Form Of Sexual Abuse Research Articles

STUDYING BY THE METHOD OF THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF POTENT AND POISON SUBSTANCES ON THE EXAMPLE OF CLOFELIN AND ATRAKURIA

Among crimes against the person, the most dangerous are crimes that are committed with the help of potent or poisonous drugs. Unfortunately, there is not yet a tendency to reduce the number of crimes committed, which always affects the state of social protection of citizens, increases tension in society, and undermines the authority of the state.
 The disclosure of these crimes is fraught with considerable difficulties and a very large amount of work, which suggests that these crimes fall into the category of increased complexity.
 There are a number of investigative and analytical tasks that may arise in any case involving the use of drugs, potent and poisonous drugs in order to facilitate the commission of a crime.
 Crimes committed with the help of drugs, potent and poisonous substances include rape or other forms of sexual assault, robbery, robbery, extortion of money.
 These crimes involve the use of drugs — these are crimes committed through the introduction into the human body of a substance with the intention to disrupt his normal behavior, perception or ability to make decisions without his consent after he voluntarily accepted a substance that deprives him of the ability to action.
 Toxic substances when exposed to the body cause a sharp disruption of normal life, poisoning and death. These include, for example, snake venom, its derivatives, purified bee venom, clonidine (clonidine), etc.
 Often passengers of railway trains become victims of robberies with the use of clonidine.
 The psychoactive substances used in this type of crime can alter the victim’s state and orientation in reality, the ability to make decisions, as well as short-term memory loss. Such substances can make the victim vulnerable and unable to resist the attacker. In addition, they can be used in order to have a sedative effect on the victim in order to make it easier for the perpetrator to transport it.
 Methods for the identification and quantification of clonidine chromatography in tonic layers can be used in pharmaceutical analysis of dosage forms of clonidine and muscle relaxants (atracuria), as well as in research in expert chemical laboratories.
 In pharmaceutical analysis, qualitative color reactions are used to identify clonidine and atracuria. However, due to low sensitivity, nonspecificity and low availability of reagents, it is not suitable for the purposes of chemical-toxicological analysis.

Legal Moralism, Overinclusive Offenses, and the Problem of Wrongfulness Conflation

In the Realm of Criminal Law, Antony Duff seeks to defend the view (termed “legal moralism”) that we should criminalize conduct only if it is wrongful. Skeptics of legal moralism argue that this occurs all the time in supposedly overinclusive offenses whose definitions capture not only the kind of conduct that constitutes the target wrong, but also a wider class of conduct that is not wrongful prior to prohibition. An example is statutory rape. Duff, in response, contends that such offenses need not violate the requirements of legal moralism. Having exploitative sex with juveniles is obviously wrong even prior to its legal regulation (these wrongs are mala in se). But having non-exploitative sex with juveniles is also potentially wrong, inasmuch as it involves a violation of a prohibition that society has decided is justified for instrumental reasons (such wrongs are mala prohibita). While Duff’s analysis offers an ingenious explanation for why offenses like statutory rape need not violate the bare minimum requirements of legal moralism, it simultaneously exposes separate, largely unacknowledged, problems of fair labeling and proportionality. By combining in a single offense wrongs that are primarily malum in se with ones that are primarily malum prohibitum—a process referred to as “wrongfulness conflation”—we risk treating unlike wrongs alike, imposing disproportionate punishments, and blurring offense labels. And such problems occur not just in the context of statutory rape, but also with respect to a host of other supposedly overinclusive offenses, including various forms of sexual assault.

