Political Concepts Research Articles

Legal Issues in the Demands for Self-Determination in Nigeria

Abstract There have been different ethnic political struggles calling for self-determination through secession in Nigeria since independence. There have also been calls for ‘restructuring’ the Nigerian federation to achieve what is called ‘true federalism’ believing that it is the only panacea for each ethnic group to achieve relative independence and self-determination within Nigeria. In addition, the question of control over natural resources has been a major issue in claims for self-determination. This article examines the legal issues involved in these self-determination demands in Nigeria. It finds that self-determination started as a moral or political concept before it developed into a legal concept under international law. Under international law, self-determination has emerged as external self-determination, internal self-determination, self-determination as indigenous autonomy, self-determination as a right against intervention and economic self-determination. It has also manifested in the same form in constitutional law. Against the backdrop of these findings, it is argued that self-determination demands assume three different legal forms in Nigeria manifesting as the right to external self-determination, the right to internal self-determination and the right to economic self-determination. It is further argued that there is no right to external self-determination or secession in Nigeria. In addition, it is argued that internal self-determination manifests as the right against discrimination on ethnic grounds in Nigeria and that it constitutes a fundamental right. Lastly, it is argued that the right to economic self-determination does not exist in Nigeria as natural resources are vested in the government while the interests of the people are undermined.

Філософські виміри культурної політики

Against the background of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, the question of an effective cultural policy that would support national identity, contribute to the purification of consciousness from propaganda myths and preserve the heritage of Ukrainian culture is becoming more acute. Since cultural policy is related to both aesthetic-artistic and cultural-anthropological dimensions of social life, in order to identify the effective influence of cultural policy on dominant social practices, it is necessary to find out the universal principles of its functioning. The purpose of this article is to identify the relevant philosophical and methodological basis of cultural policy for modern Ukrainian realities. Based on the fundamental ideas of Richard Rorty’s pragmatic philosophy and his analysis of cultural policies, the generally accepted nature of the inferential approach to social reality on the part of individual social groups was ascertained. The variability of cultural policy depending on the type of social organization community/society is demonstrated. In small social groups of the authoritarian type, social epistemological authority is mediated by the individual preferences of the leader of this group, so the tools of cultural policy are weak (patriarchal family, religious or political sect). An authoritarian or totalitarian mass society shows a high propensity for linguistic practices of propaganda, which can be seen as an extreme distorted form of cultural politics. In democratic societies, cultural policy is able to harmonize social life, improving its practices and building a value-symbolic world that constitutes culture in a broad sense. The social institute of education has all the tools, including digital ones, to shape the necessary social practices and educate a critical thinker who is able to generate conceptual knowledge, i.e. see relationships and be aware. Openness in decision-making, interaction of expert groups, public discussions are necessary elements for an effective cultural policy, which should be different from “cultural management”. Creative cultural industries play an important role in modern popular culture societies, and these industries significantly strengthen the economic component of social life. Public projects and initiatives effectively help to preserve Ukrainian culture, influence the level of awareness of Ukrainians and the economic well-being of our country.

Research on the Development of Russian Translation Teaching Materials Within the Framework of Ideological and Political Education

Integrating curriculum ideology and politics into the construction of professional teaching materials is the mainsupport for the reform and development of education and teaching, and the main starting point for ideological and political work throughout the entire process of education and teaching. This article makes constructive thinking and conclusions on how to make the ideological and political education concept run through the talent training system, and how to integrate the ideological and political content of the curriculum into the construction content of translation textbooks in an all-round way.

