Form Of Philanthropy Research Articles

Proadi-SUS: analysis of financial resources in the three-year periods 2009-2011, 2012-2014 and 2015-2017.

To characterize the tax exemption resources used in the Support Program for Institutional Development of the Unified Health System (Proadi-SUS) in the 3-year periods 2009-2011, 2012-2014, 2015-2017, considering the total volume of resources linked to the debate on tax expenditures on health and the constitution of a "new form of philanthropy" in the sector. To understand the philanthropic sector, tax expenditures between 2001 and 2017 were analyzed. To evaluate the resources used in the program, the values of projects and areas of activity were examined. A real increase in the values of general tax expenses and tax expenses referring to the philanthropic sector was found. There was also a real increase in the program's resources. A total of 407 projects were carried out, amounting to R$ 3.4 billion for the period. An analysis of the average value of the projects shows an increase in values for all hospitals included in the program, with the exception of one of the institutions. In the 2009-2011 and 2012-2014 periods, the area with the highest number of projects and the most resources was "Management techniques and operation in health services". In the 3-year period 2015-2017, however, the sector that received the most investments and the largest number of projects developed was "Human Resources Training". The program characterizes a different expression of the public-private partnership in the health sector linked to the principles of the new public management. As a development for future investigations, a qualitative characterization of the projects developed and the actions' impact on the public sector demands is necessary.

Shifting Meaning: Islamic Philanthropy According to the View of Muhammadiyah

This paper discusses Islamic philanthropy from the view of Muhammadiyah, this was obtained because there was a shift in the meaning of philanthropy in the past. Experts _ stated that philanthropy is an important element in Islam. Among the forms of philanthropy in Islam is zakat, one of Islam’s five pillars. Among other forms of Islamic philanthropy are infaq, alms, and waqf. Therefore philanthropy has a major position in the life of Muslims. The meaning above is different from philanthropy which is known in today's society but does not reduce the substance of philanthropy itself. Islam has an important role in terms of spreading religion and knowledge, establishing educational institutions, and even in the field of welfare. One important vehicle for the spread of Islam is the mosque, which was built on philanthropy. The Prophet Muhammad set an example of philanthropic behavior by establishing a mosque. Apart from establishing mosques, educational institutions which are places to gain knowledge were also established on the basis of philanthropy. It is through these educational institutions that the dissemination of knowledge develops. This paper aims to provide an understanding to the general public regarding the shift in the meaning of Islamic philanthropy, through the view of Muhammadiyah as the primary data source. The conclusion in this paper uses the theory of changes in Islamic law and uses a normative approach, of course with the aim of trying to reveal the values of truth in Islamic philanthropic practices in society so that they should be actualized in the future. Keywords : Islamic Philanthropy, Muhammadiyah, Theory of change in Islamic law

Transnational migrants' philanthropy: Its forms, operations, and implications from the perspectives of Ghanaian residents in Europe.

With the emergence of transnational migration studies in the 1990's, migration studies became involved in showing how migrants maintain transnational connections through money and non-monetary philanthropic contributions in their origin countries. However, there is little evidence about the interconnections between different forms of migrants' philanthropy and how they are developed and sustained over time across international borders. This work investigates individual and groups transnational philanthropy and shows how migrants become involved in these forms of philanthropy, highlighting some changes therein over time. We relied on fifty semistructured interviews and six focus group discussions conducted with Ghanaians in the Netherlands, Italy and Germany. Our thematic analyses confirm that transnational migrant philanthropy is about fulfilling certain "moral obligations," to derive a sense of belonging "here" (destinations) and "there" (origins). In performing the self, religious or culturally imposed sense of responsibility for human welfare and institutional development in the home country, Ghana, involved migrants overcome some challenges. For transnational migrant philanthropy to sustain itself, studied migrants think origin country governments must take necessary steps to remove structural obstacles like tedious procedures for clearing philanthropic goods at the ports and harbors. Involved migrants also suggested a need for a more organized platform to collect relevant information on potential beneficiary needs for their preparations to "give back" to their homeland.