Online sexual abuse of adolescents by a perpetrator met online: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe current study aimed at exploring adolescents’ experiences of online sexual contacts leading to online sexual abuse by a perpetrator whom the victim had first met online. Associations with socio demographic background, experience of abuse, relation to parents, health and risk behaviors were studied.MethodsThe participants were a representative national sample of 5175 students in the third year of the Swedish high school Swedish (M age = 17.97). Analyses included bivariate statistics and stepwise multiple logistic regression models.ResultsIn total 330 (5.8%) adolescents had gotten to know someone during the preceding 12 months for the purpose of engaging in some kind of sexual activity online. Thirty-two (9.7%) of those, the index group, had felt that they had been persuaded, pressed or coerced on at least one occasion. Sexual interaction under pressure was seen as constituting sexual abuse. These adolescent victims of online sexual abuse, the index group, did not differ with respect to socio-demographic background from the adolescents without this experience, the reference group. The index group had significantly more prior experiences of different kind of abuse, indicating that they belong to a polyvictimized group. More frequent risk behavior, poorer psychological health, poorer relationships with parents and lower self-esteem also characterized the index group. Online sexual abuse, without experiences of offline abuse, was associated with a poorer psychological health, at least at the same level as offline sexual abuse only.ConclusionsThe study made clear the importance of viewing online sexual abuse as a serious form of sexual abuse. Professionals meeting these children need to focus not only on their psychological health such as symptoms of trauma and depression but also need to screen them for online behavior, online abuse and other forms of previous abuse.

Факторы вовлечения в проституцию в несовершеннолетнем возрасте: результаты эмпирического исследования взрослых женщин

Проституция рассматривается исследователями с позиций одной из основных парадигм: как девиация, как секс-работа или как насилие. Однако если речь идет о несовершеннолетних, то международные нормативные документы однозначно трактуют проституцию как форму сексуальной эксплуатации. На материалах эмпирического исследования взрослых женщин, занимающихся проституцией в Санкт-Петербурге и Оренбурге (N = 654), мы изучили обстоятельства начала занятия проституцией в зависимости от возраста начала – до 18 лет или старше. В исследование были включены взрослые женщины, занимающиеся проституцией на улицах, в гостиницах, салонах, на вокзалах и индивидуально. Влияние различных факторов на начало занятия проституцией в возрасте до 18 лет оценивалось с помощью критерия согласия χ2 Пирсона и бинарного логистического регрессионного анализа. Каждая десятая женщина в выборке начала заниматься проституцией до наступления совершеннолетия. Первый опыт оказания сексуальных услуг за деньги респонденты, независимо от возраста начала занятия проституцией, в половине случаев оценивают как недобровольный (из-за уговоров, давления или применения силы). Основными факторами вовлечения в проституцию в возрасте до 18 лет являются семейное неблагополучие, ранний возраст пробы наркотиков и др. Мы заключаем, что группа женщин, занимающихся проституцией, неоднородна. Жизненные траектории, приводящие в проституцию детей и взрослых, могут существенно различаться. Жесткая теоретическая позиция, основанная на обобщении всех женщин, занимающихся проституцией, как жертв, «девиантов» или работниц, неминуемо игнорирует потребности и интересы части из них. В современной российской социальной политике проституция рассматривается как девиация, которая запрещена и влечет за собой административную ответственность. Общественно-политические дискуссии о мерах контроля проституции включают в себя обсуждение как легализации, так и ужесточения контроля и наказания за проституцию, однако вопросы профилактики вовлечения, а также помощи на этапе «выхода» из проституции незаслуженно исключены из этой дискуссии.

Associations between adverse childhood experiences and health outcomes in adults aged 18-59 years.

BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with poor health status later in life. The objective of the present study was to examine the relationship between ACEs and health-related behaviors, chronic diseases, and mental health in adults.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed with 1501 residents of Macheng, China. The ACE International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) was used to assess ACEs, including psychological, physical, and sexual forms of abuse, as well as household dysfunction. The main outcome variables were lifetime drinking status, lifetime smoking status, chronic diseases, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between overall ACE score and individual ACE component scores and risk behaviors/comorbidities in adulthood after controlling for potential confounders.ResultsA total of 66.2% of participants reported at least one ACE, and 5.93% reported four or more ACEs. Increased ACE scores were associated with increased risks of drinking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.09, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.00–1.09), chronic disease (AOR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.06–1.28), depression (AOR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.27–1.48), and posttraumatic stress disorder (AOR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.23–1.42) in adulthood. After adjusting for confounding factors, the individual ACE components had different impacts on risk behavior and health, particularly on poor mental health outcomes in adulthood.ConclusionsACEs during childhood were significantly associated with risk behaviors and poor health outcomes in adulthood, and different ACE components had different long-term effects on health outcomes in adulthood.

