Organizational Forms Research Articles

Social Determinants of Health as a Dimension of State Policy: A Comparative Analysis

This article explores the extensive international regulatory frameworks governing the healthcare sector, with a primary focus on developed nations worldwide, encompassing the United States, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The authors offer insights into various national healthcare systems, contending that the regulatory paradigms within this industry are inextricably linked to the socio-economic policies specific to each country. Modern healthcare systems are deemed "advantageous" due to the emergence of mixed healthcare structures and diverse organizational forms, undergoing constant reform across the globe. The authors underscore the imperative need for effectively institutionalizing the healthcare sector. While acknowledging the inherent imperfections within the various healthcare organizational models mentioned, the article posits that a judiciously structured healthcare paradigm uniquely possesses the capacity to augment both the quality and accessibility of healthcare—a pivotal determinant for the amelioration of overall quality of life and citizen well-being.

On the economics of co-opting in energy sector

The purpose of the work is to formulate the main provisions of the co-opting economy and detail them using the case method in the field of energy. Elizabeth Watkins and David Stark from Columbia University (USA) put forward the concept of Möbius organizational forms. Unlike traditional forms in business, Möbius forms do not Make, Buy or Cooperate, they Co-opt assets that do not belong to them. In 2019, the author of this work proposed the term "paraphernalia", which reflects the essence of the theory, but the name is more suitable for the Global Informality Project online encyclopedia, in which it was published. The co-opting economics is a social science about the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services with non-violent, but non-cooperative appropriation of assets belonging to others to satisfy one's own needs. The original formula of the co-opting economy is: money-commodity-money with a dash and an additional commodity (good) received for free, which is produced with the help of assets belonging to other owners. Theoretical studies were carried out using the case method. The effect of the co-opting economy is demonstrated on the example of the Sukha Balka mine (Kryvyi Rih). The mine has shafts hoists. In the process of moving loads, hoist generate electricity that is recovered and fed back into the network. The author introduces the conditional category "Mechanics", whose asset is mine hoist, and the category "Energeticians", whose asset is power distribution networks. The additional energy resource received by the Mechanics flows through the network to the Energeticians and becomes their property. There is a co-optation of assets that do not belong to Energeticians, with the receipt of a product that they use to meet their own needs. Such a virtual power plant does not belong to any energy company, but helps it to overcome the shortage of electricity during times of maximum load. Here, too, energy companies adhere to the economy of co-optation, because the generating assets they use are not their property. By adopting legislative acts on the introduction of the active consumer category, the state indirectly contributes to the development of the co-optation economy.

When Infant Mortality Was Born: Dutch Preventive Child Health Care without the State, 1890–1930

Abstract This article investigates the emergence of Dutch preventive child health care in the first decades of the twentieth century. It shows that the rise of collective action on this terrain followed from the recognition of “infant mortality” as a public problem – a late–nineteenth century configuration that went hand in hand with the professionalisation of paediatrics. It also shows that the organisational forms that this collective action took depended on whose health was perceived to be at stake in specific articulations of the public problem of infant mortality. Finally, this article explores the motives of the Dutch state in the organisation of public health in the interbellum and queries the relationship between the state and public health more broadly. Drawing on pragmatist philosophy, we argue that states are best understood as the result of historically contingent processes that take on different forms in different times and places. Such histories enable a better view of the elements at play in the organisation of collective action and of the pivotal role played therein by the perception of public problems.

Neither Mergers nor Cartels: Innovation Networks and Competition Law

Abstract Organization theorists and innovation economists have been arguing for the past few decades that the locus of research and development activities has gradually moved away from vertically integrated firms to inter-firm alliances. In industries as diverse as construction and biotechnology, cooperation for innovation has given rise to collaborative forms of industrial organization varying from bilateral alliances to networks. Nonetheless, the EU competition law framework opens up limited space for inter-firm collaborations, cabined by the efficiency test of Article 101(3) TFEU and the requirements of the horizontal block exemption regulations. Building on this misfit, this article makes two contributions. First, a theoretical one, arguing that the law’s cautious approach to inter-firm collaboration is rooted in a binary vision of industrial organization which recognizes only firms and markets as modes of organizing production. Second, an explanatory one, showing how the 2023 Research & Development Block Exemption Regulation falls short of facilitating inter-firm collaborations for innovation and proposing fine-tuning suggestions.