New Philanthropy and Education Policy in China

This essay will explore how Chinese philanthropy mobilises with the instructions from the central government, and participates in implementation of policies in the form of network governance, by starting to unfold the existing landscape of philanthropy and neoliberalism, the following part will discuss how do they intertwine with contemporary education policy. The next chapter is going to address the idea of ‘new philanthropy’, of how it has become a new form of philanthropy and in what way does it coordinate with the ongoing developing world. Notwithstanding this term is investigated in the global context with the assistance of the previous chapter. More specific examples of Chinese philanthropy businesses will be given in the last chapter, where there will be the combined analysis of recently modified authoritative guidelines and the works that Chinese leading philanthropists are doing, and indeed they are in the relationship of governed and governing with the authority. While the relationship is also changing from the government giving direct and explicit instructions, to a polycentric way of governance.

Zakat, Infak, Sedekah, Wakaf dalam Filantropi Islam

One way to use wealth is to implement the concept of philanthropy, this is contained in the Qur'an and then clarified by Allah with the actualization of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, Philanthropy is a concept that already exists in Islam, which aims for goodness (al-birr), seeing the condition of the level of different social and economic aspects of society, the idea or concept of philanthropy is an alternative for a group of people to reduce social inequality between communities. The approach used in this paper is an empirical approach, namely a search based on existing findings. In this context, studies of the concept of Islamic Philanthropy become one way to empower the community in economic activities. This study focuses on the role of ZISWAF as a part of Philanthropy in Islam. The data collection technique used a literature review in the form of collecting books, written materials and references relevant to the theme of philanthropy as an instrument. Furthermore, an analysis of Islamic Philanthropy theories that have an impact on the economic activities of the community is carried out, which is expected to eventually build the concept of Islamic Philanthropy as an effort to reduce social inequality. Referring to the Qur'an and Hadith, philanthropy in Islam is an act of kindness based on faith which is charity. Philanthropy, as a charity, is a very fundamental ethical teaching in Islam. In general, the form of philanthropy in Islam is stated in the concept of zakat and shadaqah. The aim of building togetherness and reducing social inequality is inseparable from the distribution system. In Islam, there are two main distribution systems, namely commercial distribution and following the market mechanism and a distribution system that is based on aspects of community social justice.

War and compassion: the plight of war orphans in East Asia, 1867–1945 and beyond

AbstractWar and peace are the two incompatible notions. War and compassion are not: war often calls for human compassion to save not only friends but also enemies. As the technology of war has advanced since the nineteenth century, the targets of compassion in the form of philanthropy, social work, and humanitarianism have also expanded to include soldiers, civilians, and children. In this article, I explore the link between war and compassion in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by focusing on the plight of Japanese war orphans in Japan and Chinese war orphans in China. These sixty-seven Chinese war orphans were brought to Japan in 1939 by a member of the Japanese Imperial army stationed in occupied China. The founders of orphanages in Japan argued that war incited their compassion to save the young victims of war. Yet they were also forced to work under the watchful eyes of the State. How did Japan's power structures, which created misery in both Japan and China, change over time? How did the Japanese social structures, which tried to help alleviate misery among children, change? My goal is to relate these questions to each other for further understanding the link between war and compassion between 1867 and 1945 and in the early postwar era.

Implementasi Sedekah Sirri Sebagai Bentuk Filantropi Dalam Al-Qur’an

The discussion on philanthropy is not something new, but there have been several works in the form of books, articles and scholarly research that discuss philanthropy, but the author has not found the results of someone's research on the meaning and implementation of alms in secret as a form of philanthropy in the Qur'an, so the author needs to make a discussion regarding this theme. Starting from this problem, the author needs to examine more deeply about the implementation of alms in secret as a form of philanthropy in the Qur'an. To answer this problem, the researcher uses the thematic method, namely by discussing a certain theme thoroughly and aiming to solve the problems raised, and get a conclusion and it can be used as a guide, with the Library Research. The results of the findings of this study are a form of giving in secret and intended for the poor, as a form of philanthropy, so this gift contains a very noble value for the giver, because it can prevent the birth of showing off and wanting to be praised, as well as maintaining the dignity of the person who receives it.
 Keywords: alms, secret alms, philanthropy, al-Qur'an

Philanthropy in Settlement Infrastructure Development

Current settlements development face problems of funding sources for limited infrastructure construction. Especially during the Covid 19 pandemic, where state revenue as the main basis for infrastructure funding could not reach the expected target. It requires blended financing sources that do not only rely on the ability of state funding but also alternative sources of funding, one of which is in the form of philanthropy, an effort to help others which are manifested by a social charity in the form of funds or something else. This research applied a descriptive-analytic method to explore various philanthropic phenomena developed in Indonesia. The results show that philanthropy has been developing for a long time and has become one of the roots of the social life of the Indonesian people. Philanthropy grows from the spirit of togetherness in the community and encourages outcomes in the form of an increased sense of belonging, the community in socializing, and community initiatives in caring for and managing the built network system. The sustainability of infrastructure development on a community scale will be more guaranteed with the existence of philanthropy in the community.

CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES OF ORTHODOX MONASTERIES IN SOUTHERN UKRAINE FROM THE SECOND HALF OF XIX CENTURY TILL 1917

The relevance of the study is due to the need for theoretical understanding of historical experience in the field of social assistance and its practical application in modern charitable activities of the Orthodox Church. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of the philanthropy of Orthodox monasteries in the Southern Ukrainian dioceses from the second half of the nineteenth century till 1917. The main methods used in the study are divided into theoretical (analysis, synthesis, comparison) and empirical (document analysis). The analysis of basic forms and methods of social assistance to the people in need is carried out. The method of comparison, made it possible to determine the common features and peculiarities of the charity of the Orthodox monasteries of Southern Ukraine. Reconstruction of events and processes, generalization of conclusions, formation of holistic knowledge about the research problem became possible due to the use of the synthesis method. Analysis of documents was used in working with economic and administrative documents of monasteries. In general, it is the quantitative data that allow more accurately and comprehensively identify trends and patterns, make generalizations and draw conclusions about the scope and effectiveness of charitable activities. The study found that the main forms of philanthropy of monasteries in Southern Ukraine were as follows: philanthropic activities, medical care, maintenance of schools, financial support of theological schools, personal participation of abbots in the activities of charities, the establishment of shelters for refugees and temporary hospitals for the wounded warriors. Church charity was an important complement to the private and public support of the people in need.

공기업의 사회적 가치: 개념과 측정

This paper discusses how to define and measure the social values of public enterprises, which have the characteristics both of for-profit enterprises and of social ones. Traditionally, the concept of social values of for-profit enterprises has long been studied in the form of philanthropy and CSR (corporate social responsibility) that emphasizes the distribution of economic outcomes to their respective communities and a society as a whole while that of social enterprises is somewhat defined differently, depending on what kind of benefits they provide to the communities, and whom they serve since the very reason for their being is to create “social” values. Despite the fact that public enterprises have both the characteristics of for-profit and of social ones, current assessment scheme for them still remains to focus on their CSR activities, which is very similar to that for the for-profit enterprises. In this paper, we argue that the social values of public enterprises should be evaluated in a more balanced manner so that it should consider both aspects of how sound the economic values created by their inherent jobs are, and of how efficient their business processes are for the good of their respective communities. To exemplify our point, a case study is conducted using the data of KORAIL, and a discussion follows.

Charity development trends in Russia

The article analyzes the problems of charity development in the world and in Russia over the past 25 years. The research reveals the issues of citizens' involvement in various forms of philanthropy and the specifi cs of national policy in this area. The author of the article examines the dynamics of increasing public confidence in NPOs and various charitable organizations, as well as identifi es new methods and means of providing support and donations to organizations in need. The author also analyzes the statistical database for the specifi ed time period.

China’s Shan’erdai: the Formation and Transformation of Philanthropy

Abstract China’s economic reform since the late 1970s has inaugurated a societal restructuring, with profound changes taking place in the outlook on wealth and fortune. In recent years, a distinct group of social actors, the shan’erdai, comprised of the children of the super wealthy, has emerged to play a significant role in social welfare and charity projects. Though there has been some discussion about philanthropy in general and its realization in China in particular, the shan’erdai has received little scholarly attention. This paper identifies some of the defining characteristics of the shan’erdai and examines a modern form of Chinese philanthropy that the shan’erdai practice. Drawing on interviews and publication reviews, we specifically address two central questions: What are the motivations, values, and practices of the shan’erdai? How do the motivations, giving patterns, and modes and technologies of the shan’erdai differ from the parental generation? We sketch the contours of the shan’erdai as a social group and explore the ways through which this shan’erdai experiments with new forms of philanthropy, charity, and social entrepreneurship. Shaped by social and historical formations domestically and on the global stage, we argue that the shan’erdai proactively reformulates the logics of social action for the public good and inspires a novel form of philanthropy in China.

