Religious Forms Research Articles

Parent and Child Interaction Models in Islamic-Based Family Education

In the context of Islamic teachings, religious education for children is the main obligation that parents must carry out before teaching children another knowledge. The choices and patterns of parents in educating children in the family are directly correlated with the child's religious habits. In fact, the religious formation of children must be taught as early as possible, in fact these religious habits must begin in the womb. In fact, this research aims to find out how parents and children interact in Islamic-based education. This research uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach, data sources were taken through in-depth interviews with seven informants, to strengthen the interview data the author also carried out direct observations to document various activities carried out by parents in educating their children in an Islamic way. All interview and observation data were analyzed using the Milles & Huberman interactive thematic analysis model technique. Research findings found a model of interaction between mother and child in the informant's family, such as putting the family in one system, seeing children as small adults. Models such as the findings of this research can be used as examples by Muslim families in educating and interacting with children

Religiousness of Galician female landowners as illustrated by the Skrzyński family

The religiosity characteristic of Galician female landowners was manifested through their attachment to the Catholic Church, personal devotion, commitment to participating in the sacramental life of family members, and supporting initiatives related to caring for the sick and children. The religiousness of two representatives of the Jabłonowski and Skrzyński families, Emilia Skrzyńska nee Jabłonowska and Wanda Ostrowska nee Skrzyńska, was analyzed by means of diaries, letters, and personal notes. Information was collected regarding their external forms of religiousness as well as their spiritual lives. The image that emerges depicts a female religiosity shaped by Jesuit spirituality.

Antinomianism as Iconism: The Living Images of the Frankists

Emerging in the context of messianic Sabbateanism in Eastern Europe, Frankism’s main characteristics are its stern opposition towards rabbinic Judaism and its rigid antinomism. Frankist doctrine and Frankist practice straightforwardly reversed the Law to its opposite. Frankist leaders, and in particular Jacob Frank (1726-1791) himself, employed strategies that took advantage of the multiform contact situations of religious traditions within the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth by metaschematic subversion of religious forms. Frank refused to hide what he claimed to be the true faith, and openly and publicly presented himself as an opponent of the established rabbinic tradition. The open, visible, and public presentation was intended to be an affront by ostensibly/iconically opposing its aniconic stance. Anti-aniconism performed iconically was a deliberate and virtuously employed strategy in the struggle about messianic and eschatological issues. The emphasis on visibility and the deliberate establishment of iconic scenes within Frankist practice also breaks with the Sabbatian conduct of occurring in the environs of the traditional community and not being sharply distinguished from the ‘correct’ faith. In my article, I will argue that Frank deliberately employed hyper-iconism and living images (tableaux vivantes) to fulfill his messianic role.

Ethical Considerations in Working with Roman Catholic Seminarians and Men and Women in Religious Formation

There are many ethical challenges when mental health professionals work clinically with Roman Catholic seminarians as well as with men and women in religious formation. This article highlights several of the most prominent ethical issues and challenges confronted by mental health professionals working with these clients. These topics include issues of competence in evaluating, treating, and consulting with seminarians, those in religious life, or those applying to enter religious life. Issues of informed consent must also be considered so that seminarians, religious life clients, applicants, and their religious superiors have clarity about the limits of confidentiality and who maintains the privilege of accessing client information. In addition, professional conflicts can arise when Church expectations may seem challenging to satisfy for professionals trained in a predominantly secular environment. Cultural understanding and appreciation are needed to work with clients from different ethnic and racial groups as well as different religious orders and branches within the Catholic Church. Finally, the role of mental health professionals in the determination of acceptance or rejection into religious life and for ordination is discussed.

