Negative Form Research Articles

'Negation-blind' N400 effect disappears when lexical priming is controlled

Previous ERP studies showed that false affirmative sentences elicited a larger N400 than their true versions, but they found the reverse pattern when the sentences were of negative form as if N400 was blind to negation. This negation-blind N400 pattern arguably constituted evidence for two-step accounts of negation processing: When processing negative sentences, a comprehender first computes an internal proposition and then considers the negation. However, the prior studies were confounded by a lexical priming relation between subject and object. Therefore, it was an open question whether or not the observed ERP pattern really reflected the two-step process. To tackle this question, we conducted an ERP experiment, using size-comparison statements where subjects and objects are semantically unrelated. This design allowed us to remove the priming confound. We predicted that if the previous negation-blind N400 pattern is unrelated to lexical priming, it would be replicated; if not, it would disappear. The result was consistent with the second prediction. This suggests that the previously observed negation-blind N400 pattern does not necessarily constitute evidence for two-step accounts of negation processing.

Differential coding of the occurrence of negative eventualities and the nonoccurrence of eventualities in Japanese

Abstract In Japanese, the use of a negative preterite (past-perfective) clause (“…V-nakatta”) is pragmatically constrained, and oftentimes a negative nonpast-nonperfective clause (“…V-te inai”) is used where a preterite clause is expected. This work argues that the Japanese negative preterite invariably represents the occurrence of a “negative eventuality”—something whose existence and ontological nature have been extensively debated—rather than the “nonoccurrence” of eventualities. This has significant implications for the general-linguistic understanding of negation, (i) lending support to the supposition that negation comes in two varieties: “propositional” (or Boolean) negation, which expresses the nonoccurrence of eventualities, and “eventive” negation, which expresses the occurrence of a negative eventuality, and also (ii) implying that some negative predicate forms specifically express the latter. It will furthermore be argued that, while in general Japanese nonpast-tensed clauses specify that the topic time is the present or a future time, this is not necessarily the case with nonpast-nonperfective clauses, making it possible for a negative nonpast-nonperfective clause to represent the nonoccurrence of eventualities in a past topic time.

Negativity in self-admitted technical debt: how sentiment influences prioritization

Self-Admitted Technical Debt, or SATD, is a self-admission of technical debt present in a software system. The presence of SATD in software systems negatively affects developers, therefore, managing and addressing SATD is crucial for software engineering. To effectively manage SATD, developers need to estimate its priority and assess the effort required to fix the described technical debt. About a quarter of descriptions of SATD in software systems express some form of negativity or negative emotions when describing technical debt. In this paper, we report on an experiment conducted with 59 respondents to study whether negativity expressed in the description of SATD actually affects the prioritization of SATD. The respondents are a mix of professional developers and students, and in the experiment, we asked participants to prioritize four vignettes: two expressing negativity and two expressing neutral sentiment. To ensure the vignettes were realistic, they were based on existing SATD extracted from a dataset. We find that negativity causes between one-third and half of developers to prioritize SATD in which negativity is expressed as having more priority. Developers affected by negativity when prioritizing SATD are twice as likely to increase their estimation of urgency and 1.5 times as likely to increase their estimation of importance and effort for SATD compared to the likelihood of decreasing these prioritization scores. Our findings show how developers actively use negativity in SATD to determine how urgently a particular instance of technical debt should be addressed. However, our study also describes a gap in the actions and belief of developers. Even if 33% to 50% use negativity to prioritize SATD, 67% of developers believe that using negativity as a proxy for priority is unacceptable. Therefore, we would not recommend using negativity as a proxy for priority. However, we also recognize it might be unavoidable that negativity is expressed by developers to describe technical debt.