Prefigurative politics in action research for just cycling futures

ABSTRACT The paper proposes that action research, not as a predefined set of methods but rather as a mode of research, should be considered a key asset in creating transformative knowledge on just cycling futures. I explain, firstly, why action-oriented, experimental, and participatory research should deploy the concept of prefigurative politics – the performing of not-yet cycling futures here and now – as a theoretical, methodological and practical resource to counter hegemonic, oppressive, essentialist and authoritarian mobility rationalities. Second, I argue why prefigurative action research is most applicable when involving diverse actors across cycling governance networks into a democratic social learning process. These arguments are developed by synthesising literatures from social movement studies and mobility and transport justice, and by providing examples of four social cycling innovations among a population often marginalised from transport policy and planning – children and young people. In conclusion, the paper proposes a model for conducting prefigurative action research on cycling.

Untitled (Notes on Fascism This Time)

Abstract This is a short commentary on the relevance of Jair Bolsonaro for the critical theorizing of the political. In it, I consider the resurfacing of fascism in the past decade or as the manifestation of a political form which is consistent with the mode of thinking that nourishes the liberal political architecture. I do so by discussing key philosophical, critical, and anticolonial formulations which indicates present the elements that allows for the kind of binding of the state with its citizens that supports fascism, both in the past and in the present.

Agonist relationships in the toddler classroom: Exploring the connection between conflict and care

Dominant Western discourse in early childhood education frames conflict as a disruptive and damaging force that is antithetical to the “ideal” classroom environment. However, critical early childhood scholars have begun to reconceptualize the role of conflict in early childhood classroom dynamics, exploring its potential as a productive and necessary force that supports current and future political participation for young children. This paper draws from data collected during an eight-month ethnography of care practices in an infant/toddler classroom at a university laboratory school in the Southeastern United States. Using Chantal Mouffe's theories political conflict, we interpret one teacher's understandings of conflict in her classroom and the practices that she engaged in support of what Mouffe would term “agonist conflict” (i.e., friendly, rather than antagonistic, conflict). Findings demonstrate that this teacher views agonist conflict to be a productive process for young children—one that enables them to articulate their political subjectivities as members of their classroom community and one that will foster their engagement as citizens of a broader democratic society. As such, the emotional support and scaffolding she provided to support such engagement constitute a political form of care. This research holds implications for reconceptualized understandings of peer conflict in early childhood contexts and insight into how teachers can better support children's developing political engagement through agonist conflict with their peers.

Effective management in modern political parties and campaigns. The application analysis of political management concept in Poland

Effective management is the key point of each organization’s wellfunctioning, political parties likewise. This article is an attempt to present the importance of the management in politics with particular emphasis on managing the political parties. Essential data for reaching the goal has been taken from literature analysis as well as market observation performed by the author with special attention of international research and Polish marketplace background. Research problem is complemented by comparative analysis of presented concept and polish practice which offers the local conditions identification and good practice recognition it the process of gaining the competitive advantage. An additional value of the text is the pointing out of the fundamental differences and similarities in the area of management between the political and commercial organization.

Barriers and Impacts of Female Participation in Formal Politics in Makassar City Period 2019-2024

The increase of women's representation in formal politics in Makassar is encouraging for democracy. Even though there has been an increase in numbers, it has not yet reached the 30 percent quota in accordance with the affirmative action policy. This article wants to discuss the barrier for women in Makassar making it difficult for them to get chance into formal politics. Then, this article also wants to discuss the barriers and impact of female in Makassar legislative and executive institutions to gender equality. In writing this article, we used the library research method. The conclusion in this article is that social structures and political party are barriers for female who want to advance into formal politics, and the impact of female participation in legislative institutions is also quite satisfying by issuing policies and programs that contribute to gender equality and women's empowerment.