FORMS OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS ORGANIZATION IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CRISIS IN UKRAINE

The review article identifies and characterizes the current state and peculiarities of the organization of the educational process in preschool educational institutions in the context of the crisis in Ukraine. The normative documents regulating the specifics of preschool education institutions are analyzed. The challenges in organizing the educational process in various forms are substantiated. The features of implementing various forms of preschool education under the legal regime of martial law are characterized. The issues of organizing the educational process in preschool education institutions in the new realities are analyzed in detail, the lack of systematic research and the novelty of the problem of the mixed form of organization of preschool education in the context of the crisis in Ukraine are established. The author identifies barriers to the organization of educational activities in the context of the crisis in Ukraine. The author presents statistical data from the operational information of the departments of education of the regional military administrations as of February 15, 2024, on the organization of the educational process in preschool education institutions in various forms of education, the number of children covered by preschool education and the human resources of teachers. It is noted that an important place in the new realities should be occupied by rethinking the system of methodological work. The formation of teachers' reflective skills, training of a teacher-facilitator who ensures successful communication between all participants in the educational process, helps parents and guides their actions, enabling them to act independently and supporting their desire for self-realization, self-improvement, and self-development should come to the fore. This is one of the main challenges of organizing the educational process during martial law. The organization of the educational process cannot have a rigid construct of planning and organization and must be replaced by a flexible response to the "live" situation, taking into account the real needs and interests of children, which is now a necessity. In the article, the author notes that teaching teams should act more independently and responsibly, realizing all the risks in the specific conditions in which they have to work, meaningfully assessing their potential and resources to preserve the life and health of all participants in the educational process and implement the State Standard. Partnering with parents is one of the most important conditions for organizing the educational process in the context of the crisis in Ukraine.

Perception of IT teachers on their methodological development: A case at Kazakhstan universities

This paper provides an analysis of the viewpoints of IT discipline teachers at Kazakhstani universities regarding the need for the development of methodological competence. The purpose of this study is to provide IT teachers with a philosophy of necessity to develop their methodological basis to train future IT specialists. The sociological survey was conducted among them and the answers to the questionnaire showed that teachers understand the relationship between their methodological training and the quality of education. The interviewed teachers use a variety of technologies and methods of teaching and evaluating the achievement of learning outcomes by students in the educational process which indicates that they have a certain level of methodological competence. Nevertheless, the problem of unclear understanding of the differences between the concepts of technology and teaching method is revealed. This suggests the need for measures to strengthen the general pedagogical training of teachers. The study’s findings have shown that IT discipline teachers at Kazakhstani universities understand the need for constant development of their methodological competence. The opinion of teachers in the IT discipline about the need to develop methodological competence is positive and they are ready for continuous improvement. The study gives a foundation for research on the level of formation of methodological competence in general and its components, organizational forms of development of methodological competence and the possibility of strengthening the general pedagogical training of future teachers of IT disciplines.

FURTHER LIGHT on LANCASTER’S LATER EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS

This article builds on the foundations provided by the History of Parliament Trust, utilising previously unconsidered documents from the papers of the Dukes of Hamilton to chart and analyse the conduct of parliamentary elections in later eighteenth-century Lancaster. It shows that these elections were more contentious than previously thought; the full range of political issues at play in these elections, and the engagement of the freemen electorate with these; and forms of electoral management and organisation in use that were not known in the borough until now. It places these new insights in the context of Lancaster’s electoral politics through the long eighteenth-century, and draws out developments in this period that played an important role in the borough’s nineteenth-century elections.

Stakeholder management and organizational form of arable farms: a comparison of paddy farm corporations in Japan

Abstract As agricultural operations are increasingly industrialized, the role of stakeholders (SHs) becomes critical to the sustainability of the farming business. Arable farms are particularly expanding their geographical scales and socioeconomic impacts on the surrounding community, which gives particular importance to stakeholder management in relation to internal and external parties. Although the majority of arable farming comprises family farms, they have been on the decline because of succession problems, while non-family farms have been increasing. Success or failure of SHM is closely related to organizational forms because the form represents primal SHs. However, little research has examined the impact of SHM on performance in arable farming. This paper empirically investigates how SHM in various organizational forms is associated with the corporate performance of Japanese paddy farms. A questionnaire survey of Japanese paddy farm corporations was conducted in 2014, and 217 questionnaires from 63 family, 64 joint-stock, and 90 community farms were used in our estimates. Our estimation examines the following hypotheses: (i) SHM is associated with the corporate performance of paddy farms, and (ii) effective SHM varies depending on the organizational forms. The results suggest that, first, effective SHM is linked to organizational forms. In other words, the choice of form can offset the impact of SHs. Second, excessive emphasis on listening to opinions from the surrounding community may harm their performance, particularly at joint-stock farms, which expand in scale. Third, at family farms, attracting younger employees is crucial for running the business. Last, harmonious relations with the community are most important at community farms compared with other types of farms.

