Forms Of Nouns Research Articles

Investigation of the Relationship Between Animacy and L2 Learners' Acquisition of the English Plural Morpheme.

It has been argued that languages differ in the extent to which they allow plural forms of nouns according to the Animacy Hierarchy. Japanese distinguishes between animate and inanimate nouns; the latter are less likely to receive plural markers (e.g., ?hon‑tachi), unlike English. This L1-L2 difference might cause difficulty in acquiring the plural morpheme. The present study thus investigates the influence of animacy on the processing of the English plural morpheme in online sentence processing. In this study, 34 Japanese university students engaged in a moving window version of a self-paced reading task, during which they also judged whether the number of words presented was one or two when prompted. If animacy matters, Japanese EFL learners might not show an interference effect of this second task for inanimate nouns. However, as no such effect was found, the prediction based on the animacy hierarchy was not confirmed.

Noun formation in Kabyle Berber

Abstract This article deals with the formation of nouns in Kabyle Berber. Analysis of Dallet’s (Dallet, Jean-Mari. 1982. Dictionnaire kabyle-français. Paris: Selaf) dictionary data has shown that 1) elements that appear in the plural but are absent in the singular are unpredictable and therefore part of the lexical ingredients of the root; 2) the plural template has a constant size of 5 CV units.

Tone and prosodic recursion in Degema nouns and noun phrases

Abstract This paper presents the first systematic study of tone in nouns and noun phrases in Degema. From a database of approximately 1,000 nouns, we find that nouns fall into three main tone patterns: /L-L/ (48% of nouns), /H-H/ (18%), and /L-HH/ (13%). This last case is theoretically important in that it includes cases where two separate H tones associate to the same tone-bearing unit, in violation of the Obligatory Contour Principle. In isolation, nouns are subject to two basic tone rules which alter their underlying forms: downstep is inserted between two final H’s (e.g. /H-H/ → [H↓H]), and H is inserted at the end of an all-low sequence (e.g. /L-L/ → [LH]). The combined effect of these rules is that virtually all nouns and noun phrases have a pitch change. Further, we catalog tonal effects found on nouns in 33 distinct modificational contexts within the noun phrase. We attribute these tonal effects to whether modifiers plus the noun form phonological phrases (φ) or phonological words (ɷ), and whether they form recursive prosodic structures, e.g. of the type ( ( A )φ B )φ. By positing recursive structure, we can localize tonal effects to an outermost prosodic layer (e.g. φ[+max]), innermost layer (e.g. φ[+min]), non-inner or outermost layers (e.g. φ[-max]), or to the prosodic category as a whole (i.e. all layers of a φ).

Khazanah Ekoleksikon ‘Green’ di Green School Bali

The diversity of the language of the environment of Green School Bali needs to be studied, especially the treasury of green ecolexicon as they reflect strategical effort to preserve local wisdom of Balinese culture. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach. Data was obtained from the Green School Bali educational environment by using observation and interviews method. The results shown that the grammatical category of the ‘green’ lexicon is in the form of nouns and verbs that are in the form of basic words and phrases and the ‘green’ syntactic construction at Green School Bali contains these natural lexicons, including noun phrases such as bambu hitam ‘black bamboo’, and verb phrases such as bermain Jegog ‘play Jegog’ while the social praxis dimension of the green ecolexicon namely the ideological dimension, the sociological dimension and the biological dimension. This research also uniquely contributes to preserving the concept of local wisdom in real action in the context of international education in Bali.

Pluri-Grammars for Pluri-Genders: Competing Gender Systems in the Nominal Morphology of Non-Binary French

Although much has been written in recent years on the emergence of non-binary English linguistic innovations, comparatively little has been written on non-binary French forms, especially neo-morphemes marking non-binary gender on nouns. As French is a grammatical-gender language with a traditionally binary (masculine and feminine) system, many non-binary Francophones have circumvented the social connection between grammatical gender and human gender in innovating new, non-binary markers for animate nouns and their modifiers. This study uses a mixed methods approach, combining analysis of non-binary French grammars alongside interview data in order to highlight the divergent morphological approaches underlying non-binary marking systems. Three approaches to the formation of non-binary nouns are identified: A Compounding Approach, which combines masculine and feminine markers; a Systematic Approach, which phonologically conditions the use of non-binary allomorphs, with the markers themselves ranging from phonologically novel within French syllabic structure, to homophonous with masculine and/or feminine variants; and an Invariable Approach, which applies a single non-binary marker across all nouns. Ultimately, this study disentangles both morphological patterns in the formation of non-binary words and some of the motivations behind them in an emerging French subtype well-known to be heterogeneous.