THE REFLECTION OF PARTY POLITICS IN THE FORMULATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH POLICIES - THE REALITY OF CUIABÁ - MT

The article on screen is about the Reflection of Party Politics in the Formulation of Public Health Policies based on the reality of Cuiabá-MT, as a result of a process of precariousness in the provision of public health care, both in economic and subjective aspects, in neoliberal societies. Neoliberalism refers to a political and economic conception doctrinally situated in the idea of ​​market deregulation, commercial and, in particular, financial opening, in addition to the reorganization of the role of the State, which abandons the role of promoting social well-being and makes a commitment to maintaining the market and competition. The article aims to highlight the influence of party politics as an action that seeks to combat any and all types of serious public policy, since party politics erodes the democratic aspect of access to social rights, among which health is found. inserted. Methodologically, this is a bibliographical research whose theoretical basis focuses on authors who study the topic. The research points out that party politics, through capitalism, by appropriating neoliberal premises characterized by the predominance of financial interests, the deregulation of markets, the privatization of state-owned companies, and the abandonment of the welfare state intensifies inequality. between people, directly affecting public health policies. From a neoliberal perspective, it is clear that inequality is the stimulant that makes the most talented rise and stand out, thus “helping” the general progress of society, as can be seen in the scenario presented by the process taken over by party politics in the Brazil and in Cuiabá -MT in the public health scenario.

Sources of Anti-Secularism in Modern Turkey: A Social History Approach

ABSTRACT The secular reforms the young Republic of Turkey launched during the interwar period were one of the most comprehensive modernization schemes in the world history. These extraordinary reforms have been considered as the sole maker of today’s Turkey. The political histories, focusing on formal politics, mostly reduced the social opposition to secularism to a few well-known hapless protests and rebellions. This article, however, argues that modern Turkey was the culmination of a more complicated process in which popular opposition to these reforms also shaped politics. It reveals that the daily life of ordinary people, particularly in rural areas, was rife with the anti-secular voices and attitudes by exploring non-elite public spheres and popular discursive strategies though which anti-secular opinions and attitudes were produced and expressed. Rather than seeing them as a result of clash between secularism and religion, it emphasizes the socio-economic reasons that lead to people’s negative response, primarily the loss of authority or economic advantages of some groups due to reforms. Finally this article offers that the roots of the Islamist politics of the following decades could be sought in this popular dissent, which subtly contested the secularism’s hegemony in daily life during the early republic.

‘No distinction exists as to religion, profession, or sex’: Imperial Reform and the Electoral Culture of the East India Company's Court of Proprietors, 1760–84

AbstractAs contemporaries frequently pointed out, and often in disparaging terms, the governing institutions of the British East India Company contained an almost unprecedented ‘democratical’ element. By this, they were referring to the Company's General Court of Proprietors, its sovereign deliberative body, composed of all East India stockholders. Ownership of certain proportions of stock conferred the rights to participate in debate, to vote on policy, and to elect on an annual basis the directors who governed the day‐to‐day affairs of the Company. These electoral rights were granted solely by virtue of stock‐ownership and made no distinctions based on sex, social status, nationality or religion. This article examines the ways in which women, non‐Britons and religious minorities, in particular, took advantage of the opportunities for political participation opened up by the politicisation of the East India Company's general court in the 1760s, as well as the ways in which this was discussed and debated by contemporaries both in parliament and the press. Tracing the political activities of Mary Barwell, William Bolts and Joseph Salvador provides a unique window into a variety of ways in which the Company offered an alternative venue for political activity for groups often otherwise excluded from the formal politics at Westminster. In doing so, it also shows how the democratic elements of the Company's general court played a significant role in shaping the reform of the East India Company between 1767 and 1784, a process which ultimately led to their curtailment.

МОНГОЛЫН УЛС ТӨРИЙН НАМЫН ҮЗЭЛ БАРИМТЛАЛ, ТҮҮНИЙ ХЭРЭГЖИЛТИЙН ЗАРИМ АСУУДАЛ

There has not been much theoretical and empirical research on the political party concept and the party program developed according to it. Therefore, in 2022, the professors and researchers of the Department of Political Science and the Center for Democracy Studies of the National University of Mongolia carried out an expert study on the topic "Mongolia's political development since 1990: processes, relations and attitudes". Out of the total 7 points, the experts who participated in the survey said that the platforms of the political parties participating in the elections have their own characteristics and are not different, with 2.8 points. With a score of 2.23, the values of political parties in Mongolia are not clear and understandable, with a score of 2.21, the political party's election platform does not match its ideals, and with a score of 2.09, voters are unable to make a choice after reviewing the election platform developed according to the political party's ideals, which means that the parties do not adhere to their ideals, directly showing that it is not important.

