Modern Form Of Slavery Research Articles

Human Trafficking In The Islamic View (Comparative Study Of Al-Azhar And Al Misbah Interpretation)

This study aims to examine and compare Islamic views on human trafficking based on two prominent tafsir works, namely Tafsir Al-Azhar by Buya Hamka and Tafsir Al-Misbah by M. Quraish Shihab. Human trafficking, as a form of modern slavery, is a global problem that is very contrary to human values. From an Islamic perspective, protection of human dignity and rights is strongly emphasized, including the prohibition of all forms of human exploitation. Tafsir Al-Azhar, with a contextual and sociological approach, emphasizes the importance of maintaining human honor and freedom and condemns slavery in the socio-cultural context of Indonesia. On the other hand, Tafsir Al-Misbah, with a linguistic and historical approach, highlights human trafficking as a violation of the principles of justice and humanity in Islamic teachings. This study found that although the two tafsirs have different approaches, both are in line in the view that human trafficking is an act that is prohibited in Islam and contrary to the universal values taught by the Qur'an.

Forced Labour, Global Supply Chain and TNCs: Recent Trends and Practices

The abolition of forced labour is a fundamental element of contemporary international human rights law, but the idea has undergone a protracted and complex history, and the scope of the various international mechanisms that handle different aspects of it is not always precisely defined. Slavery, forced labour, and related practices are strictly prohibited under international law. Forced labour is a longstanding and complex obstacle in global supply chains, frequently associated with the desire for inexpensive products and the outsourcing of manufacturing processes to nations with lax labour regulations. The growing power of transnational corporations (TNCs) poses significant challenges to workers at the bottom of supply chains. However, disagreements have made it unclear how to deal with new forms of forced labour, or modern forms of slavery. This confusion highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to combating these issues. Efforts to stop or restrict forced labour will be made easier with a clear legal definition at both the national and international levels, particularly with an emphasis on the human rights perspective.

The sacrificed lives of the caring class: crises of social reproduction, unequal Europe, and modern forms of slavery

AbstractThere have been plenty of interpretations regarding the meaning and function of sacrifice within the discipline of anthropology. Going beyond sacrifice as a ritual and exploring a wide range of its manifestations and functions as contemporary cultural practices, discourses, and underlying logics, we reveal its role in the social organization of social care provision within the framework of neoliberal capitalism. Our analysis supports the theory that sacrifice can have the function of social control, and of preserving hierarchies. The forgoing of a minority of migrant domestic workers to provide intensive social care becomes the (no) solution to the ongoing care crisis. It thus becomes the way to hide structural violence and dilute responsibilities for society, which benefits from the servile conditions under which the labour is performed. The ethnographic material (observations, informal conversations, and interviews) that is part of our analysis originated from fieldwork in Castellón de la Plana, Spain (2018/19). This analysis, however, goes beyond that case, being valid for reflecting on the position of care for elderly and dependent people in our societies, care in general, the current global trend in social care provision, and the new social reproduction regime in which sacrificial logics play an increasing role.

Forced Marriages in Times of Armed Conflict: An Implicit Paradox of Modern Slavery under International Humanitarian Law

Abstract The idea of the world as a global village has brought about various transnational problems. One of these problems is the transition of forced marriages into the modern form of slavery. Forced marriage continues to be a violation of human rights specifically in the context of modern slavery, usually existing during armed conflicts. Such a violation is linked to modern slavery as it constitutes slavery-like practices, including abuse, sexual assault, rape, domestic violence, and so on. In literature and practice, forced marriages in times of armed conflicts are usually labelled as personal problems requiring personal solutions. Factors such as financial crisis, threats to honour, and family protection lead to forced marriages in conflict zones. Such factors have been overlooked, resulting in the absence of legislation across the globe to prohibit forced marriages during conflicts. Consequently, international laws need to be on the same page in the categorization of forced marriages as modern slavery by considering it a specified form of human rights violation. Inconsistent labelling in this regard has produced ambiguity in resolving the issue through practical mechanisms. Severe violations of human rights continue to occur due to the absence of an explicit prohibition of forced marriage in armed conflicts, as highlighted through multiple case studies in this research. A preventive solution is required to hinder the practice that is feasible through the codification of the prevention mechanisms under International Law (IL) and International Humanitarian Law (IHL).