Assessing Donor Salience and Motivation in Professional Sports from the Stakeholder Perspective

Charitable nonprofit organizations that are established by professional sport entities have gained popularity as a form of philanthropy in the sport industry. However, limited research has addressed the importance of donors and identified motivational factors that encourage donors to contribute to professional sport nonprofit organizations. The current study qualitatively explored the stakeholder salience concept as well as professional sport donor motivation from the standpoints of managers and actual donors of such nonprofit organizations. The findings suggest that stakeholder salience perceptions differ between nonprofit managers and donors. Fan identification, awareness of needs, personal cause involvement, charity image, and community support were identified as primary motivational factors while the perceived effectiveness and altruism were minor donor motivations to support professional sport nonprofits.

RETROSPECTIVE AND MODERN ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHARITY

The article considers the retrospective and modern aspects of the development of charitable activity in the socio-economic sense, which is the assistance to other persons at the expense of own welfare or free time, and provided that this assistance does not harm other persons and is carried out within the law. Charity should benefit not only the immediate recipient of benefit but also society as a whole. The authors emphasize that the conducted study supports their hypothesis that under the conditions of globalization, society increasingly focuses on social issues that arise as a result of insufficient state resources and so charity becomes a factor in their successful resolution. The development of charity is a system of social, economic, and cultural factors. One of the stages of the development of charity was the creation of charitable foundations specializing in various fields: scientific, cultural, sporting, educational projects, assistance to needy families, help for orphanages, hospitals, fundraising for expensive treatment and other projects. In today’s world, the attitude towards charity as a professional occupation has become widespread, becoming a “social norm.” Charitable funds are a separate and important component of the charitable institution. The concept of “charity” came into the public consciousness as a humanistic call of a person to go to the needy, regardless of religious, national, racial, social affiliation or political or ideological beliefs. Retrospective analysis showed that forms of philanthropy in the advanced form existed already in ancient Rome and ancient Greece; in medieval Europe, they already acquired the status of state and social policy at the legislative level. In the Christian aspect of ancient Rus of the adoption of the Orthodox faith in 988, the foundations of charity are laid as socio-ethical norms of society. In the second half of the XVIII century, as a result of secularization, charitable societies, hospitals, almshouses, open by public organizations and private individuals arise, that is, there are social and state institutions of charity. And charitable funds, which are socio-economic professional activities, are beginning to develop. From ancient to modern times, charitable activity is carried out in the forms of patronage, sponsorship, volunteering, fundraising. Modern trends of charity include: increase of the non-profit sector and its internationalization; cooperation of charitable foundations, development of a social partnership with business, state bodies, and foreign funds; professionalization through the creation of network charity. In turn, charity abroad is characterized by growing professionalism, a variety of forms and programs of cooperation, the growth and expansion of the sphere itself and its importance for non-profit, in particular, socio-cultural activities. The undisputed leader in this area is the USA – the birthplace of modern sponsorship and fundraising. The authors conditionally distinguish three levels of charity. The typology and general characteristics of foreign charitable foundations, typical for the USA, European countries, and Ukraine, are presented. Features of creation and functioning of quasi-public funds are considered. On a global scale, the foreign activity of the US foundations is significant, and the expenditures exceed the official foreign aid budgets of many countries. However, their presence in Ukraine is relatively low. The volume of support is negligible compared to official support amounts: according to the OECD, the amount of grants actually received by Ukraine from other states and multilateral donors in 2011–2017 amounted to more than 5 billion USD while less than 0.1 billion USD came to Ukraine from US foundations. But this does not exclude the role of private donors in solving certain problems, in particular, in terms of supporting civil society, protecting the rights of vulnerable groups of the population, etc.

Efficacy of corporate social responsibility in corporate governance structures of family owned business groups in India