Dancing on a Flaming World: Du Bois’s Religiously Inflected Poetry and Creative Fiction

Abstract In religious studies, W. E. B Du Bois is familiar as a sociologist of religion and as a Black intellectual and activist. He is less known as a poet and speculative fiction author and certainly not at all as a Romantic author. I present Du Bois as a radical Romantic poet and speculative fiction author who employs religious forms and motifs to reveal and combat anti-Black racism among other forms of oppression. This portrait of Du Bois will no doubt surprise many. Romanticism is usually understood as a specific, delimited period of artistic and intellectual history—a period that Du Bois does not belong to chronologically nor (as most would assume) ideologically. But by bringing attention to Du Bois the radical Romantic, we see religious thought employed as a vehicle to depict the pain, humiliation, and cruelty of racist oppression in North America as well as the possibilities of social change.

PARENTAL ATTITUDES AMONG MEMBERS OF THE DOMESTIC CHURCH COMMUNITY

This article presents the results of the empirical verification of the hypothesis that spouses belonging to the Domestic Church community have more proper parental attitudes than spouses who do not belong to any religious community. The basis for this hypothesis was the previous research, according to which the relationship of these spouses with their children is based on proper closeness and communication. The research carried out here, in which the Parental Attitudes Scale, by M. Plopa, was used, proved that the parental attitudes of the spouses belonging to the Domestic Church community are characterized by the greatest consistency and autonomy, as well as appropriate protection and demands, and showed no differences in the acceptance dimension. They also showed that these behaviors contradict the trends revealed in Plopa’s study, as they correlate positively with their age, male gender, marital seniority, age and the number of children, and nega­tively with education. One of the reasons for the results obtained seems to be the membership of the House Church community and participation in religious formation, which obliges these parents to ‘work’ on their interactions with their children.

Penanaman Karakter Toleransi Beragama pada Anak Usia Dini di TK Negeri Pembina Padang Lawas

Islam teaches many things about life, including moral education which touches on good attitudes in respecting differences between religions. Religious tolerance instilled in children from an early age will have an impact on real life in the future. The educational environment plays a significant role in teaching children the value of religious tolerance. The aim of this research is to examine forms of cultivating the character of religious tolerance in young children at the Pembina Padang Lawas State Kindergarten. This research is qualitative research with data collection techniques, namely participant observation and in-depth interviews. The results of this research state that cultivating the character of religious tolerance in early childhood is carried out with three activities, namely creating peace, respecting individual differences and building awareness. Aspects of peace include caring for others, not being afraid to defend others and loving others. The aspect of respecting individual differences includes respecting other people who are praying and carrying out worship activities in accordance with the teachings of their religion. Meanwhile, the awareness aspect includes being willing to accept suggestions and input, returning kindness to other people and being comfortable doing activities with other people. The implementation of these three activities is carried out by strengthening religious formation in the morning, cultivating prayer before and after learning, active collaboration with parents in cultivating the character of religious tolerance in children.

The Role of the Virtue of Religiosity in the Experience of Engagement

For believers, a decision to enter sacramental marriage is one of the most important steps in their lives. They prepare for it over the engagement period. This is a time of personal formation open to further improvement, in which religion plays an important role. Religiosity is the moral virtue by which man honours God. The bride and groom-to-be bring the experience of their own religiosity to the relationship, which allows for mutual enrichment and positive confrontation. The aim of this research is to show the influence of religiosity on the building of the engagement bond and its subsequent impact on the nuptial community. The paper is of a theoretical and empirical nature and belongs to the area of moral theology. This research includes the conclusions of empirical studies conducted in Poland. The method of source material analysis applied in this paper allows for a synthesis that shows the complexity of the phenomenon, with special attention paid to the aretology of the analysed issue. The synthesis offers concrete solutions for future brides and grooms, as well as those responsible for preparing for the sacrament of marriage. It reaffirms the need to form a mature religiosity during the engagement period. It encourages certain religious forms that serve to build a relationship with God and enable the bride and groom to better relate to each other. An important dimension of properly experienced religiosity is its formative character that enables one to make appropriate moral choices.