Fabulation as Design

Objective: In urban planning, the idea of designing not only space but also time is fundamental and transformative, given its implications for the way we think and produce cities. In this sense, the article seeks to explore different methods of urban design based on a temporal matrix. Method and theoretical framework: We bring forth two poetic actions developed by the contemporary artist Francis Alÿs, where the concepts of fable and project are present. Alÿs's poetics (empiricism) are discussed here and intersected with theoretical concepts from a literature review, highlighting the notion of the right to the city from Henri Lefebvre, the understanding of utopia from Ernst Bloch, and the concept of politics from Jacques Rancière. Results and conclusion: Alÿs's works borrow from literature their quality of adaptation. Oral accounts can both intensify and reiterate a story and allow each part to accommodate itself in new contexts. Thus, fables adapt to each situation where they are told, like nomads. Empiricism opens up possibilities that span literature, visual arts, philosophy, and urban planning. Implications of the research: The text enhances a dialogue between poetics, aesthetics, ethics, and politics. It is not a methodology for improving or presenting projects; rather, it is a possible path to initiate new thoughts and design practices for the contemporary city. Originality: The understanding of fabulation as urban design within a broader perspective of design practice and its impact on the built environment.

Politik Transaksional dan Pragmatisme Masyarakat Dalam Demokrasi Modern

Democracy is a political concept that is widely used by many countries in the world today. Ideas about people's welfare are the main focus in the concept of political order in democracy. So the term democracy has become familiar to hear today. On the other hand, transactional politics is something that is often found in democracy implemented in Indonesia. This also sparked an act of political pragmatism in Indonesian society. So democracy experiences a shift in its agenda which has an impact on the quality of democracy itself. The research method used in this paper is qualitative research using a social science approach that has developed with today's modern political sciences. We also use research libraries to make it easier for us to manage data that we find and that we consider relevant. These transactional political actions are related to the attitude of the main political interest in the form of power, while the culture of political pragmatism in Indonesian society is more visible due to the relatively low level of education in Indonesian society.

History of poetry in Mexican textbooks

This article aims to analyze the evolution of the use of poetry in Mexican primary level textbooks. The analyzed corpus consisted of the books with the most significant changes, those from 1962, 1972, and 2008, for a total of 35 books. The main results indicate that the role of poetry in textbooks has changed considerably in response to different educational, cultural, and political conceptions. The 1962 books mainly feature acclaimed Romantic and Modernist writers and have a strong interest in promoting patriotic and moral values. The 1972 books lean towards Mexican folk lyricism and have a more playful tone, marked by rounds, songs, and poems for playing. Finally, the 2008 books prioritize functional reading development, leading to a notable reduction in the importance of literary models, especially poetry. This analysis demonstrates the differences in how these anthologies were constructed, how they relate to their historical context, and provides some guidelines on how to improve the didactics of poetry in textbooks in the future.

Decolonising diversity

The numerical ordering of a population according to racial and ethnic characteristics has its roots in the population census. As a political instrument developed for colonial rule it has lasting legacies in post-colonial governments and, despite well-intentioned efforts, it continues to define racial politics to this day. This case study traces the history of the modern census used in the territory currently known as South Africa since 1865 to the present day, exemplifying it as a political tool for the development of ‘race’ as a political concept in the region. Such census-like technologies are employed in racial diversity schemes throughout the world, often linked to monitoring employment opportunities; the historical development of ‘race’ as a concept within such instruments however is often left unexplored. In this paper I contend legacies of empire are reproduced through the schemes justified as offering compensation and restitution for racialised colonial oppression. Restitution schemes often place emphasis on either race or economic background, however this study demonstrates ethnicity has a larger role to play than others have considered in the past.