"Ce que je vois, je ne le vois pas " : la perception visuelle au prisme de la négation dans les textes de théâtre

The present study examines how negative statements containing the visual perception verb voir function in a corpus of contemporary theatre texts. This genre operates on two levels, namely the simulated interaction between fictional characters and the real interaction between the work and the audience. Within the framework of double enunciation, a statement can be interpreted as both true and untrue, as the double referential game induced by theatrical discourse leads us to question the relationship between the representational content expressed in language and the facts it describes. As for negation, it presupposes a confrontation of points of view. This fundamentally linguistic operation sets up a conflict between two poles of validation, highlighting the gap between representational content and perceived facts. Negation simultaneously opens up the field of representations and emphasises the double referential play inherent in theatrical discourse. The statements under study reveal various modes of reception, as rejection paves the way for suspending, neutralising or reversing perception reports. The analysis of negative statements shows that the diverse combinations between the ‘gaze’ theme and the forms of negation reflect a key aspect of theatre: the multiplication of perspectives on stage.

A prelude to revisionism? The stalemated peace model and the emergence of multipolarity in international order

ABSTRACT Stalemated peace processes are indicative of serious problems for international order, relating to its legitimacy and viability. They may indicate potential opportunities or herald revisionist moments. Yet, the dominant research methodologies, conceptual, and practical doctrines of the post-Cold War order, related to peacemaking, have indicated a convergence around limited goals for peacemaking, peace missions, international mediation, and conflict resolution. At best, this has led to negative forms of peace, stalemates, or a victor's peace in many conflict-affected states and regions. Such problem-solving approaches, which operate within the often contradictory frameworks of the liberal international order, Realism, multipolarity, and geopolitical pragmatism, have led to unintended consequences because of such parsimony. This article examines the post-Cold War consequences of these developments in peacemaking and related UN and other peace approaches in practice and in theory. It focuses on the emergence of the concept of “stalemated peace”.

Negated actions are simulated within the primary motor cortex.

Controversy persists regarding the representation of linguistically negated actions, specifically concerning activation and inhibitory mechanisms in the motor system, and whether negated action sentences evoke an initial motor simulation of the action to be negated. We conducted two experiments probing corticospinal excitability (CSE) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the primary motor cortex at different latencies while reading affirmative and negative action sentences. In experiment one, twenty-six participants read action and non-action sentences in affirmative or negative forms. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, we probed CSE in hand muscles at rest and at several latencies after verb presentation. We observed a greater CSE for action sentences compared to non-action sentences, regardless of verb form. In experiment two, nineteen participants read affirmative and negative action sentences. We measured CSE and SICI at short and long latencies after verb presentation. CSE was greater for affirmative and negative action sentences at both latencies compared to rest. SICI did not change at the short latency but increased at longer latencies, regardless of verb form. Negated action sentences showed the same motor excitability as affirmed action sentences with no additional inhibition at early latencies. These results lend support for the idea that actions to be negated are initially simulated within the motor system. Neural differences between affirmative and negative action sentences may occur outside the primary motor cortex.

Comparison of Attitude, Fear, and Stigma towards Psychiatric Disorders in Medical Interns of Birjand University of Medical Sciences before and after Training in the Psychiatry Department of Imam Reza Hospital

Introduction: Work and activity in the psychiatry department affect the scope of people's thinking and judgment and their performance. Considering that similar studies in this field are limited in the country and there has been no study in this field in South Khorasan province, this study aimed to compare the state of attitude, fear, and stigma towards psychiatric disorders in medical interns before and after training. It was in the psychiatric ward. Method: The present study is descriptive and comparative. Our study population was the students of the psychiatry department in the academic year 1401-1402. In this study, the abbreviated form of the OMI questionnaire was used to evaluate students' attitudes regarding psychiatric disorders, the stigma questionnaire of health care providers (OMS_HC) was used to assess stigma, and the Lerary negative evaluation short form questionnaire was used to assess fear. Results: The average score of attitude, fear and stigma among students at the beginning and end of the study was not significantly different from each other (P>0.05). The average changes in attitude, fear and stigma scores according to gender, educational level, marital status, place of residence of students did not differ significantly from each other (P>0.05). Conclusion: The educational programs of the psychiatry department do not lead to the reduction of astigma, fear and increase of students' attitudes compared to the beginning of the study in medical students. The training program for medical interns in the psychiatry department should be revised.