Conflict-Related Violence Against Women: Transforming Transition by Aisling Swaine

Reviewed by: Conflict-Related Violence Against Women: Transforming Transition by Aisling Swaine Jennifer Moore (bio) Aisling Swaine, Conflict-Related Violence Against Women: Transforming Transition ( Cambridge University Press, 2018), ISBN 9781107514195, 321 Pages. In 2000, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1325 on the subject of women, peace and security, calling "on all parties to armed conflict to take special measures to protect women and girls from gender-based violence, particularly rape and other forms of sexual abuse, and all other forms of violence in situations of armed conflict."1 The phenomenon of the mass rape of women in wartime has become a subject of increasingly intensified concern over the past two decades, expressed in diplomatic initiatives and judicial developments, notably war crimes and crimes against humanity convictions for rape and forced marriage handed down by international criminal tribunals.2 The [End Page 763] understanding that the systematic rape of women is a core methodology of contemporary armed conflict has become part of the popular imagination, reflected in journalistic portrayals of sexual violence in wartime, reinforced in reporting by humanitarian organizations, and buttressed in academic analysis.3 Acknowledging that rape is sometimes utilized as a "weapon of war"—where one militant organization seeks to terrorize an ethnic or sociopolitical community associated with another warring faction through a pattern of sexual violations of numerous women of that community—represents an important development in humanitarian action and scholarly inquiry. The phenomenon of mass rape in conflict has been witnessed, analyzed, investigated, and prosecuted in recent conflicts from the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Colombia, among others.4 However, as Aisling Swaine instructs in her important book Conflict-Related Violence Against Women,5 "tactical" or "strategic rape" is but one important facet of the range of harms women experience in time of war, not to mention in peacetime. She cautions that the international community's concerted efforts to profile, prevent, and punish "conflict-time tactical sexualized violence"6 has had the unintended consequence of constructing a "monolithic rape identity"7 for women in wartime, with the result that "systemic public rape has been given more attention and credence than the violence that appears in women's everyday lives."8 Alongside her rejection of an impoverished encapsulation of women's wartime [End Page 764] identity as rape victims, Swaine points out a worrisome tendency among academics, the media, and others to promote "the 'othering' of violence in cultures which are perceived to have 'worse' or extraordinary violence," particularly in African countries, and including Liberia, a country she studies.9 Swaine points out that "the perception that one war is more barbaric than another may … have more to do with how wars are reported on and labeled than is readily admitted."10 With reference to her field research into recent conflicts in Europe, Africa, and Asia, Swaine highlights the connections between patriarchy, misogyny, the fear of women's power, and the multiple forms of violence that women experience across a great variety of cultures and societies. It is important, she notes, to address the more insidious forms of gender subordination that operate in a society, so that "despite the veneer of equality in a western democratic setting such as Northern Ireland, its patriarchy too is acknowledged."11 Swaine's treatment of "conflict-related violence against women" represents an important contribution to the canon of feminist scholarship on gender-based violence. Her insights emerge from qualitative research she conducted in three post-conflict countries encompassing Northern Ireland, Liberia, and TimorLeste. Wading into the fierce analytic currents of "public" versus "private" harms, she emphasizes the amorphous nature of the public and private realms through insights shared by the women she interviewed in her three field settings. Most significantly, she rejects the notion that so-called public violence against women in wartime should be our exclusive concern. Her research highlights that not all women who were sexually or otherwise assaulted in the conflicts she studies were attacked by unknown militants who used their vulnerable bodies as convenient mediums through which to repress their communities. Many women she interviewed were individually targeted and brutalized in intimate spaces by people they were related...