Undocumented immigrants at work: invisibility, hypervisibility, and the making of the modern slave

The undocumented immigrant represents a socio-legal category, referring to a subject who does not have legal standing to be in the country in which they are located. Extending from their lack of legal standing, undocumented immigrant workers in the United States occupy spaces marked by extreme conditions of vulnerability, which were exacerbated by the election of Donald Trump as president in 2016. The aim of this ethnographic study is to make sense of the experiences of undocumented immigrants under a particularly vicious political rhetoric. Studying the lives of Latinx undocumented immigrant workers in the U.S., our findings capture how the dynamic interplay between the types of labor that they undertake and the socio-legal identity they are attributed function together to systematically disenfranchise them. Specifically, we explicate how doing invisible labor while, at the same time, occupying a hypervisible identity culminates in extreme conditions of vulnerability. In addition to developing the concept of hypervisible identity, we also inform theory on the idea of modern slavery. We contend that without the existence of invisible labor and hypervisible identity performing as interlocking, constitutive precursors, some forms of modern slavery would be negated.

ПРОСТИТУЦИЯ И СЕКС-ТУРИЗМ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ КАК ПРИМЕР ИНДУСТРИИ ВПЕЧАТЛЕНИЙ

in the modern world, such a social phenomenon as prostitution and sex tourism is widely developed. This specific “experience industry” includes about a dozen states and regions of the world, such as, first of all, Thailand, Vietnam, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, partly China, and a number of other countries, if we talk about male clients. It is customary to consider such services as an unambiguously criminal and negative phenomenon, which must be fought both at the government level and on behalf of international public and human rights organizations, as a modern form of slavery, exploitation and objectification of women. There is also female sex tourism, for example, in Turkey, Zanzibar, therefore, in our opinion, it is impossible to see here only facts of female sexual exploitation. In this regard, we aim to conduct a qualitative analysis of these industries, to rethink the basic clichés about this area, without encroaching on justification, but without condemning both sex workers and their clients. Modern prostitution and sex tourism have long been established as a social phenomenon that has centuries-old historical and even religious roots and has embodied in an almost legalized experience industry.

The Linkage Between Human Trafficking and Migration: Identification of Victims

Trafficking in human beings, as a modern form of slavery, severely violates people’s fundamental rights and dignity. The victims of human trafficking are being subjected to exploitation as a result of violence or the threat of it, fraud, or lack of awareness of their rights. Migrants are especially vulnerable to trafficking, and among them are especially those with certain socioeconomic issues or in need of international protection. Considering the socio-economic, humanitarian, and documentation problems of the aforementioned group and the probability of illegal movements and presence in the territory of certain countries, they are more vulnerable to trafficking. The current article seeks to analyze the correlation between migration and the phenomenon of human trafficking, as well as analyze the minimum necessary steps that the state authorities, particularly, those operating in the field of migration need to implement. Those activities should be aimed at ensuring effective combat against the trafficking in human beings by detecting and referring the relevant cases in the frame of migration to the competent authorities.

Trafficking in Women and Girls on a Global Level under International Law

Human trafficking as a term is often used in everyday life. As a manifestation of organized crime, it is a form of modern slavery and affects all states, both developing and developed, highlighting the seriousness of the problem for the entire international community. Human trafficking is a gross violation of human rights, such as the right to life, freedom of movement, etc. All people can become victims, regardless of gender, age, social status, skin color, but often victims are the most vulnerable groups of the population. In the framework of this study, we will analyze the international legal mechanisms that are designed to counter human trafficking. Women and girls are particularly vulnerable to the challenge of human trafficking, and we will pay special attention to this category in our analysis of legal protection. Protection of human rights is certainly one of the most important aspects of the development of each country. The United Nations treaties on human rights are the foundation of the international system for the promotion and protection of human rights.