The Acquired Form of English Negation

Earlier approaches to the acquisition of negation in English which assume bottom-up derivation posit two stages of development. In one approach, functional categories (C, T and Neg) are not present in the early stage(s), and no, not, can’t and don’t are analyzed as adverbs. When functional categories become available, this early analysis is completely abandoned in favor of one involving functional categories. In another approach, functional categories are available from the start, but Neg, it is claimed, is inaccessible at first, meaning that negative expressions here too are first analyzed as adverbs. Negative concord data trigger a parametric change so that a Neg–as–adverb grammar changes to Neg–as–functional–head grammar. Both approaches posit an abrupt change between stages of acquisition. I propose an analysis of the acquisition of English negation utilizing top-down derivation. Under this view, the stage I analysis is a segue to the later stage II analysis in which Neg is introduced into derivation as an adjunct to T ([T [Neg]]). Neg may separate from T giving the appearance of an independent head. Aspects of Neg problematic for the bottom-up approaches above are resolved by the top-down approach.

Unpublished antefixes and a mould fragment from Brigetio in the collection of the Hungarian National Museum

AbstractThere are six antefixes and an antefix mould from Roman Brigetio (Komárom-Szőny, Hungary) in the collection of the Hungarian National Museum, which are the first antefixes to be published from Brigetio. All made in the form of tragic masks with desperate expressions, they can be classified into two types based on their appearance. The only Type 1 antefix is characterized by straight, stylized hair and high onkos, with close parallels in Aquincum. The other five antefixes belong to Type 2 and were made in the same mould. These feature a male head with open mouth and wavy, shoulder-length hear with what appears to be a topknot. The mould fragment was the negative form of the Type 2 antefixes. Type 2 antefixes made in Brigetio were also found in the Roman villa of Ravazd.

Socially-determined factors of positive transformation of the professional and labor self-concept of persons with musculosketal disorders

The article studies social factors that determine the features of transformation of professional-labor self-concept in students with musculoskeletal disabilities studying under inclusive conditions in organizations of secondary vocational and higher education. The study was carried out on a sample of 106 students with musculoskeletal disorders of final years of educational organizations, in whom positive, negative, and neutral forms of transformation were recorded during the study. It has been revealed that in the group of students characterized by positive changes in professional and personal development during education and professional training, the transition of maladaptive forms of professional and labor self-concept into adaptive ones that allow them to achieve success in professional development, the majority of them are those who have an extensive network of social contacts, including friends with disabilities, classmates, and other people without any disabilities, teachers, and professors who give them the opportunity to develop their professional self-concept. In this group, most students have high rates of satisfaction of basic psychological needs for autonomy, social contacts, and competence, whereas in the group of students characterized by negative transformation of professional and labor self-concept, many identify themselves only with the social group of disabled people, feel alienated from the outside world with excessively high rates of satisfaction of basic psychological needs, which demonstrates their helplessness and deprivation of conditions of their professional and personal development.

Optimasi Model Semi-Supervised Learning dengan SVM dan Naïve Bayes

<p><em>Determining labels in text mining is the most important thing, apart from using lexicon based, you can also use human understanding to interpret sentences into positive, negative and neutral categories. Sentiment analysis is to measure an opinion taken from tweets to be able to analyze the text. Researchers carry out a learning process and data testing. The focus of this research is to be able to determine the polarization of text into positive, negative and neutral forms using a semi-supervised machine learning model. In the previous data training process, labeling was carried out using human understanding to obtain positive, negative and neutral labels. Next, in the testing process, the data is not labeled, the role of the learning machine is so that the test data gets a label. The semi-supervised learning (SSL) technique is used to label unlabeled data with the algorithm used to process the training data using SVM and NB. The statistical evaluation used is cross validation and to measure the level of accuracy of the two algorithms using a confusion matrix. SVM received a high accuracy score in this study compared to NB, SVM got a high accuracy score in this study compared to NB, SVM got 88.97% accuracy and NB 83.02%</em></p>

A semantic-pragmatic approach to president Maia Sandu’s speech in the context of the Republic of Moldova’s accession to the European Union