Climat incestuel : proposition d’objectivation des critères de définition à partir de jeunes orientés en institut thérapeutique, éducatif et pédagogique (ITEP)

IntroductionThe consequences of sexual violence have a negative impact on the child's subsequent development. Emotional incest is harmful to the child, even if there are no actual physical acts; its consequences are not as well known as those of incest, but are likely to be similar. Young people with severely disturbed behavior are referred to Therapeutic, Educational and Pedagogical Institutes (ITEP). We looked for a history of sexual abuse in these young people, including emotional incest. The aim of this study is to better define emotional incest (among other forms of sexual violence) and to propose criteria for its identification among the young people attending ITEPs. MethodThe sample consisted of 202 young people (mean age 17.1±2.0 years, 13–23; 87.1% men) in the two ITEPs of the department of Indre-et-Loire in the ‘Centre-Val de Loire’ Region (France). The elements suggesting emotional incest were defined from the literature (Racamier) and preparatory consensus meetings (a team of local child psychiatrists and doctors working with the Education Ministry), resulting in 12 criteria. The global questionnaire explored four other areas of the lives of young people: suspected violence and/or legally defined emotional incest; clinical symptoms suggesting sexual abuse; environmental causes; educational measures. The team of professionals considered the existence of emotional incest if two or more criteria were met. A multi-disciplinary team from the two ITEPs completed the items in the questionnaire from the files and their knowledge of the young people in their care. ResultsThe prevalence of proven sexual abuse was 5.94% (n=12) and of suspected abuse 16.49% (n=32); 49.01% (n=99) of the young people met at least one of emotional incest criteria and 33.17% (n=67) at least two. The latter had experienced more sexual abuse (actual and/or suspected) than the other adolescents. They had more sleep and mood disorders (which could suggest a depressive syndrome), history of suicide attempts, and inappropriate attitudes to sexuality (detected by their language, knowledge, disinhibition, gambling, risk-taking, excessive or deviant sexuality). Concerning the contextual factors (family dynamics, break-up of relationships, mental disorders in the parents, etc.), we show the importance of precarious socio-family backgrounds, the detention of a parent, and mental disorder of the mother. ConclusionEmotional incest is a form of sexual abuse, and this study provides objective criteria to identify it. While this exploratory study needs to be confirmed by other studies, it offers a way of seeking other causes of behavior disorders and non-verbalized suffering. In ITEPs, professionals must be attentive to the family dynamics of the young people in their care, particularly to dysfunctional relationships and sexual preoccupations. In education and early childhood sectors, it may be useful to strengthen prevention by looking more systematically for indications of emotional incest in the same way as other forms of abuse.

Online sexual activity involving webcams-An overview of existing literature and implications for sexual boundary violations of children and adolescents.

Despite the relevance of the Internet and its increasing use for sexual purposes, research into online sexual activity (OSA) involving webcams is limited. Aside from positive experiences, OSA may implicate violations of sexual boundaries, reaching from minor issues to serious forms of sexual abuse. To provide a basis for a classification of sexual boundary violations online and a conceptualization of preventive measures, a systematic review of the literature on OSA involving webcams was conducted, resulting in publications from four thematic categories: webcam use in common OSA, psychopathological phenomena, sex work, and crime and indecency (commercial sexual exploitation, trafficking, and sexual boundary violations). The discussion addresses the implications of different types of sexual boundary violation of children and adolescents on the Internet. The study's Internet findings could promote prevention and law enforcement strategies tailored to these types of offense as well as different target groups.