Analysis of staffing of the regional health system by dental surgeons in 2019–2021

BACKGROUND: Providing qualified personnel to medical organizations is one of the priorities of the development of the health system. Improvement of staffing of dentists is relevant, as it enables increased availability and quality of dental care. Accessibility and quality of medical care involves the availability of the required number of medical personnel and level of their qualifications, achieved through the licensing of medical activities and certification and accreditation of medical personnel. AIM: To analyze the staffing of dental surgeons in medical organizations subordinate to the Ministry of Health of the Krasnodar Territory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included dental surgeons of state medical organizations of the Krasnodar Territory in 2019–2021. The present study uses statistical data of reporting forms of medical organizations of Krasnodar Krai «Information about medical organization» (N 30) for the studied period. Statistical processing of the material was performed using the Microsoft Office software package applying analytical, logical, and statistical methods of research. RESULTS: Analysis of the staffing of dental surgeons in medical organizations of the Krasnodar Territory for 2019–2021 showed an increase in established posts in general for organizations and providing medical assistance in ambulatory conditions, a decrease in established posts in the hospital and occupied posts in general by organizations, as in outpatient conditions, and in stationary. Moreover, a decrease was noted in the number of individuals employed as primary workers in general positions in the medical organizations of the province and in outpatient and inpatient medical care and in the number of individuals employed as primary employees, having the highest category and simultaneously increasing with the first and second categories. Further, the study found a decrease in the number of persons in the main occupations with professional certification, an increase in the number of persons with accreditation certificates, and a decrease in the number of physical persons and of employed dental surgeons in medical organizations of the Krasnodar Territory, owing to the reduction in both outpatient and inpatient conditions. CONCLUSION: Analysis of staffing of the regional healthcare system by dental surgeons for 2019–2021 was conducted.

Algunas reflexiones en torno a la ‘teoría de los campos’ y su contribución para el análisis de la universidad en el contexto de las actuales políticas de educación superior

Muchos especialistas han reflexionado e investigado el procesode cambio y actual situación de la educación superior universitaria en Latinoaméricay el mundo. Existe coincidencia en que estos cambios poseen uncarácter global, exhibiendo desde comienzos de los ochenta una tendenciaheteronomizante en el marco de un ‘Estado evaluador’ que busca mejorarla gestión económica y calidad universitaria, incorporando nuevos actorescomo empresa privada y con ello una lógica de mercado. Así, se han implementandopolíticas de educación superior que buscan aumentar la productividady la calidad por medio de mecanismos de regulación que han llevadoo llevaran a nuevas configuraciones del trabajo académico y la organizaciónuniversitaria. En este contexto, este trabajo busca establecer una reflexiónproponiendo como base la ‘teoría de los campos’ propuesta por Bourdieu,con el objeto de visualizar cómo ésta permite pensar nuevas configuraciones,así como anticipar escenarios posibles en el marco de la lucha por laapropiación de distintos capitales que actualmente se están poniendo en juegoen distintas escalas: entre universidades, entre estamentos universitarios,entre facultades y entre académicos.

Letramento em saúde em documentos do século XVIII: contribuições da Filologia

The text of the first document presented in this article to illustrate the issue of health literacy, a publication from 1768, stands out for resorting to different forms of knowledge organization to convince the authorities of the need for mass use of the inoculation process against smallpox, a disease that affected Europe and Brazil. It is a letter from the English doctor, dr. Gualter Wade, who, living in Portugal, was responding to a query about what would be new and worthy of imitation in the fight against smallpox. In addition to the representativeness of the language used in the document, a sample of the doctor's effort to prove the safety of inoculation for the elimination of bladders, the topic comes in handy with the current debates, in which the efficacy of vaccines against infectious diseases is still being discussed. The second document, from 1775, handwritten by the captain-general of the captaincy of São Paulo, Martim Lopes Lobo de Saldanha, and addressed to the then secretary of State for the Navy and Overseas, Martinho de Melo e Castro, is a counterpoint to the approach to the sanitary issue, in relation to the 1768 document, since homemade and ineffective measures continued to be used in the colony.