Forced Labour and Forced Marriage as a Form of Modern Slavery in Today's World

Forced Labour and Forced Marriage as a Form of Modern Slavery in Today's World

Bonded Labor in India

Slavery is not a relic of the past, there are approximately 40 million people worldwide that live in some form of modern slavery. Unlike the widely visible slavery that existed in the new world a few hundred years ago, modern slavery is less visible. It exists in the form of bonded labor, forced marriages, and human trafficking. In this paper, we focus on bonded labor. Approximately 1.1% of South Asia’s population is still in bonded labor. South Asia is a hot spot for this form of slavery due to a unique confluence of poverty, social practices, and lax laws or enforcement. The paper focuses on a study that included interviews with seventeen current or freed bonded laborers in the Chikkaballapur area (near Bengaluru city in South India). The goal of the study was to understand - Why do people go into bonded labor? Why do they stay in bonded labor? How can they be freed and rehabilitated? What are their experiences post-freedom? The study examines the responses from bonded laborers in the context of the current literature on bonded labor in Asia. The study also examines the efforts of a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), Jeevika, including its efforts, strategies, and the challenges faced in freeing bonded laborers in Karnataka (a state in southern India).

The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights 1948: Successes and Challenges

This article looks into the successes and challenges of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (the Declaration) 1948. Too often the approach of its failures has been explored over the years, but the author believes it is a herculean task to maintain and promote world peace and universal human welfare, so those steps taken in obedience and application of the Declaration need to be unravelled and appreciated. The unity and coexistence among states, the creation of subsidiary organs, the installation of good governance in many countries, the internationalisation of constitutions and uniform judicial decisions in national and regional courts are all recorded as successes of the Declaration in this article. The challenges of the Declaration are also explored in this work, such as the modern forms of slavery still practised in many parts of the world, the controversy of international criminal justice, violence against women and the claim to extreme rights. The author analyses these challenges and gives recommendations for a better future in the application of the Declaration.

Perdagangan Manusia Di Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) Tahun 2016-2017

The Crime of human trafficking is a form of modern slavery and basically transnational in nature. East Nusa Tenggara is the province with the highest number of victims of trafficking in Indonesia, which continues to experience an increase in the number of victims each year. The purpose of this study was to determine the causes of human trafficking in East Nusa Tenggara 2016-2017. The study found that the increasing number of victims was caused by several factors. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method used through library research and interviews. From the results of the analysis using the concept of the Portuguese protocol there are several factors that are causes, namely poverty, education, culture, unemployment, and low law enforcement. To overcome human trafficking crimes in East Nusa Tenggara, intervention from many parties is needed to eradicate the factors that make it easy for people to become human trafficking.

Understanding the role of transportation in combating human trafficking in California

Human trafficking, a form of modern slavery, is the recruitment, transport, transfer of persons using force, fraud or coercion to exploit them for act of labor or sex. According to the International Labor Organization, human trafficking is the fastest growing organized crime with approximately $150 billion in annual profits and 40.3 million individuals trapped in slave-like conditions. While it is not compulsory to involve transportation for human trafficking, the transportation industry plays a critical role in combating human trafficking as traffickers often rely the transportation system to recruit, move or transfer victims of human trafficking for either sex or forced labor. Recognizing the importance of transportation, multiple anti-trafficking stakeholders in California have started initiatives to address the problem. This project investigates the role of transportation in combatting human trafficking in California by conducting a survey followed up with semi-structured in-depth interviews with key stakeholders. The project aims to: 1) assess the knowledge about current policies, trainings, public awareness initiatives and partnerships about transportation and supply chain management among anti-trafficking practitioners, 2) highlight gaps and opportunities for identifying counter-trafficking strategies, best practices, data collection, information-sharing, collaboration, and legislative and administrative changes.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF MAQASHID AL-SHARIA