Measurement of sexual health outcomes among people who inject drugs: pilot study in Catalonia, Spain and Barnaul, Russia

BackgroundThe main objective of this study was to test some of the draft sexual health indicators developed by the World Health Organization as part of a comprehensive indicator framework to monitor progress in universal access to reproductive health.MethodsCross-sectional studies among people who inject drugs were conducted in Catalonia (n = 734) and Barnaul (n = 500). ‘Sexual competency’ was measured using three indicators: sexual satisfaction, sexual safety, and sexual autonomy. Individual social norms on sexuality were also collected. The construct validity of the sexual safety and sexual autonomy items were assessed. Multivariate logistic regression models explored factors associated with sexual dissatisfaction.ResultsIn Catalonia, sexual competency was higher among males than females who inject drugs (60.4% versus 33.3%). In both Catalonia and Barnaul, differences by sex in social norms on sexuality were seen. Mean scores on sexual safety (4.15 in Catalonia and 3.54 in Barnaul) were lower among participants who reported not using condoms. Mean scores on sexual autonomy (4.42 in Catalonia and 3.97 in Barnaul) were lower among those who had experienced some form of sexual assault. Perceived sexual safety, sexual autonomy, and social norms on sexuality were associated with sexual dissatisfaction.ConclusionsThe sexual health indicators tested are valid, feasible, and reliable tools to monitor and evaluate sexual health programs and activities. The results confirm that sexual satisfaction depends on safe sexual experiences, free from coercion and violence. Social norms and individual perceptions about sexual health need to be considered when developing national disease prevention programs.

Parental attitudes following disclosure of sibling sexual abuse: A child advocacy center intervention study.

Sibling sexual abuse (SSA) represents a range of childhood sexual behaviors that cannot be considered manifestations of age-appropriate curiosity. Despite being the commonest and longest lasting form of sexual abuse within the family, SSA is the least reported, treated, and researched. This qualitative study is based on a sample of 60 mostly religious Jewish families referred to a child advocacy center (CAC) in Jerusalem from 2010 to 2015. It examines parental attitudes to SSA and their reconstruction, during and after their experience at the CAC. Analysis of case summaries and documented conversations between child protection officers and parents reveals 2 main initial parental attitudes after the disclosure SSA. The first is the attitude that no sexual acts took place at all. The second is that they did occur, with 3 different variations: the sexual acts as "not serious," as a "rupture in the family's ideal narrative," and as "another tragic episode in the family's tragic life story." Findings also suggest that the CAC intervention is a turning point, leading most parents to reconstruct their initial attitudes from "never happened" or "not serious" to "rupture in the family image" or to "another negative event in the family." These findings underscore the need to study the experiences of parents whose children were involved in SSA to inform policy, treatment and research. This is critical, as interventions that are not aligned with family attitudes and needs are known to exacerbate the family crisis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Gloucestershire LGBTQ Community Sexual Violence Service Needs Assessment

This research project was conducted on behalf of Gloucestershire Rape and Sexual Abuse Centre (GRASAC), a charity that provides support services for women who have experienced sexual violence. As part of their regular review of activities, they asked for a project which would focus on identifying the sexual violence service needs of the Gloucestershire LGBTQ community including identifying any barriers in accessing sexual violence services. In 2015 1.7% of the population in the UK identified themselves in the Office of National Statistics survey as lesbian, gay or bisexual with the largest population group between the ages of 16-25. Each year, in England and Wales approximately 85,000 women and 12,000 men are victims of rape and sexual assault which constitutes 19.9% of women and 3.8% of men having experienced some form of sexual assault since the age of 16 according to the Crime Survey England & Wales. As the statistics above demonstrate, women are far more likely to experience rape and sexual assault, however there is no accessible UK data, and very little service provision, disaggregated by LGBTQ status or addressing the specific needs of the LGBTQ community.