Hubris syndrome and technologies of delegitimation of power

The authors refer to the concept of hubris syndrome, introduced into political lexicon in the 2010s by D. Owen, and understood as a specific disease of “people of power.” The hypothesis of the study is that the attribution of hubris syndrome to a leader by the media and within expert discourse is not based on objective criteria, but is manipulative in nature and is determined by the degree of “perverseness of the political course” in terms of its compliance or non-compliance with universal democratic values. The article reveals the mechanisms of delegitimization of power through the assignment of a number of characteristics to it within the framework of hubris syndrome. As the analysis shows, hubris syndrome is an exclusively political construction, which is broadcast to the general public as a medical concept. Arguments about hubris syndrome are always built on the basis of the oppositional pair “democracy – authoritarianism / tyranny”, as it is understood that democratic regimes themselves, due to their immanent properties (multi-stage institutions of control, change of power, openness, etc.), usually prevent the development of hubris. Reversely, authoritarian and tyrannical regimes automatically turn out to be hubristic ones, which allows democratic regimes, by the right of moral superiority, to correct them in different ways that may even lead to intervention and interference. This scheme finds a historical analogy to the application of the concept of civilizational peoples and states in the civilization/barbarism dichotomy in the 18th-19th centuries, which played a similar function for the West, as described by S. Huntington. The discrepancy between the formal definition of hubris syndrome and the use of the concept in politics is obvious. A highly manipulative construct embodies the tactics of de-legitimization of a political leader if he/ she ceases to comply with the norms of a certain cultural and historical chronotope. The authors draw attention to the specific linguistic markers of hubris syndrome in political communication and the ways in which any politician whose speech contains these units can be declared suffering from hubris syndrome.

Ethics as a minor form of politics and theory in activist research

To do minor activist research is to create and make use of critical neologistic vocabularies hopefully balancing the ascetic impoverishment of direction and syntax in majority vocabularies when conceptualized as universals. To do minor activist research is therefore to unsettle received discourses, narratives, and material social practices of power to develop means of resistance in new and different registers. To do minor activist research is to train the imagination for a collaboratively accomplished re/presentation of data through creating points of encounters, thus engendering an affirmative perspectivist’s ethos. Re/presenting data as a space in which one’s own thinking is challenged, hence providing a perspective of the storying practices across participants and across different disciplinary, ideological, or personal boundaries within the researcher’s and the researched specific positioning. This requires getting everyone to participate in the “analysis” of data, and then getting everyone “inside” the text: situating data-inquiries in immanence. It therefore demands a liberation from old scripts, and challenges how everyone is transformed into text, with perspectivism being simultaneously means and objective for avoiding the reproduction of both old scripts and ethics. Our goal is to enhance (self)reflexivity regarding knowledge production and research methodologies, to influence actual research practices through fostering a more inclusive, open, and collaborative approach to research that transcends traditional boundaries and embraces the fluid and hybrid nature of knowledge production. Ultimately, turning the concept of ethics through minoring into a thinking hub and pedagogy for change. The first and theoretical section is on how to ethically represent data in a new-empiricist and post qualitative environment. We call it data-philosophy. Our ontological approach brings its own concepts, which reflect the perspectives from which we argue. In the three next sections, we follow up by looking more closely into these ideas in re/presenting empirical qualitative research to invite hybrid and fluid configurations. Here, activist research refers to bringing actors into our thinking about the data, to accentuate the collaborative, open to thinking differently through staying close to the data. We then bring it all together in a section on the rebirth of language, to open for what we refer to as a storying personifying, thereby storying data together as a process of becoming, of mutuality and affect as a source of agency. We argue that this creates a theory of science and ethics in data analysis, and in re/presenting data, which are closely entangled.