Islam is a religion that respects and upholds human values. Trafficking in persons is a form of modern slavery that is not following the nature of humanity given by God. This paper examines how trafficking in persons is in the perspective of maqashid al-sharia which aims to place humans in their human dignity.This paper uses a literature review by utilizing primary sources, whether in the form of books, research results, or journal works that have relevance to the focus of the study. Human trafficking is an act that is not relevant to the objectives of Islamic law, namely to create a life based on equality, independence, respect for fellow human beings, and worthiness in life. Islam forbids the behavior of trafficking in persons because Islam respects humans.In the conception of Islam, there are five main things called al-daruriyat al-khamsah (five main things that must be maintained). Namely protection of religion (hifzh al-din), soul (hifzh al-nafs), reason (hifzh al-'aql), offspring (hifzh al-nasl), property (hifzh al-mal). These five main things which are referred to as maqashid al-sharia are a specialty in Islamic teachings so that anything that contradicts them is considered as behavior that is not in accordance with the aims and objectives of the revelation of Islamic teachings.

JURIDICAL STUDY ON CRIMINAL IN THE CRIME OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING ACCORDING TO LAW NO. 21 OF 2007 (CASE STUDY OF DECISION NO. 3119/PID.SUS/2020/PN. MDN)

Human trafficking is a modern form of slavery. The victims are trafficked not only for prostitution but also include other forms of exploitation where in this case Human rights are violated, such as forced labor or forced services, slavery, or practices similar to the slavery are also traded. This case has become a symptom all over the world especially in Indonesia, the development of the era and social medial at this time is dangerous and makes people more and more willing to do whatever without worrying about their own safety. The problem in this research is the application of law against the perpetrators of the criminal act of Human trafficking reviewed in law number 21 of 2007 concerning the eradication of the crime of Human trafficking, the factors causing the crime of Human trafficking, as well as the judge's considerations in sentencing the perpetrators of the crime of Human trafficking in the decision No.3119/ Pid.Sus /2020/ PN.Mdn This study is using a normative juridical research method which is a community social research followed by a literature study by examining the secondary data obtained by conducting a literature study. The consideration of the judges of the Medan State Court in deciding the case No.3119/ Pid.Sus /2020/ PN.Mdn has considered this case well based on the proven evidence and facts in the trial. The aggravating and mitigating circumstances halve been considered by the panel of judges, so that the judge's decision has fulfilled a sense of justice for the community.

Modern slavery in global value chains: A global factory and governance perspective

‘Modern slavery’ describes various forms of severe relational labour exploitation. In the realm of global value chains and global factories that are led by multinational enterprises, modern slavery encompasses practices such as forced labour and debt bondage. Multinational enterprises organise and orchestrate global value chains into global factories that are highly adaptive to market pressures and changes in the external environment. We employ the global factory framework to conceptualise when and how global value chains become more vulnerable to modern slavery. We argue that combinations of the three global value chain characteristics: complexity, appropriation arrangements, and obligation cascadence, jointly form an environment in which modern slavery can evolve and take root. The degree to which forms of modern slavery become visible and recognisable depends on the particular combination of these characteristics. External factors can moderate the relationship between these factors (e.g. involvement of non-governmental organisations) or exaggerate their effect (e.g. a pandemic).

Conceptualising domestic servitude as a violation of the human right to housing and reframing Australian policy responses

ABSTRACT This article makes a twofold contribution to a human rights-centred response to domestic servitude as a modern form of slavery. First, it offers a conceptualisation of domestic servitude as a comprehensive and specific violation of the human right to housing, based on a reading of the right to housing as sitting at a crucial juncture of the public and private. Victims of domestic servitude experience a violation of the right to housing, the nature of which strikingly demonstrates both how housing sits at the nexus of the public and the private; and that the enjoyment of rights in both those spheres is crucial to a person’s experience of dignity, peace and security. This conceptualisation deepens our understanding of the right to housing, and the condition of domestic servitude as a violation of human rights. This article’s second aim is to demonstrate how the commitment to fulfilling the human right to housing underpins a better policy response to modern slavery in Australia. It opens a conversation on how a social rights-based response is one that would better serve victim/survivors, offering a more meaningful and targeted response to the harms they suffer.