Sexual Assault Disclosure by College Women at Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Predominantly White Institutions

Due to the Title IX law, administrators at institutions of higher education (IHE) in the United States must promptly investigate reports of sexual assault. In addition, the Clery Act requires IHEs to publicly disclose annual sexual assault statistics. However, it is unknown whether—or how—sexual assault disclosure differs by type of IHE. This study, a secondary analysis of data collected from students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and predominantly White institutions (PWIs), examines the role of incident, offender, and victim characteristics in whether women disclosed experiencing unwanted sexual contact (due to force or incapacitation) and to whom they disclosed, by type of IHE. Significant differences in the characteristics of their experiences and factors associated with sexual assault disclosure were found between samples of women attending HBCUs (n = 327) and PWIs (n = 760). However, as expected, the multivariate analyses indicate that factors associated with the culturally reinforced stereotype of “real rape”—that is, the use of force, presence of injuries, and perpetrators who were not an intimate partner, friend, or acquaintance—were positively associated with disclosure for both samples. Overall, the probability of disclosure was higher for sexual assault due to force than incapacitation. In addition, White students had a higher probability of disclosure than Black students for both forms of sexual assault regardless of type of IHE.

The effect of sexual violence on negotiated outcomes in civil conflicts

Combatants used sexual violence in approximately half of all civil conflicts since 1989. We expect that when groups resort to sexual violence they are organizationally vulnerable, unlikely to win, and as such they are inclined to salvage something from the conflict by way of a settlement. Using quantitative analysis of data on civil conflicts in the post-Cold War period, we find that a higher prevalence of sexual violence perpetrated by government forces precipitates negotiated outcomes. This is particularly true in contexts where both government and rebel forces utilize comparable levels of wartime rape and other forms of sexual abuse.

Perceptions of Abusive Parenting Behaviors: A Preliminary Exploration Into the Underrecognition of Mother–Daughter Sexual Abuse

ABSTRACTThe current study examined the influence of the sex of the parent and the sex of the child on perceptions of sexually abusive behaviors. Vignettes illustrating different forms of sexual abuse were rated by 124 participants, with the different parent–child pairs (mother–daughter, mother–son, father–daughter, father–son) substituted into the vignettes being the only difference between groups. Two-way between subjects ANOVAs revealed that sexually abusive behaviors by mothers were perceived as less damaging to child victims (F (1, 120 = 7.56, p < .01) than the same sexually abusive behaviors committed by fathers. In addition, sexually abusive behaviors by mothers toward daughters were perceived as the least abusive (F (1, 120 = 16.30, p < .001) and the least criminal (F (1, 120 = 4.44, p < .05) as compared to the other three groups. Results suggest that perceptions of sexual abuse may be influenced by perceptions of sex and gender.

Child sex tourism \u2013 prevalence of and risk factors for its use in a German community sample

BackgroundTo investigate the prevalence of child sex tourism (CST) in a large German community sample, and to compare those who made use of CST with other child sexual abusers regarding established characteristics and risk factors for child sexual abuse.MethodsAdult German men were recruited through a German market research panel and questioned by means of an anonymous online survey. Group assignment was accomplished based on information on previous sexual contacts with children and previous use of CST. Characteristics and risk factors were compared between the groups using t- and Chi-square tests. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to predict CST. Data collection was conducted in 2013, data analysis in January 2015.ResultsOut of 8718 men, 36 (0.4%) reported CST use. The CST group differed from the nonCST group (n = 96; 1.1%) with regard to pedophilic sexual and antisocial behaviors as well as own experiences of sexual abuse. Social difficulties, pedophilic sexual interests, and hypersexuality were not distinct features in the CST group. Own experiences of sexual abuse, child prostitution use, and previous conviction for a violent offense predicted CST in a logistic regression model.ConclusionsThis study is a first step to gain insight into the prevalence and characteristics of men using CST. Findings could help to augment prevention strategies against commercial forms of sexual abuse in developed as well as in developing countries by fostering the knowledge about the characteristics of perpetrators.

Orphans and Destitute Children in the Late Ottoman Empire. By Nazan Maksudyan. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2014. Pp. xviii + 232. $39.95 (hardcover).

<i>Orphans and Destitute Children in the Late Ottoman Empire</i>. By Nazan Maksudyan. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2014. Pp. xviii + 232. $39.95 (hardcover).

The Mediating Roles of Hostility and Dissociation in the Relationship Between Sexual Assault and Suicidal Thinking in College Students.