Idiomatic Expression in the “Maleficent (Mistress of Evil)” Movie

Idiomatic expression has an important role in constructing formative sentences. The aim of this research is to describe the idiomatic expression based on their forms and meanings. The descriptive qualitative method was used in this research; the data had been taken from the movie and analyzed them based on the Boatner and Gates theory. Technique of data collection was done by downloading, reading, watching, classifying and coding the data. After collecting the data, it was analyzed by presenting the data, describing the data, interpreting the data, and concluding. The results of this research showed that 16 idiomatic expressions found in Maleficent (Mistress of Evil) movie that classified in 3 forms, namely 9 lexemic idiomatic expression, which are divided in 4 classes, 1 verb idiomatic expression, 6 noun idiomatic expressions, 1 adjective idiomatic expression, 1 adverb idiomatic expression, 3 phrase idiomatic expressions, and 4 proverbs. Researcher found many idiomatic expressions in the form of nouns because in the movie all characters use explanatory adverbs where the noun functions as a participle. In a sentence, a noun can act as the subject, direct object, and indirect object of a clause, and can be a subject complement or object complement

The Translation of the Indonesian Noun Phrases into English

The title of this research is the translation of the Indonesian noun phrases (NPs) into English. NPs are groups of words of which heads are nouns. Head nouns can be expanded to the right or to the left in a phrase. The discussion in this research was limited to the NPs with expansion to the right. Extending a head noun to the right in Indonesian can be done by adding modifiers with or without a determiner. The purpose of this study is to describe the types of modifiers of the Indonesian NPs with expansion to the right and their translation into English. This research is categorized as a descriptive qualitative study, the data were taken from the translations of the folk tales by the fourth-semester students of The English Department Faculty of Humanities, Udayana University, with the application of observation methods and documentation techniques. The data were then analyzed by applying the theory of translation proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet. The results showed that the types of Indonesian NPs have modifier elements in the form of nouns or noun phrases, adjectives or adjective phrases, verbs or verb phrases, prepositional phrases, clauses, and appositives. The Indonesian NPs with right expansion were translated into the English NPs with the right and left expansions.

Banjar Archaic Vocabulary: An Anthropological Linguistic Studies

Banjar archaic is an ancient ethnic Banjar language that some speakers still speak in remote areas or older speakers. Banjar archaic language is unique in terms of disclosure, so it is exciting to research. Banjar's archaic vocabulary must be well documented so that the vocabulary does not disappear over time. This study aims to identify the vocabulary of the Banjar language archaic and describe the class category of Banjar archaic. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method with the emic approach. The subject of this study was the Banjar ethnic community with an age range of 40-65 years. The research was conducted in Peat Subdistrict, Banjar Regency. The results showed that the vocabulary of Banjar language archaic is still used by Banjar ethnicity, as evidenced by the discovery of eighty-eight vocabulary with four types of word classes, namely nouns, verbs, adjectives, and numerals. Of the four types of word classes, which are still widely used are the class of nouns in the form of basic nouns and compound nouns. While the least is numeral found only one vocabulary. The surviving vocabulary of Banjar archaic is caused by several factors of community culture, namely farming and community patterns that still uphold Banjar customs.