The article explores the semantic-pragmatic approach to President Maia Sandu’s discourse within the context of Moldova’s aspiration to join the European Union. President Sandu, addressing the Parliament, strategically utilizes linguistic phenomena to convey a compelling vision for Moldova’s future integration into the EU by 2030. The discourse critically evaluates past political choices, dismissing options like the Commonwealth of Independent States and Customs Union as unsuccessful paths. The President uses negative forms and expressions to distance Moldova from previous political deceit and corruption, emphasizing the need for a new direction. The semantic elements in the discourse reveal a clear commitment to European integration, citing support from EU member states as a crucial factor. Pragmatic strategies, such as modality and rhetorical questions, have been used to emphasize the urgency and necessity of the chosen path. The discourse encourages political unity, urging support for EU accession over narrow interests. The analysis examines how semantics and pragmatics are strategically blended to construct a persuasive narrative that advocates for a European future for Moldova, fostering unity and dissociating from a troubled past. This study provides insights into the linguistic means used in President Maia Sandu’s discourse, illustrating the effectiveness of a semantic-pragmatic approach in building a positive perspective on Moldova’s accession to the European Union

Additive and multiplicative effects of different forms of positive and negative indirect intergroup contact in predicting intergroup attitudes

Numerous studies found that different forms of positive indirect intergroup contact relate to people’s intergroup attitudes. Much less work has explored whether negative forms of indirect contact predict intergroup attitudes and even less evidence exists on the co-occurrence of direct and indirect forms of intergroup contact and, thus, the expected joint impact of a combination of interventions. We explore the additive effects of four types of indirect contact in predicting intergroup attitudes: extended contact, vicarious contact, mass-mediated contact, and virtual vicarious contact through social media. We also explore whether the effects of indirect contact are stronger when people have less direct contact. For each type, we measure positive and negative contact experiences. Data come from two studies (N1 = 785; N2 = 858) asking native Dutch respondents about indirect contact experiences with members of immigrant communities. We find that observing positive intergroup interactions in real life, on mass media, and, to a weaker extent, on social media has additive positive associations with intergroup attitudes. Positive extended contact has only an added effect in Study 1. Of the negative indirect forms of contact, only negative vicarious contact predicts outgroup attitudes. No consistent multiplicative effects appeared across the studies, suggesting that indirect contact effects are not stronger for those with less direct contact. We conclude that observing contact (vicarious contact) may be more impactful than merely knowing of it (extended contact).

Childhood maltreatment, mindfulness, and the mediating role of rumination in college students

Childhood maltreatment has been associated with a myriad of challenges in later life, including difficulties related to cognitive processing, emotional regulation, social-behavioral functioning, and academic achievement. The current study investigated how childhood maltreatment may affect college students by examining the interrelationship of important variables known to be associated with maltreatment: trait mindfulness and rumination. Data was collected via convenience sampling. Self-report measures of childhood maltreatment, ruminative thoughts, and trait mindfulness were completed by college students attending a midsize, public, regional, four-year university in the southeastern United States. Data from a total of 374 participants were included in the analyses. Findings provide evidence that rumination may mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and trait mindfulness. In addition, results indicated that negative forms of ruminative thought, both depressive and maladaptive, partially accounted for the relationship between childhood maltreatment and trait mindfulness. Adaptive rumination was not found to be a significant mediator in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and trait mindfulness. These findings may be useful for colleges and universities in considerations for providing a tiered system of support for students with maltreatment histories who experience ruminative thoughts. Addressing ruminative thoughts may help improve important life functions of those students.

Semantic and distributional patterns of Spanish negation with nouns and adjectives: A Lexical-Realizational Functional Grammar approach

This study examines the semantic and distributional characteristics of the Spanish negation no when it occurs before nouns and adjectives, specifically, whether these instances diverge from sentential negation, but also from negation via prefixes such as des- ‘dis-’ or in- ‘in-, un-’. Using data from the Spanish Web 2011 corpus, it is shown that the use of no before adjectives aligns with other forms of constituent negation, often resulting in a contradictory interpretation, that is similar to that of sentential negation. However, the interpretation of no preceding nouns exhibits a broader range of interpretations, depending on whether the noun refers to an eventuality, quality, or entity. In such instances, no shows parallels to negative prefixes, frequently indicating privation rather than contradiction. Consequently, no can be analyzed as a building block of phrases, expressing syntactic negation, behaving similarly to other adverbs, as well as a building block of words, expressing lexical negation, resembling Spanish prefix-like elements like cuasi ‘almost’ or ex ‘ex-’. The analysis is couched within the framework of Lexical-Realizational Functional Grammar (LRFG), integrating aspects of Lexical Functional Grammar and Distributed Morphology. This approach does not treat morphology and syntax as separate modules, thus allowing us to account for the variable distribution and interpretation of no by means of a single representation in vocabulary structure, drawing on constituent structure representations which are needed on independent grounds for adverbs and for prefix-like elements.

