Form Of Nepotism Research Articles

Analisis Perusahaan Jasa Konstruksi Terafiliasi dalam UU Jasa Konstruksi dan UU Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat

The economy of a country is closely related to economic transactions carried out by actors, namely producers, sellers and buyers. Such conditions increase the value of efficiency and reduce government costs due to community participation. This is in accordance with the objectives of Law number 5 of 1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition and Law number 2 of 2017 concerning Construction Services. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the compatibility between Article 44 of the Construction Services Law and Article 22 of the Antimonopoly and Unfair Business Competition Law and the position of affiliated construction companies in tenders for government procurement of goods and services using the rule of reason and per se illegal approach. The research method in this journal is normative juridical, library research and comparative study. So it can be concluded that article 44 of the Construction Services Law prohibits affiliation between service users and service providers (collutive vertical) with an illegal per se approach while article 22 of the Antimonopoly and Unfair Business Competition Law prohibits affiliation with a rule of reason approach. The method of inviting or directly appointing a service provider can create an affiliation relationship between the user and the service provider which can be interpreted as a form of nepotism. All parties involved in the process of procuring goods and/or services by the government must follow the principles of fair business competition.

Conflict of interest: law enforcement and conflictology

The subject. The article is devoted to conflictology as one of the most relevant, almost significant, debatable problems in law theory, legal sciences, political science, philosophy, psychology and economics. The author analyzes specific examples of conflicts of interest in various corruption spheres and manifestations, for example, in the sphere of participation of economic actors in the procurement announced by state and municipal authorities.The purpose of the article is to identify the nature of conflicts of interest as the basis of corruption.The methodology. The author uses comparisons of common and private, cause and effect, patterns and randomness, content and form, essence and phenomenon, the transition of quantity into quality, as well as the methods of sociology and psychology.The main results, scope of application. The article analyzes the relationship between corruption and nepotism. The article discusses legal and moral ways to prevent conflict, the role of ethical standards in conflict prevention, regulatory framework for preventing and settling them, the ratio of conflict of interest and employee qualifications, balance of material and personal interest, Commissions to prevent conflicts of interest, guaranteeing the role of writing notice of a conflict of interest, Features of the notification procedure, moral means of preventing and resolve conflicts of interest. Exclusively legal methods are insufficient to prevent and eliminate conflicts of interest and corruption-related risks. A combination of legal and moral measures is necessary, and most importantly, the exclusion of kinship and other forms of nepotism in the formation of government bodies and the appointment of officials, the hiring of state and municipal employees. It is necessary to exclude formalism from the institution of competitive selection of civil servants.Conclusions. The elimination of the contradictions between some federal anti-corruption laws has much less effect on the state of corruption in the state than the flourishing nepotism. The exercise of official functions takes place in the form of law enforcement: if there is no application of the law – there is no corruption. The main emphasis should be directed to the process of forming the apparatus of state and municipal authorities, employees of state and municipal institutions, primarily in the educational sphere, on which the upbringing of new generations of employees depends, the steady observance of high professional and moral requirements imposed on state and municipal employees and teachers in schools and universities.

Interlinking of Politics, Corruption and Power

India has been ranked at 87th position in 178 countries in terms of corruption as per the Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index. Political corruption occurs through utilization of powers by the officials of the government which are given by the constitution of India for their personal gain. In simple words it means the enjoying of the power by the political officials for their unlawful gain and such gain can either be monetary or in kind. Political corruption may be in the form of nepotism, bribery, extortion etc. The Political corruption in India has increased drastically over years. The major issue behind increase in the political corruption is the frail system and the power to make laws which has been given to the legislature and thus resulting in violation, infringement of the law by the law makers. It is the political influencers who for their own benefit either change the law or mould it which becomes favourable to them in one or the other way and this leads to corruption. It has also been seen that it is the official who after using the powers given to them surpasses the benefit to their relatives as well for example passing the government tenders which have been filed by their relatives. This paper aims to establish the link between politics, corruption and power and also attempts to throw a light on whether it is the politics which influences and promotes corruption. Paper also clarifies the concept with great power comes great responsibility is being followed in India. It also highlights the connection between the politics and power, politics and corruption.

Antikorupcione mere u Zakonopravilu Svetog Save

In the first part of the paper, the author points to the roots of anti-corruption provisions in medieval Serbian legislation which were enacted even in St. Sava's Nomocanon. Then the concrete provisions of the Nomocanon that have an anticorruptional character and which recall some modern institutions are analyzed. These are the prohibition of giving and receiving bribes in context of Simonia (selling of priests range), the prohibition of the conflict of interests, which is recognized in forms of nepotism and ofperforming of spiritual and secular functions or of two spiritual functions at the same time, and the obligations of the monks and priests to report and clearly separate their own property from the church one. The author concludes that at a time when anti-corruption rules were in force in medieval Serbia, they were at a high level of legislative technique and could have represented more than a solid basis for its eradication.