MANAJEMEN KEPALA SEKOLAH DALAM PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER RELIGIUS, DISIPLIN, DAN KREATIF PADA PESERTA DIDIK SMK FULL DAY SUNAN AMPEL BANGOREJO BANYUWANGI

Management must be based on the representation of leaders to carry it out in developing character education, especially religious, disciplined and creative. Leaders are only a small number of individuals who are considered to have the right things to serve and can be called leaders. Naturally, the individual has the mental, emotional, and physical capacity to think and act as a leader. The objectives of this research are to 1). understand the principal's management in forming religious, disciplined and creative character in Sunan Ampel Full Day Vocational School students. 2). To find out the factors that influence the principal's management in forming religious, disciplined and creative character in Sunan Ampel Full Day Vocational School students. The approach in this research is qualitative with a qualitative descriptive research type. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation and documentation. Data validity by triangulating sources, methods and investigations as well as data analysis using the interaction of Miles and Hubberman's 3 models including: 1. data reduction, 2. data presentation, 3. drawing conclusions. The results of this research show that: (1) The management of the principal in forming religious, disciplined and creative character at Full Day Vocational School Sunan Ampel Bangorejo Banyuwangi, the strategy used in religious character uses habituation, and examples are given from the principal with the teacher council, then the participants learn to follow it. (2) Supporting factors for school principal management in the formation of religious, disciplined and creative character are control from the teacher council, as well as support from the community. The inhibiting factor for the school is that it requires extra energy to deal with students who have different characters and dispositions.

Theory of Technomagic: Spells, Ecstasy and Possessions in Digital Culture

The rituals, ceremonies and effervescence of the sacred manifest themselves in digital culture not only through the proliferation of new religious cults. They do so through the online actualisation of traditional religious forms but also the spiritual elevation of objects (Houtman & Meyer, 2012), practices (Carolyn, 2014) or ephemeral, playful and dreamlike images (Susca, 2016). In most cases, they involve figures that evoke the most sensitive and immaterial aspects of experience: its flesh (Esposito, 2004; Henry, 2000) and its imaginary (Durand, 1992). This is the actualisation of what Durkheim (2008) called the “social divine”. We are thus witnessing the proliferation of a multitude of small churches characterised by a low degree of institutionalisation and a high symbolic and emotional density (Maffesoli, 2020). In this sense, digital sociality acquires a decisive value in transfiguring ordinary life, the realm of the profane, into a mythical and mystical experience, brushing up against the sacred in its wildest form (Bastide, 1975). Indeed, the relationships that emerge from these media landscapes reveal a capacity to associate what is separate in time and space, previously belonging to the spiritual and transcendent orders (Davis, 1999). Thus, the culture of connection and sharing actualises in secular spheres a whole set of symbolic experiences reminiscent of religious mysteries (Campbell, 2012). This imaginary modifies the modern relationship between technology and society according to a paradigm that could be called “technomagic”.

Like Giants Sitting on the Dwarf’s Shoulders: Religious Anarchism and the Making of Modern Zionist Historiography

German and Central European Jews shaped many primary Jewish responses to modernity. The religious renewal, or the alleged “Jewish Renaissance” among German Jews in the first decades of the 20th century, offers a radical encounter with tradition as part of Jewish modernism. In this paper, I aim to examine a group of revolutionary young intellectual anarchists, striving for a new religious excitement free of the traditional binding part of established religions. In various forms, religiosity became the only possible way of radical political thinking, a kind of antinomian liberation theology. In the absence of traditional communal ties of orthodox praxis and systematic theological speculation, these political intellectuals turn to historical discourse as their leading theological super-structure. Their critique of modernism was merged into a nostalgic rethinking of pre-modern religious forms and cultural patterns. The Zionists among them contributed much to the ammunition of the sacred covenant of Land, Blood, disrespect toward any form of legal normativity, and solid messianic expectation. This fatal combination is responsible for many disturbing elements in the contemporary Israeli public sphere.

Topologies of the Virtual. Spaces, Images, and Bodies in Early Modern Choir Stalls

Early Modern choir stalls are spaces within spaces, they separate spheres such as public and restricted, profane and holy, as well as open and closed. Members of the convents perform their daily devotions here and are assigned to respective seats. They are installed, according to the name of the place “stalla”. The inlaid decoration on each seat reiterates the specific spatial and religious formation. This article wants to explore how choir stalls immerse their users and viewers in pictorial and religious environments.