Hubungan Antara Kompetensi Pedagogik Mahasiswa Kampus Mengajar dengan Hasil Belajar Praktik Mengajar TP FIP UNP

This research was motivated by students who participated in the Teaching Campus (KM) who had not been able to master and apply pedagogic competencies properly while participating in the KM program. This study aims to determine the relationship between the pedagogic competence of teaching campus students and the learning outcomes of TP FIP UNP teaching practice. This research was conducted using a quantitative research method in the form of correlation. Where there are 31 sample students who took part in KM. The data collection technique is the learning outcomes of student teaching practice. The data analysis techniques are normality test and linearity test with product moment correlation test mode. Based on the person correlation test of variable X of 0.043, this value is between 0.00-0.19 which means that the level of closeness of the variable X with Y is very weak, the Pearson Correlation value in a negative form indicates that if the variable X increases, the Y variable decreases and indicates that the Pearson correlation relationship is not unidirectional. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between pedagogic competence and the learning outcomes of KM students' teaching practice.

Understanding the patient-spouse communication experience during chemotherapy for gastric cancer: A qualitative study

Purpose This study examines how patients with gastric cancer and their spouses communicate about the illness, assessing the impact of positive or negative communication on their psychological adaptation and the intimacy of their relationship as a couple. Method Employing The Relationship Intimacy Model of Couple Adaptation to Cancer, this study used purposive sampling with the principle of maximum variation to select participants. Sixteen pairs of patients with gastric cancer and their spouse caregivers, hospitalized in the oncology department of a tertiary hospital in Jingjiang City, Jiangsu Province, from March to July 2023, were chosen for semi-structured face-to-face interviews. The recorded data were transcribed within 24 h following each interview and supplemented with field notes. Directed content analysis was employed for the qualitative content analysis. Results The interview data revealed three themes and six subthemes. Theme 1: The impact of negative patient-spouse communication, with the subthemes being (i) a decline in couples’ relationship intimacy and (ii) reduced psychological adaptation. Theme 2: The impact of positive patient-spouse communication, with the subthemes being (i) enhanced couples’ relationship intimacy and (ii) increased psychological adaptation. Theme 3: The impact of protective concealment, with the subthemes being (i) declined couples’ relationship intimacy and psychological adaptation, and (ii) increased couples’ relationship intimacy and psychological adaptation. Throughout the chemotherapy period, patients with gastric cancer and their spouses experienced both positive and negative forms of patient-spouse communication. This underscores the significance of acknowledging protective concealment within couples. Moreover, the study highlights how the dynamics of couples’ relationship intimacy and psychological adaptation are influenced by both positive and negative communication patterns surrounding the illness. Conclusions For patients with gastric cancer and their spouses, it is crucial for nurses to emphasize the importance of spousal disease communication during chemotherapy. Efforts should be made to mitigate one-sided, conflictual communication and avoidance behaviors, and to adopt appropriate communication strategies in terms of content and timing to deeply promote couple communication. Additionally, there is a need to focus on the physical and psychological stress of protective concealment in couples.

CAMP/PKA-mediated in vitro angiogenesis: A novel interplay between PKA, RhoA/ROCK, and VEGFR2 signalling