Unhappy Development: Dissatisfaction With Life on the Eve of the Arab Spring

AbstractDespite progress with economic and social development over several decades, life satisfaction was relatively low and declining in many developing Arab countries in the second half of the 2000s—a situation described in this paper as the “unhappy development” paradox. The paper empirically tests the direction and strength of association of a range of objective and subjective factors with subjective well‐being in the Middle East and North Africa in the years immediately preceding the Arab Spring uprisings (2009–10). The findings suggest a significant, negative association between life satisfaction levels and each of the main perceived grievances voiced during the 2011 uprisings—dissatisfaction with the standard of living, poor labor market conditions, and corruption in the form of nepotism or cronyism. The increased prevalence of dissatisfaction with the standard of living contributed the most to the decline in subjective well‐being during this period, followed by worsening labor market conditions manifested in increased unemployment and decline in self‐reported earnings. In addition, perceptions about corruption became more important for people’s life satisfaction, particularly in the Arab Spring countries where the uprisings were most intense.

Wasta and Objective Career Success: Evidence from Five Arab Countries

Wasta is defined as achieving goals through key individuals and focuses on using close friends and family members, rather than formal means, to resolve conflicts and gain access to resources. Often viewed as a form of nepotism and cronyism, wasta is prevalent in the Arab Middle East, with the vast majority of Arabs reporting that wasta is essential for securing a job and for career success. Despite these claims, the relationship between wasta and career success has not yet been empirically tested. In the current study, we examine 3,705 participant responses across five Arab countries (Yemen, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon and Algeria) to examine the relationship between wasta and career success. As expected, wasta was positively related to income and individuals who reported using wasta were more likely to be employed than individuals not reporting wasta use. The relationship between wasta and income was moderated by education level, such that there was a stronger relationship among participants reporting lower education levels.

The weakness of strong ties: Sampling bias, social ties, and nepotism in family business succession

Decision-making is a complex cognitive activity filled with bias. Leader decision-making is unique because it occurs in a social context. We examine how biases resulting from social network dynamics complicate leaders' decision-making. In particular, we focus on a specific case of leader cognition: nepotism in the succession decisions in the context of family businesses. Succession often leads to a decline in performance because leaders frequently choose family members as their successor, a form of nepotism. We show that even when a leader can overcome individual decision biases, a bias in sampling resulting from families' strong ties can still allow a leader to wrongly conclude that family members are better qualified than external candidates when the opposite is true. We demonstrate this phenomenon using simulation modeling and explore solutions to family business succession planning.

The veil of ignorance can favour biological cooperation

Lack of information is a constraint but ignorance can sometimes assist the evolution of cooperation by constraining selfishness. We discuss examples involving both ignorance of role or pay-off and ignorance of relatedness. Ignorance can favour cooperative traits like grouping and warning coloration and reduce conflicts from meiotic drive, imprinting, greenbeards and various forms of nepotism.

Psychopathy, adaptation, and disorder

In a recent study, we found a negative association between psychopathy and violence against genetic relatives. We interpreted this result as a form of nepotism and argued that it failed to support the hypothesis that psychopathy is a mental disorder, suggesting instead that it supports the hypothesis that psychopathy is an evolved life history strategy. This interpretation and subsequent arguments have been challenged in a number of ways. Here, we identify several misunderstandings regarding the harmful dysfunction definition of mental disorder as it applies to psychopathy and regarding the meaning of nepotism. Furthermore, we examine the evidence provided by our critics that psychopathy is associated with other disorders, and we offer a comment on their alternative model of psychopathy. We conclude that there remains little evidence that psychopathy is the product of dysfunctional mechanisms.

The evolution of infanticide: genetic benefits of extreme nepotism and spite

Among patterns of naturally occurring infanticide, one of the most interesting is the killing of young by lactating adult females in several mammalian species. In different species, the litters of either distantly related mothers or of close relatives have been documented as victims. We examined possible genetic benefits of infanticide by adult females using models of inclusive fitness and coancestry. Infanticide is viewed as a form of nepotism, in which offspring that are closer relatives of the infanticidal marauder have a greater chance of recruiting into a breeding group following infanticide. In this context, the genetic relationship of marauders and the young they kill is based upon the competitive social environment within breeding groups of adults. Two models were developed, based on linear and curvilinear changes in the fitness of mothers that either protect their litters or leave their litters unprotected while they maraud the litters of other adult females. Forms of these models that describe genetic polymorphisms of infanticide and ESS (evolutionary stable strategy) frequencies of infanticide yield quantitatively similar results. The models suggest that a balance should occur within populations between marauding and protection of young. At equilibrium, infanticide appears to be a spiteful behavior because it lowers the reproductive success of both the marauder (due to leaving their litters unattended and thus subject to other marauders) and mothers that try to protect their litters (because at least some maraudings are successful). Further, high levels of coancestry among females in a social breeding group should not change the frequency of infanticide when the population is at the equilibrium frequencies of marauding and protecting. Thus, in breeding groups made up of matrilines of highly philopatric females, infanticide of young genetically related to the marauder might be expected. Conclusions drawn from the models are supported by patterns of infanticide in ground-dwelling squirrels, where extensive information on infanticide exists and the social structure of breeding groups varies among species.