Political and legal conflicts during the English Revolution of 1640–1660

The purpose of this article is to analyze the main political and legal conflicts of the period of the English Revolution of 1640–1660. The methodological basis of this study is the conflictological, hermeneutic and socio-cultural approaches. The authors focus on the fundamental conflict between supporters of the absolutist reception of the Divine Right of Kings and adherents of the principles of common law, which led to the Civil Wars of 1642–1646 and 1648, as well as the search for new forms of legitimacy during the independent republic and protectorate. The historical experience of the English revolution of the mid-17th century is important, given the study of the possible and the impossible, alternatives between a personalist and representative government, a monarchy and a republic, the power of an oligarchic or military minority and popular sovereignty, contradictions between religious form and political content, the good aspirations of the people. Collective subjects of social dynamics and the negative consequences of their implementation. Based on the study of extensive material, conclusions were drawn that: 1) throughout the entire period of the revolution, that is, from 1640 to 1660, various political and legal ideas collided and competed with each other in the public space and mass consciousness of the British, ranging from official receptions of absolutism and ending with the original concepts of the republic and the people’s 2) conflicting social and cultural communities proposed antagonistic concepts of power, legitimacy and the public good; 3) the political ideas of the conflicting parties were expressed mainly in the language of the Bible, which was the main source of meanings; 4) common law lawyers played a huge role in curbing anarchy and revolutionary chaos.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ «ДРУГИХ» ПРОТЕСТАНТОВ

The aim of this article is to reveal some socio-demographic characteristics of members of the Protestant religious formations of the Southern, Middle and Polar Urals, who chose the position “other nationality” in the questionnaire and defined their ethnicity by an ethnonym that is not in the fixed answers in the questionnaire. The article reveals the following characteristics of the respondents in this group: gender composition, age, level of education, professional composition. Among the Protestants of the Urals, who chose the position "other nationality" in the questionnaire, there is a gender imbalance - a quantitative predominance of women; most of all among the respondents over 45; about half of the respondents have higher and incomplete higher education; most of all in this group are pensioners, housewives, business leaders, employees, entrepreneurs and skilled workers. In general, the socio-demographic characteristics of the Protestants who chose the position “other nationality” are close to the same characteristics of the respondents from the general sample in the studied regions of the Urals; Protestants are people with similar socio-demographic characteristics, regardless of their ethnic self-identification - educated professionals and pensioners, among whom women are the majority.

The Religious Formation of John Witherspoon: Calvinism, Evangelicalism, and the Scottish Enlightenment by Kevin DeYoung (review)

The Religious Formation of John Witherspoon: Calvinism, Evangelicalism, and the Scottish Enlightenment by Kevin DeYoung (review)

“God” in Augustine’s Confessions

Abstract When reading through Augustine’s Confessions, one notices a striking variety of descriptions of God. The aim of this paper is to discern and – as far as possible – to interpret these various descriptions. Our main focus will be on pivotal texts from Books 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7. They document how much Manichaean views played a part in Augustine’s quest, and how closely this quest was linked to his ideas about evil. Briefly stated, Augustine’s search went from anthropomorphic-spatial thinking about God to corporeal/material-spatial and even panentheistic ideas and then (mainly under the inspiration of Neoplatonic philosophy, i.e., in all likelihood Plotinus’s Enneads) to a strictly spiritual and non-spatial understanding. But in all this, Manichaean ways of thought and even concepts remained present until the end. A final conclusion draws out the significance of this study for conceptualising the formation of God/gods in the Christian tradition as well as in other religious formations.