Sexual assault and suicide are two serious public health concerns. Research has documented the relationship between sexual assault and suicidal thinking and attempts; however, limited research explores the more multifaceted relationships between posttraumatic stress reactions and suicidal ideation in college students through unsuccessful modulation of emotion. The authors hypothesized a mediation model where the relationship between sexual assault and suicidal ideation is mediated by dissociation and hostility. In total, 1,677 undergraduate students were administered modified versions of the Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (PDEQ). The results revealed both significant partial but equal mediators of hostility and dissociation. However, a portion of the direct effect between sexual assault and suicidal ideation remained unaccounted for by indirect effects. The current model supports previous work on dialectical behavior therapy that says either side of the dialectic between extreme expression and suppression of hostility increases the likelihood of suicidal thinking after sexual assault. With sexual assault survivors, practitioners should use strategies that emphasize both anger expression and healthy avoidance as a way to modulate emotion to potentially reduce suicidal thoughts. Future research should focus on different gender models, additional possible mediators such as alcohol use and guilt, and different forms of sexual assault. Limitations of the correlational, cross-sectional methodology are discussed.

De capability approach als normatief-evaluatief kader voor sociale interventies: Kwalitatief onderzoek in India met inzichten voor de Vlaamse en Nederlandse praktijk

De capability approach als normatief-evaluatief kader voor sociale interventies: Kwalitatief onderzoek in India met inzichten voor de Vlaamse en Nederlandse praktijk

"It Happens to Girls All the Time": Examining Sexual Assault Survivors' Reasons for Not Using Campus Supports.

Sexual assault is a prevalent problem in higher education, and despite the increasing availability of formal supports on college campuses, few sexual assault survivors use them. Experiencing sexual assault can have devastating consequences on survivors' psychological and educational wellbeing, which may intensify if survivors do not receive adequate care. Drawing from existing theoretical frameworks and empirical research, this study used a mixed methodological approach to examine why survivors did not use three key campus supports-the Title IX Office, the sexual assault center, and housing staff-and if these reasons differed across the three supports. Using data from 284 women who experienced sexual assault in college, our qualitative findings identified four overarching themes, including logistical issues (e.g., lacking time and knowledge), feelings, beliefs, and responses that made it seem unacceptable to use campus supports, judgments about the appropriateness of the support, and alternative methods of coping. Quantitative findings revealed that survivors' reasons for not seeking help differed across supports. Collectively, our findings suggest that community norms and institutional policies can make it challenging for survivors to use campus supports. We propose several suggestions for institutional change (e.g., taking a stronger stance against "less serious" forms of sexual assault, reducing a quasi-criminal justice approach to investigation and adjudication, limiting mandated reporting).

Silence of male child sexual abuse in India: Qualitative analysis of barriers for seeking psychiatric help in a multidisciplinary unit in a general hospital

Introduction:In 2007, Ministry of Women and Child Welfare, supported by United Nations Children's Fund, save the children and Prayas conducted a study to understand the magnitude of child abuse in India, they found that 53.22% children faced one or more forms of sexual abuse; among them, the number of boys abused was 52.94%.Aim:The aim of this study was to explore the barriers for seeking psychiatric help by qualitative analysis of stake holders of male victims of child abuse.Materials and Methods:All the statements made by the stakeholders regarding psychiatric assessment and treatment were recorded in each referral made to the psychiatrist. Semistructured interviews and in-depth interviews were conducted to explore the topic of understanding the need for psychiatric treatment to the victims.Results:Collaborative child response unit, a multidisciplinary team, to tackle child sexual abuse in a general hospital received three referrals of male child abuse among the 27 referrals in 20 months. The main theme of the barrier that was generated by interviewing the stakeholders of male child victims of abuse was the misconception of superiority of a male victim due to gender (patriarchy) an expectation that he will outgrow the experience. In-depth interviews of three cases of homosexual abuse explored the theme.Conclusion:Patriarchy is oppressing male children and acts as a barrier to seek psychiatric help in collaborative child response unit.