policy response. Despite the many reforms to date, it is the troop contributing countries which have exclusive criminal jurisdiction over their military contingent members and the current framework has been criticised for failing to ensure accountability of offenders. This paper focuses on a particular form of sexual exploitation known as ‘survival sex’; where sex is exchanged for aid or assistance which is already owed to the local population. In an effort to consider ways to improve individual accountability of perpetrators of survival sex, this paper will explore three arguments; firstly, that survival sex should be considered violence against women under international human rights law and, secondly, that state obligations to respond to survival sex do not currently exist. Thirdly, the question of whether the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women should consider filling the ‘survival sex’ gap will be discussed.

The Concept of Sexual Exploitation in International Law

Human sexual exploitation is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon, which is regulated by a number of enactments in international law The scale of organized criminal activity, which is more and more of transnational nature, has led to the signing and ratifying international conventions and agreements against sexual exploitation by most of the countries. This article provides an overview of the main international instruments of the United Nations, Council of Europe and the CIS, using the concept of sexual exploitation and regulating the features of its counteraction. Analyzing the concept of sexual exploitation, trafficking, prostitution, forms of sexual exploitation, as the principal international instruments, the author finds that the international legislator is equated with sexual exploitation trafficking in human beings, while the traffic can be not only a violation of the right to freedom of man to use his sexuality Critical evaluation is used for the controversial conceptual apparatus, the absence of a unified approach to the definition of key terms and a list of other forms of sexual exploitation, prostitution and pornography, which in the case of the implementation of international criminal law regulations may violate the uniformity in national law.

British Children Can Be Trafficked Too: Towards an Inclusive Definition of Internal Child Sex Trafficking

In research, policy and practice, internal trafficking has been long overshadowed by its international counterpart. Despite the introduction of specific legislation against internal sex trafficking, confusion remains in Britain around how this crime is distinguished from other forms of sexual exploitation. In particular, there have been growing tensions around whether British children can be victims. The need for clarity and consistency has been highlighted by a series of high‐profile cases involving British minors being moved within the UK for sexual exploitation. This article brings ongoing definitional debate into the academic arena, exploring the contents and validity of common arguments against accepting Britons as valid victims. It engages with academic studies, government and third‐sector reports, parliamentary debate and legal statute. Additionally, it features arguments raised by practitioners and policy‐makers at conferences, training and meetings. It proposes an inclusive and more clearly delineated definition of internal child sex trafficking. The acceptance and application of a standardised definition would facilitate more effective, transparent and consistent multi‐agency interventions and data collection. The article will be of interest to practitioners, policy‐makers and academics. It focuses on the UK but contributes to wider international discourse around internal trafficking.‘There have been growing tensions around whether British children can be victims’Key Practitioner Messages: Internal trafficking must be better understood and more clearly defined. In the UK, confusion has focused on whether Britons can be internally sex trafficked. Both internal sex trafficking law and associated legislative intent readily accommodate British victims. There are practical and theoretical flaws in the most common arguments against labelling Britons as trafficked. A new inclusive definition of internal child sex trafficking is proposed: its application could support more cohesive, consistent and transparent policy, practice and data monitoring.‘Both internal sex trafficking law and associated legislative intent readily accommodate British victims.’

The Religio – Cultural Context of Girl-Child Trafficking in Nigeria

Trafficking in persons (TIP) is recorded to be the second greatest money-spinner the world over after arms trafficking. Human Trafficking is one of the thriving illegal businesses in Nigeria today. It entails all forms of sexual exploitation, abuse and forced labour. Girl-child trafficking in particular is a common phenomenon in Nigeria. Nigerian girls are being trafficked to Italy, Mali, Libya, Morocco, and other countries in droves, for prostitution. The major factor responsible for this crime in Nigeria is poverty coupled with weak enforcement of the Child Right Act, ignorance, greed, illiteracy, collapse of family values and increase in violence against women. The study attempts to investigate the experiences of some of the victims of Trafficking who have returned to Nigerian and have since been reunited with their families as reported in the various daily newspapers and magazine. It also attempts to look into how the dignity and rights of the girl-child can be established through proper education and re-orientation of both parents and children. There is need to protect the interests of the girl-child and promote their rights through public awareness and proper education.