New traditionalism and religions of the South Asia

In the history of religions, in addition to large religious denominations and smaller ethnic specific cults and practices, there are a number of movements that combine local and ethnic features with global trends and patterns. The generalizing designations of such religious forms are diverse: these are folk or traditional religions, movements of social adaptation, archaic social movements, cult renewal or revival, etc. We are talking about the creative rethinking of the legacy of the past, its transformation, expansion, “reformatting”, re-imagining, and inclusion in a broad modern worldview context. Sometimes they play their role as catalysts for other movements and trends. They set off and complement the main lines of the historical development of other religions, and sometimes contrast with them. Almost always, they are associated with the formation of ethnic-cultural identities, the demarcation or, vice versa, strengthening of ties - real and imaginary. This article, for the first time in Russian ethnographic scholarship, examines the models and strategies for the formation and transformation of the “new old” religions of the East (especially South Asia), which have already become a noticeable phenomenon in the social, political, and cultural life of the region. The article introduces a special thematic section that features contributions by E.A. Renkovskaya, S.I. Ryzhakova, L.A. Streltsova, A.A. Bychkova, and M.B. Shcherbak.

Have the Inhabitants of France, Great Britain, Spain, and the US Been Secularized? An Analysis Comparing the Religious Data in These Countries

This paper carries out a comparative analysis of the religious beliefs and practices of residents in France, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America, using two waves of the World Values Survey. The main objective is to investigate the impact that secularization has had on the religious experience in these countries. More specifically, the prospection is carried out around the Christian creed in its Protestant and Catholic manifestations, understood as the majority beliefs in these countries. To carry out this task, we compiled a series of data distributed around the following categories: Contextualization: The importance of religion within different aspects of life; level of religiosity and membership in religious denominations; the sphere of beliefs: Belief in God, belief in life after death, belief in hell, and belief in heaven; scope of practices; and the nones. Subsequently, we carry out an explanatory-interpretative analysis articulated around four questions or challenges faced by these religious forms in the context of secularization: 1. The crisis of Christianity; 2. the thesis of European exceptionalism; and 3. the rise of the nones. In conclusion, the data analyzed allow us to affirm—with nuances—the following: 1. The existence of a process of dechurching in the heart of Christianity; 2. the confirmation that the European case is exceptional if we compare it with other trends or other cultural programs of secularization; 3. that the area of greatest dechurching is linked to community practice, something that allows this research to adhere to Davie’s thesis, which defines the current religious situation as believing without belonging; and 4. as a consequence of the process of dechurching, there is a rise of a social group without religious adscription: The nones.

Implementation of Religion and Astronomy for Children Through the Reggio Emillia Learning Model

Developing religion and science in early childhood requires the right stimulation to develop optimally. This study aims to analyze the influence exerted by the Reggio Emilia learning model in developing religion and the science of astronomy in children. This research belongs to the quantitative research in quasi-experimental using the posttest-only control group design. The population in this study were 18 early childhood children aged 5-6 years. Sampling was done using a saturated sample technique, in which all population members were used as research samples. Data collection in this study was carried out using non-test methods in the form of observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The research instrument used was in the form of children's religious and scientific ability instruments. The data obtained in the study were then analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis techniques through validity testing, reliability testing, normality testing, and hypothesis testing. The results of the data analysis show that the calculated f value is 3.789 and a significance value of 0.007. The hypothesis is accepted by the results obtained with the sig <0.05 and f count > f table; this study has a sig value of 0.007 <0.05 and f count of 3.789> 3.63. Based on these results, the Reggio Emilia learning model positively and significantly influences astronomy's religious and scientific values in early childhood.

Exploring Asian Religions in Europe: An Introduction

Abstract In the last fifty years there has been an increasing interest in alternative “spiritualities” in the European context, which have crystallised to a significant extent around “Eastern” religious forms. Whereas an important impulse has certainly been given in this respect by Orientalist views, the role played by missionaries in the transmission of Asian religious forms to Europe has been equally important. Still another major factor behind the transmission of “Eastern” religions to Europe is migration, which is becoming more and more relevant with the increasing number of immigrants from Asian countries. Against this general framework, the articles collected in this special issue attempt to shed more light on selected aspects of Asian religions in the European context, with particular attention to institutional, semi-institutional, and more informal practices, still relatively understudied areas (e.g., parts of Eastern Europe), and broad historical developments.