DERIVATIONAL AND INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES IN ENGLISH AND JAVANESE

ABSTRACT This study is about the realization of derivational and inflectional morphemes in English and Javanese. The objectives of this study are to investigate the kinds of derivational and inflectional in English and Javanese short stories, how the English and Javanese words formed by derivational and inflectional, and to explain the realization of derivational and inflectional morphemes in English and Javanese. This study is designed in descriptive-qualitative research. The source of data is English and Javanese short stories namely 1) Oedipus Rex and Sangkuriang, 2) Beauty and the beast and Lutung Kasarung. The data of the study is the words of English and Javanese. The findings of the study showed that the word formation formed by derivational morpheme in English short stories were begun from Oedipus rex consisted of 11 noun formation, 1 verb formation, 2 adjective formation and 8 adverb formation. While, beauty and the beast consisted of 16 noun formation, 2 verb formation, 9 adjective formation, and 14 adverb formation. The total of derivational process in Oedipus Rex and beauty and the beast was 63 words (52%). The word formation formed by derivational morpheme in Javanese short stories were begun from Sangkuriang consisted of 17 noun formation, 16 verb formation, and 1 adverb formation. While, Lutung Kasarung had 3 noun formation, 16 verb formation, 1 adjective formation, and 4 adverb formation. The total of derivational process in sangkuriang and Lutung Kasarung was 58 words (48%). The word formation formed by inflectional morpheme in English short stories were begun from Oedipus Rex had 1 noun formation, 27 verb formation, and 2 adjective formation. While, Beauty and the Beast had 12 noun formation, 36 verb formation, and 14 adjective formation. The total was 92 words (100%). Javanese did not have inflectional process.

Сексизм і фемінізм у мовносоціумному просторі: граматичні виклики

The aim is to establish the main factors of reducing sexism in the Ukrainian-speaking space with the establishment of the functional and cultural-aesthetic load of feminatives in various discourses. The main methods are descriptive, discursive analysis, and the correlation method. Consideration of the use of noun forms of gender — names of female persons by profession, social status showed a reduction of sexism, a decrease in the main features of discrimination based on gender. The influence of andrological stereotypes on the consistent implementation of feminatives is clarified, the thesis about the mandatory “femininity” of noun forms is corrected, and the load of feminism in the general process of destroying the person’s gender reflection in the noun-morphological form is traced. The directions of the ideological binarity extension in the Ukrainian language with the final arity thesis are identified, and the factors limiting the maximalisation (linguo-social traditions, values, priorities, etc.) of the creation of feminine noun forms for the designation of persons according to profession, social status and title are determined.

Morphosyntactic Analysis of Suffixation in Lasi and Sindhi

Lasi is one of the minor languages of Pakistan, although widely spoken in Lasbela, Balochisan. It is a dialect of Sindhi (Zahid, A., 2016; Ali, et al., 2021; Veesar & Mustafa, 2021). The current research aims to describe and analyse the properties of suffixation in Lasi nouns, verbs, and adjectives, in comparison with standard Sindhi. The research is qualitative and uses descriptive and analytical research designs. Data were collected through informal conversation (unstructured interviews) with the native speakers of Lasi, further reproduced and translated into Sindhi via Sindhi speakers for the purpose of comparison with standard Sindhi. The analysis showed differences between the two varieties. It was found that Lasi and Sindhi differ from each other in the use of postpositional suffixes: Sindhi uses a separate postpositional word to show the position, while Lasi uses them with nouns, such as ‘m’, ‘k’, ‘t’. These varieties also differ in the use of suffixation for the formation of the oblique forms of nouns. The research also explored the similarities between the two languages, such that no difference was found in the use of suffixes in Lasi and Sindhi in making the plural form of both masculine and feminine nouns. It was also found that both languages use ‘yun’ suffix to pluralize feminine nouns and ‘aa’ sound for making masculine nouns.
 Keywords: inflectional morphemes, Lasi, morphemes, suffixation, Sindhi

Should "Psychodynamics" Cease to Exist?

This article considers the use of the term psychodynamics. I reflect on a recent exchange with a reviewer who suggested that the adjective psychodynamic is the preferred term, and I make a case for the importance of the noun form. The implication of the elimination of the noun form may have far-reaching unconscious meaning about the perception of psychodynamics, and whether psychodynamics exists only when there is conscious effort of its application, such as in outpatient psychotherapy. This has bearing on how psychodynamics is currently taught in training programs and perhaps the role of psychodynamics in larger practice.