Recognizing, evaluating, and selecting new ideas: the problematic journey of novelty

ABSTRACT The journey of novelty – from the moment it arises to the time it takes hold – is often a difficult one. Life outside the mainstream is harsh, and social objects (e.g. ideas, products, technologies, or organisational forms) that lie off the beaten path tend to be overlooked. In this special issue, we bring together research which deepens our understanding of how novelty and new ideas get recognised, evaluated, and selected. The different articles and essays in this special issue not only shed fresh light on the underlying mechanisms that govern how the new surfaces, takes root, and propagates but also push our scholarly thinking in new and exciting research directions.

Традиционализм и прагматизм в административно-правовой науке

The features of reforming the fundamental institutions of administrative-legal science in modern political and legal conditions are considered. The conceptual apparatus of administrative law currently does not meet its purpose, especially in the category of “public administration”. Using the example of German administrative law, the coexistence of various educational courses is substantiated, including “the doctrine of management”, “general administrative law”, “police law” and “public order law”, which are independent academic disciplines. Corresponding differences are also accepted in Germany when conducting scientific research. In the new political and legal conditions, the subject of administrative law lies primarily in the study of the basic institutions of executive power, while theoretical postulates must correspond to their pragmatic purpose. The subject of study of the new course of administrative law should be not only its traditional categories, but also the concepts of “public property relation”, “special public body or organization”; in relation to the latter, the study of the organizational and legal forms of activity of state corporations in their relations with the executive power.

Rural–Urban Features of Social Innovation: An Exploratory Study of Work Integration Social Enterprises in Ireland

Geography is a significant element of social innovation. This paper focuses on exploring differences and similarities in the characteristics and contributions towards impact of Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs), a form of social innovation which provides otherwise unmet services and opportunities to people at risk of social and economic exclusion and distant from the labour market, in rural and urban areas of Ireland. To do so, we use data from 336 surveys from urban (213) and rural (123) WISEs and conduct an exploratory and spatially sensitive analysis to compare the characteristics, in terms of organisational age, legal and governance form, multiplicity of activities, revenue diversification; and contributions towards impact, in terms of geographical focus/reach, employment, volunteers, and income generation. Our analysis shows that WISEs in urban and rural areas present rather similar organisational characteristics and ways of functioning (legal structure, multiactivity, multiple sources of funding), but their contributions to socioeconomic impact differ according to their spatial location, with urban WISEs generating significantly more employment and income than their rural counterparts. Our study illustrates that socially innovative organisations are spatially sensitive, and that context influences their capacity to create sustainable employment opportunities and contribute to the local economy.

Pendampingan Optimalisasi Peran Sumberdaya Manusia Perusahaan Kontraktor di Banjarmasin dan Palangkaraya untuk Peningkatan Kinerja Organisasi

More than in the previous era, after the COVID-19 pandemic, companies must build effective human resource management (HRM) to improve employee performance and work culture. This condition requires an organizational form and HRM system relevant to performance needs and demands. PT Gagah Putera Satria needs to transform employees' systems, processes, and work culture to increase their performance as a company engaged in the service sector. Improving and enhancing the performance of the human resource organization is the key to the company's success in achieving the expected performance. That is why the company developed a comprehensive HRM as a major project along with the change in the form of the company, which was initially a heavy equipment rental company, shifted to heavy equipment contractors in the mining industry in Kalimantan. This assistance aims to help the company improve HRM performance. The activities include mapping the actual conditions of the problems experienced related to the company's HRM, restructuring the human resource organization, and disseminating recommendations for HRM performance improvement programs to principals and employees of the head office and project office at the site. The results of the assistance are the formation of an integrated structure of the HRM system, the operation of the human resource management process with a streamlined structure and a more effective process, and the increased managerial skills of the HRM personnel of the company.