Abstract Background and Aims Others and we have previously demonstrated that cAMP/PKA signalling stabilise endothelial cell (EC) barrier function via modulating the activities of Rho GTPases, mainly RhoA and Rac1. In the present study we analysed whether cAMP/PKA also modulates EC angiogenesis capacity and whether Rho GTPases are involved in this function. Methods The study was carried out on cultured human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs). RhoA and Rac1 activities were genetically manipulated by lentiviral-mediated over expression of dominant negative (DN) and constitutive active (CA) forms of RhoA and Rac1. Pharmacologically, specific activation and inhibition of PKA was achieved by using cAMP analogue N6-Benzoyl-cAMP (5 mM) and PKI (1 µM), respectively. Pharmacologically, Rac1 was inhibited using NSC 23766 (10 µM) and RhoA was activated using Rho activator I (Cytoskeleton Inc.). In vitro angiogenesis was analysed by 3-D spheroid assay and matrigel tube formation assay. Results Pharmacologically, specific activation of PKA induced EC migration (Wound healing assay), tube formation, and 3-D spheroids and potentiated the VEGF-induced in vitro angiogenesis. These pro-angiogenesis activities were abrogated by highly specific cell-permeable peptide inhibitor (PKI) of PKA. Activation of cAMP/PKA-signalling resulted in an increased VEGFR2 and Akt phosphorylation, increased Rac1 activity, and a strong inhibition of RhoA/Rock pathway. Pharmacological activation of RhoA but not inhibition of Rac1 abrogated PKA-induced VEGFR2 phosphorylation, tube formation and 3-D spheroids. Lentiviral mediated over-expression of constitutive active form of RhoA but not Rac1 abrogated PKA-induced VEGFR2 and Akt phosphorylation and angiogenesis. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of Akt also abrogated PKA-mediated VEGFR2 phosphorylation and angiogenesis. Likewise, over expression of either dominant negative RhoA or pharmacological inhibitors of Rho kinase (ROCK) promoted basal and potentiated PKA-mediated VEGFR2 and Akt phosphorylation and angiogenesis. Conclusion We describe for the first time a novel interplay between PKA, RhoA/ROCK, Akt, and VEGFR2 signalling and angiogenesis. Inhibition of RhoA/ROCK plays an important role in mediating PKA-induced angiogenesis and activation of RhoA/ROCK signalling may offer an important target to intervene therapeutic angiogenesis.

The Illusion of Competence: A Qualitative Deep Dive into Workplace False Performance.

This qualitative paper develops an understanding of False Performance as a negative form of workplace behaviour which has received scant attention. According to the quantitative literature, which measures False Performance using the Organisational Charlatan Scale (OCS), false performers are incompetent employees who deliberately portray themselves as better able to perform in a job role than they know themselves to be capable. In this study, False Performance was explored in United Kingdom public-sector organisations for the first time, using novel focus-group methodology and grounded theory. Eight focus groups (n = 51) were conducted to explore employees' perceptions and experiences of False Performance, with a focus on job interviews and performance appraisals. Using NVivo for analysis, five categories emerged: Co-Worker Perceptions of False Performance in the Workplace, False Performance in Interview/Appraisal Settings, The Impact of Trust on the False Performer, The Effect of False Performance on Co-Worker Morale, and Preventing False Performance in the Workplace. The results support the literature review that False Performance is a new and negative addition to the taxonomies of job performance. Human resources (HR) managers are, therefore, urged to prevent and reduce False Performance via well-designed selection processes and performance appraisals, thereby improving co-worker trust amongst employees.

The Drosophila circadian clock gene cycle controls the development of clock neurons.

Daily behavioral and physiological rhythms are controlled by the brain's circadian timekeeping system, a synchronized network of neurons that maintains endogenous molecular oscillations. These oscillations are based on transcriptional feedback loops of clock genes, which in Drosophila include the transcriptional activators Clock (Clk) and cycle (cyc). While the mechanisms underlying this molecular clock are very well characterized, the roles that the core clock genes play in neuronal physiology and development are much less understood. The Drosophila timekeeping center is composed of ~150 clock neurons, among which the four small ventral lateral neurons (sLNvs) are the most dominant pacemakers under constant conditions. Here, we show that downregulating the clock gene cyc specifically in the Pdf-expressing neurons leads to decreased fasciculation both in larval and adult brains. This effect is due to a developmental role of cyc, as both knocking down cyc or expressing a dominant negative form of cyc exclusively during development lead to defasciculation phenotypes in adult clock neurons. Clk downregulation also leads to developmental effects on sLNv morphology. Our results reveal a non-circadian role for cyc, shedding light on the additional functions of circadian clock genes in the development of the nervous system.