Examining the morphological processes in the formation of Tupuri nominals

The current work examines the morphological processes that are observable in the formation of nominals in Tupuri, a Niger-Congo language spoken in the South West of Chad and in the North of the Republic of Cameroon. Structuralism was adopted as a theoretical approach in this paper. Forty (40) native speakers of ɓāŋlíŋ dialect, i.e. eight (8) from each of towns/villages Sere, Dawa, Mindaore, Lale, and Guwe were randomly selected to collect data based on a Swadesh words-list. The data revealed that the formation of nominals in Tupuri language is characterized by pre-fixation, suffixation, total reduplication, partial reduplication, total modification, and partial modification, which include subtraction and neutralization. Furthermore, compounding is another process that characterizes the formation of nouns in Tupuri language.

Speech Act of Demand by the Community of Speaking on the Buying Transaction of Sand Mining on the River Banks in the Sungai Sariak Region, Padang Pariaman Regency

Speech Act is communication activity which contains the intent to be conveyed when speaking (the illocutionary power of an utterance) and the effect the speaker wants to achieve (perlocutionary speech). In the sale and purchase of sand mining on the banks of the Sariak River, Padang Pariaman Regency, there is a speech act between the miner and the buyer of the sand. The researcher wants to reveal the lexicon and meaning in speech acts as linguistic documentation and the richness of the lexicon. The purpose of this research is to develop linguistics in a sociopragmatic perspective. The theory used in this study is the theory of speech acts in sociopragmatic science. In this study the author uses a qualitative approach. The researcher found the syntactic aspect in the form of words and sentences. The syntactic form found is in the form of nouns that turn into adverbs due to changes in meaning in speech acts based on the context. Then find the sentence mode in the speech act of request by using declarative and interrogative sentences/questions, and using terms and language that are in accordance with the social context of interaction and culture of the community, so that efficient communication is achieved.

Lexical Relation used in Newspaper Headline of the Jakarta Post: Jokowi Highlights Tolerance at Cultural Congress Conclusion

The lexical meaning was the smallest meaning unit in the meaning system of language that could be distinguished from other similar units. A lexeme was an abstract unit that occurred in many different forms of spoken or written sentences. Lexical associations were considered more important in the headline in the newspaper because they formed a semantic relationship and related to the most problematic coherence as open-word in the form of noun and verb since the lexical meaning of the words had the same meaning in the context. This research aimed to examine the use of lexical meaning in the headline newspaper of the Jakarta Post. The result found that there were few words whose lexical meaning correlated to certain semantic roles. As two semantic roles were used in analyzing the data, it was obtained that synonym words existed in 13 words, its percentage toward the article was 3.01%; and hyponymy words existed in 10 words, its percentage toward the article was 2.32%. This result indicated that lexical relations such as synonymy and hyponymy might vary to perform functions between sentences and clauses. Choosing the correct definition of a lexical word could avoid misinterpreting the proposition of the reader’s interpretation. It was determined that the Jakarta Post, especially in the headline entitled “Jokowi highlights tolerance at cultural congress conclusion,” contained mostly synonym words, which meant most of the lexical meaning of the words had the same meaning in the context.

There are more women in joggeur·euses than in joggeurs: On the effects of gender-fair forms on perceived gender ratios in French role nouns

AbstractThe present paper reports findings from a controlled large-scale (N = 1018) experimental study investigating how four different gender-fair forms influenced native French speakers’ estimated percentage of women compared to the masculine form (interpretable as generic) in 22 non-stereotyped French role nouns. The findings show that the masculine form generated lower perceived percentages of women compared to all other tested forms. In addition, gender-neutral and double forms were found equally efficient in resolving the male bias induced by the masculine form. Since the role nouns were non-stereotyped in terms of gender, these results suggest that the actual form of a role noun has indeed a strong influence on how the gender ratio of that role noun will be perceived. Moreover, the direction of the questionnaire’s response scale had a significant effect on the results, which entails methodological implications for future research. Finally, the provided ratios can be used for future studies investigating French role nouns in different gender-fair forms. In sum, our study suggests that gender-fair forms in French are an efficient tool for increasing the visibility of women, at least in nouns representing non-stereotypical activities.