The concept of ‘Corporate Social Responsibility’ (CSR) has often relied on firms thinking beyond their economic interest despite the larger debate of shareholder versus stakeholder interest. India gave legal recognition to CSR in the Companies Act, 2013. CSR in India is believed to be different for two reasons: the dominance of family business and the history of practice of social responsibility as a form of philanthropy (mainly among the family business). This paper problematises the actual structure of business houses in India and the role of CSR in a context where the law identifies each company as a separate business entity while the economics of institutions emphasizes the ‘business group’ consisting of a plethora of firms as the institutional organization of business where capital owned or controlled by the family group is spread across the firms through the interlocked holding structures. Within this framework, the largest family firms, which are part of family owned business groups, top the CSR expenditure list. The governance structure of family firms allows family owned business group to show mandatory compliance of CSR even when they actually spend much less than what is prescribed by law. This aspect of the family firms is not addressed by the CSR legislation in particular or corporate governance legislation in general in India. The paper illustrates this with an empirical study of one of the largest family owned business group in India Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), which is well acclaimed for its CSR activities. The paper demonstrates how the business group through these series of shareholding network reduces its legally mandated CSR liability. The paper thus indicates the inadequacy of CSR legislation in India because the unit of compliance is an individual firm and it assumes that each firm is independent and only connected to each other through market dealings. The law does not recognize the inter-connections of firms (through common ownership and control) in corporate governance structures of family owned business group and hence is inadequate in its design to effect the threshold level of CSR expenditure. This is the central argument of the paper.

WAKAF HAK CIPTA

Abstract : Waqf is one of the recommended forms of philanthropy (mandub) in Islam, because the reward of waqf will always flow even though wakif has died. In the modern era, waqf is no longer interpreted by giving immovable property such as land and buildings , but movable property can be used as a waqf object. One of the objects of immovable property is intellectual property rights which is copyright. With the existence of waqf copyright no longer obligate for the giver of waqf to have immovable property as treasure to be represented but other object which have economic value and social also can be waqf property.
 Keywords : Copyrights, Waqf

Allégorie de la charité dans la peinture et le roman français du XIXe siècle: charité d’Esmeralda dans Notre-Dame de Paris de Victor Hugo

While Victor Hugo’s Notre-Dame de Paris takes place in medieval Paris, some of his characters are in many ways more representative of the author’s nineteenth-century French society. Written on the eve of the July Monarchy, this novel differs markedly from other French contemporary literary works, such as Balzac’s, that try to represent as realistically as possible the major cultural change experienced in France at the time between, on the one hand, traditional Christian charity models and, on the other hand, certain forms of philanthropy based on social justice principles brought about by the new regime. While Hugo’s male characters are not unlike those of his peers, his representation of female figures of charity is unique. This article studies the ways the novelist portrays charity and female charitable characters through the prism of allegory twenty years before the allegory of charity became a prevalent topic in French painting. (In French)

The philanthropic state: market–state hybrids in the philanthrocapitalist turn

Over the past decade a new form of philanthropy has emerged, termed ‘philanthrocapitalism’. Champions of philanthrocapitalism suggest that private giving can fill the void left by diminished government spending on social and development programmes. Critics suggest that philanthropy is no substitute for strong governmental support for social welfare. Both arguments perpetuate a dichotomy between the public and the private, implying that philanthrocapitalism operates in a vacuum largely divorced from governmental interventions. In this article I challenge that assumption, exploring how new philanthropic initiatives have compelled increased financial support from governments toward the private sector. Drawing on three cases – advanced market commitments (amcs) in drug development; impact investing; and direct philanthropic and governmental grants to corporate entities – I illustrate the ways that governments remain one of the most powerful – if not the most powerful – philanthropic actors in the philanthrocapitalist turn.

Building Partnerships to Create Social and Economic Value at the Base of the Global Development Pyramid

This article, written with Calton, Hartman and Bevan, develops the position that poverty, globally, can be alleviated if not eradicated if Western industrial companies and other commercial institutions will form partnerships and collaborations in the emerging economies. These efforts are not intended to arise from any form of philanthropy. Indeed, the authors here argue both (i) that charity simply makes those people it sets out to assist even more dependent and (ii) that there is evidence to suggest that globally – even in the poorest communities – what is free is not valued nearly as much as those goods or services for which one has to pay, even if only a few cents. Indeed, the collaborations proposed here are not dependency relationships but partnerships which are truly equitable business relationships that create value-added for both parties.

Lagging Behind to Reach Responsibility Allocations: A Review of Receiving End

CSR often takes the form of philanthropy among Indian corporate firms, but this does not necessarily mean that there is little potential for implementing CSR in any corporate business practices in India. This paper is intended to examine the invisible insights of CSR activities and corporate sector initiatives in India. It was found that most of the corporate entities are not spending their allocated budget amount towards CSR activity. In this paper it was observed that nearly 40 percent of allotted fund is not spent by the corporate giants in India. With an exception to few companies, most of them are lagging behind to reach the budgeted allocations during 2008-2013. Further, respondents’ opinion on CSR spending patterns is also elicited.