Dyskurs strukturalnej konieczności jako czynnik totalitaryzacji polityki i prawa. Efekt cieplarniany i pandemia COVID-19 jako polityczne „hybrydy”

This article discusses the contemporary discourse of justifying the abandonment of the protection of rights by a higher necessity, which is presented as resulting both from the indications of science and from the structural features of modern society. Such ideas are proclaimed, among others, on the occasion of the phenomena referred to as the COVID-19 pandemic and the greenhouse effect and climate crisis, and are in turn addressed by institutional and political actions. The aim of the article is to analyze this discourse and its effects on the way of understanding politics and law, and in particular the totalitarian tendencies it generates. The author adopts a hermeneutical perspective as a methodological starting point and refers to a certain understanding of politics and law as based on practical reason, which is established in the Western philosophical tradition. This then serves to outline an ideal type of discourse of structural necessity as a rejection of this type of rationality. In doing so, the author refers to the interpretation of commonly known ideological tendencies and institutional facts. The presentation of the less obvious feature of this discourse, i.e. the identification of natural and political necessity, is supported by the author with references to contemporary philosophical and political concepts dealing with the relationship between the social and natural spheres. The conclusion is that this discourse eliminates the idea of the subject, politics understood as the sphere of manifestation of subjectivity, law as an art based on practical rationality, and finally the separation of science and power.

Translation Research on Conceptual Metaphor in the 2023 Chinese Government Work Report

In traditional rhetoric, metaphor is simply a rhetorical device used to make the mentioned things more understandable. It was not until 1980 that two cognitive linguists, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980) argued in Metaphors We Live By that the essence of metaphor is the cognitive mechanism by which abstract things are explained through concrete things, shifting the study of metaphor from the linguistic level to the cognitive level. Later on, Lakoff (1996) analyzed political metaphor from a cognitive perspective for the first time in Moral Politics, which drives the upsurge of research on conceptual metaphor in political discourse. Political discourse usually uses metaphor to conceptualize the political ideas and issues it aims to disseminate, and the use of conceptual metaphor is closely related to national culture, so the translation of conceptual metaphor has become the key to the overseas publicity of political discourse. On March 5, 2023, Premier Li Keqiang delivered Chinese Government Work Report at the opening meeting of the first session of the 14th National People’s Congress. After reading the official translation on www.china.org.cn, the authors find that the Report contains a wealth of conceptual metaphors, and whether the translation of these metaphors is appropriate or not will affect the accuracy of people’s understanding of the Report. Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) conceptual metaphor theory and Group’s (2007) metaphor identification procedure, this paper takes the 2023 Chinese Government Work Report and its English translation version on www.china.org.cn as the research corpus. Through manual screening, classification and statistics of conceptual metaphors, this paper explores ten types of conceptual metaphor models, namely human metaphor, journey metaphor, war metaphor, cultural metaphor, architecture metaphor, water metaphor, animal and plant metaphor, machine metaphor, line metaphor as well as object metaphor. Based on Xiao’s (2005) cognitive strategy of metaphor translation, this paper also analyzes the translation of ten types of conceptual metaphors. This paper attempts to explore the following three research questions: (1) What are the types of metaphorical patterns in the Report? (2) How are the conceptual metaphors used in the Report and what cultural connotations and images are conveyed by them? (3) How to effectively translate conceptual metaphors in the Report to achieve a better understanding of the target audience? Microsoft Office (Word and Excel) is used as a statistical tool and a mapping tool to count specific conceptual metaphor categories and record typical metaphor keywords, and visualize the data of the proportion of various types. This paper tries to summarize and analyze the cultural connotations and images conveyed by the conceptual metaphors, so as to provide help for the English translation of Chinese political discourse and promote the international dissemination of Chinese political ideas. Through the analysis of conceptual metaphors, we can judge that although the political concepts in the Report is abstract, conceptual metaphors can express them more concretely and more easily understood by the audience through the mapping from the source domain to the target domain.