Mental Representation of Word Family Structure: The Case of German Infinitives, Conversion Nouns and Other Morphologically Related Forms.

This study investigates how two non-finite forms, infinitives and conversion nouns, are represented in the mind of L1 and L2 speakers and what is their relationship to other members of the corresponding word family. German native speakers and proficient German learners with Czech as L1 participated in four overt priming experiments involving a grammatical judgement task. We investigated the relationship between infinitives (Experiment 1) and conversion nouns (Experiment 2) and formally identical verbal or noun forms. We further focussed on the relationship between conversion nouns and regular nominal derivation forms with two derivational suffixes: -er and -ung (Experiments 3 and 4). Our results show that the two non-finite forms differ in their relations to other members of a word family and do not constitute a special class of non-finites as suggested in previous literature. While German infinitives seem to be closer related to finite verbal forms, conversion nouns behave in the same way as other regular nominal derivatives within the same word family. As for the German L1 and L2 contrast, no significant difference in the mental representation of the examined forms was found. This finding suggests that with respect to the explored phenomena, proficient learners rely on the same linguistic organisation as L1 speakers.

Echoic Verbs as Means of Expressing Semelfactive/Multiplicative Meanings in Contemporary English

The article discusses the problem of semelfactive and multiplicative verbs in contemporary English. We state that most of semelfactive/multiplicative verbs are of sound-imitating origin. On the basis of four dictionaries (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2003), Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (2000), Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language (2008), Webster Universal College Dictionary (1997)), 285 echoic verbs were singled out. Our intention was to study the echoic verbs as the main means of expressing either semelfactive or multiplicative, or both, meanings according to the context within the framework of Smith’s (1997) theory of aspect in which five situation types, namely states, activities, achievements, accomplishments, and semelfactives are distinguished. The results of the research contribute to the study of verbal plurality in English. According to the suggested semantic classification, the analyzed verbs were subdivided into three main groups: echoic verbs denoting a sound, the source of which is a person, a thing or nature. The results of the empirically-based study are reflected in the quantitative analysis of the English echoic verbs, which concludes that verbs denoting sounds caused by a thing are used most frequently, verbs denoting sounds produced by a living being are used more seldom, and verbs denoting sounds of nature are least commonly used. Echoic verbs can also be used as part of light verb constructions, where the singular form of a deverbal noun indicates a semelfactive meaning, while the plural form expresses a multiplicative one.

The Suffix -ation in English

This paper analyses the role of the suffix -ation in English, based on data from the OED. The suffix forms deverbal nouns. Its origin can be traced back to Latin, but French had an important part in it, too. For the analysis, nouns in -ation and their corresponding verbs were retrieved from the OED. The purpose of the analysis was to characterize the position of -ation in the mental lexicon of current speakers of English and to assess the role of the word formation rule in the history of the formation of nouns in -ation. For the analysis, Marchand’s classification of nouns in -ation is used, which distinguishes nouns with verbs ending in -ify, -ize, -ate, and other verbs. This classification is combined with the information about first attestation dates provided by the OED. Cases where more than one verb can underlie a particular noun are studied in detail. Particular attention is paid to the issue of backformation, i.e. cases where the noun has been attested earlier than the verb. In the interpretation of these cases, the perspective of individual speakers is highlighted.

One Fee, Two Fees; Red Fee, Blue Fee: People Use the Valence of Others’ Speech in Social Relational Judgments

We present an empirical demonstration that people rely on linguistic valence as a direct cue to a speaker’s group membership. Members of the U.S. voting public judge positive words as more likely to be spoken by members of their political in-group, and negative words as more likely to be spoken by members of their political out-group (three studies with 655 participants). We further find that participants perceive pluralized forms of nouns as more extremely valenced than singular forms (one study with 280 participants). This allowed us to control for the semantic content of words while eliciting systematic differences in the source attributions made by partisans. Our work contributes to both theory and methodology used to understand the linguistic cues people use to make social relational judgments.