TEACHING FUTURE MATHEMATICS TEACHERS BASED ON A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH

Principles of teaching (didactic principles) are the basic (general, guiding) provisions that determine the content, organizational forms and methods of the educational process in accordance with its goals and laws. Such guidelines characterize the ways in which laws and regulations can be used in accordance with intended purposes. The principles of teaching, by their origin, are a theoretical generalization of pedagogical practice. They are objective in nature, arise from practical experience, and therefore are guidelines that regulate activities in the process of teaching people. The principles cover all aspects of the learning process. At the same time, they are subjective in nature, since they are reflected in the teacher’s consciousness in different ways, with varying degrees of completeness and accuracy.

Physical constraints during Snowball Earth drive the evolution of multicellularity.

Molecular and fossil evidence suggests that complex eukaryotic multicellularity evolved during the late Neoproterozoic era, coincident with Snowball Earth glaciations, where ice sheets covered most of the globe. During this period, environmental conditions-such as seawater temperature and the availability of photosynthetically active light in the oceans-likely changed dramatically. Such changes would have had significant effects on both resource availability and optimal phenotypes. Here, we construct and apply mechanistic models to explore (i) how environmental changes during Snowball Earth and biophysical constraints generated selective pressures, and (ii) how these pressures may have had differential effects on organisms with different forms of biological organization. By testing a series of alternative-and commonly debated-hypotheses, we demonstrate how multicellularity was likely acquired differently in eukaryotes and prokaryotes owing to selective differences on their size due to the biophysical and metabolic regimes they inhabit: decreasing temperatures and resource availability instigated by the onset of glaciations generated selective pressures towards smaller sizes in organisms in the diffusive regime and towards larger sizes in motile heterotrophs. These results suggest that changing environmental conditions during Snowball Earth glaciations gave multicellular eukaryotes an evolutionary advantage, paving the way for the complex multicellular lineages that followed.

Prospects for the creation and development of radio electronic devices diagnostic systems with built-in software.

In the article, the issues of the current state of military-political relations of Ukraine (stable direction towards integration with NATO standards and real combat operations in the east of the country) are connected with the creation of an effective system of monitoring the technical condition of weapons and military equipment (foreign manufacturers of different countries and years of manufacture) in places of their direct application. Changes in military and political relations that are taking place in the world lead to changes both at the global level and in the middle of Ukraine. The level of the enemy's equipment with modern weapons, as well as the rapid development of scientific and technical progress, prompts a review of views on the forms and methods of conducting hostilities, the form of logistical support, the state and organization of an effective system of technical support and repair of military equipment and weapons. By an effective system for monitoring the technical condition (diagnosis) of radio-electronic weapons, we mean a set of hardware and software tools (based on computer-measurement systems) that are designed to solve the problems of technical diagnosis and ensure an increase in the reliability and efficiency of the weapon with an optimal cost-effectiveness ratio on the system - the effect of application. At the moment, with the increasing complexity of modern radio-electronic weapons, the increase in the number of controlled parameters, the miniaturization of the size of elements, as well as the low level of equipment with systems that perform the functions of forecasting and diagnosis, the tasks of predicting failures, reducing recovery time, saving resources of forces and means are urgent necessary for solving diagnostic problems, especially at the sites of operation of radio-electronic weapons.

Capitalism and Governance – a Macroeconomic Overview of “Everyone’s Interest”

Abstract The macroeconomic mode of economic growth, the backward-pyramidal evolution from the capitalist structure, the emergence of the free enterprise, and the corporate form of business organizations in our system of free markets are all examined in this research. This study aims to provide insight into the particularities of the many aspects of the governance process. This study focuses on privately held businesses that are publicly held by shareholders or social part owners. It also examines the state-corporate relationship and its effects on geo-social, political, and economic spheres.

Overlapping modernity and tradition: rethinking the danwei as a basic urban unit in modern China

ABSTRACT The danwei was the basic unit of social organization and urban form in China during the period of the planned economy, and this role, which encompasses various dimensions such as administration, production, and welfare, is a unique feature of China's modernization process. This study attempts to explain how the danwei actively influenced the development of socialist China from both modern and traditional perspectives. From a modern perspective, the danwei relates to the modern concept of urban planning, and its efficient spatial organization brings a new way of life in the industrial age. From a traditional perspective, the enclosed nature, social control, and patriarchal management style of the danwei maintained the characteristics of ancient society rooted in traditional culture, making it accepted by the public and facilitating the process of industrialization in a short period. This article aims to show that the danwei, as a pragmatic method blending modernity with tradition, played an indispensable role in China's transition from an agricultural to a modern society and continues to influence social life and urban form in contemporary China.