The impact of economy on the fight against trafficking in human beings in Kosovo

This research is focused on the study of the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings and combating this denigrating phenomenon of society, through the development of the economic factor. The economic environment (factors; political, economic, social, technical-technological) and the development of Kosovo's economy are studied, as a development potential of standard of living, which affects the fight against trafficking in human beings in Kosovo. A special role in the study has the issue of employment, with a focus on the labor market (potential of supply and demand for work), employment opportunities, wages, and living standards, interpersonal relationships (employer-employee) as the dominant factor which affect the preservation of dignity, integrity and creating hope and perspective for a life in a healthy and sustainable society. Trafficking in human beings in Kosovo has become a major concern of Kosovar society which is developing in the form of modern slavery, through individual crime and organized crime, in order to create profitable favors for individuals or organized groups. The purpose of the research was to analyze the level of economic development in Kosovo, development trends, in order to have a clear picture of the causes and indicators that present the current economic and social situation in Kosovo, as well as the promising prospects for the younger generations. This paper presented the statistical data available from the relevant institutions, related to economic development, unemployment, living standard (poverty), etc. The thesis of this paper is: Does economic development have an impact on combating trafficking in human beings in Kosovo? For the work of this study are used the theories of various world authors, which have addressed the issue of economic development, employment, living standards and social welfare issues. This study aimed to assess the economic situation in Kosovo, economic development opportunities, employment and its consequences in combating trafficking in human beings in Kosovo. This study had identified the findings recommendations on economic factors who had a direct impact on combating trafficking in human beings and the social consequences that are reflected in society.

The paradox of the peasantry in management and organization studies

PurposeBurrell (2020) challenged management and organization studies (MOS) scholars to pay attention to a topic they have mostly ignored: the peasantry, those 2 billion people that work in the rural primary sector. This paper aims to address the topic to expand Burrell’s challenge by indicating that the peasantry offers a unique context to study a paradoxical condition: the coexistence of persistent poverty and vanguardist innovation.Design/methodology/approachThe authors advance conceptual arguments that complement the reasons why researchers should pay more attention to the peasantry. They argue that continuation of past research into field laborers, transitioning from feudalism to industrial capitalism, still has currency, not just because of the good reasons listed by Burrell (enduring relevance of the phenomenon in developing countries; sustainability concerns; acknowledgment of common heritage) but also because some seemingly archaic practices are evident in the economically developed countries where most management and organizations scholars live.FindingsThe authors show that in advanced economies, the peasantry has not disappeared, and it is manifested in contradictory forms, as positive force contributing to sustainable productivity (in the case of digitized agriculture) and as a negative legacy of social inequality and exploitation (as a form of modern slavery).Originality/valueThe authors discuss contrasting themes confronting management of the peasantry, namely, modern slavery and digital farming, and propose that a paradox view may help overcome unnecessary dualisms, which may promote social exclusion rather than integrated development.

Machine learning methods for \u201cwicked\u201d problems: exploring the complex drivers of modern slavery

Forty million people are estimated to be in some form of modern slavery across the globe. Understanding the factors that make any particular individual or geographical region vulnerable to such abuse is essential for the development of effective interventions and policy. Efforts to isolate and assess the importance of individual drivers statistically are impeded by two key challenges: data scarcity and high dimensionality, typical of many “wicked problems”. The hidden nature of modern slavery restricts available data points; and the large number of candidate variables that are potentially predictive of slavery inflate the feature space exponentially. The result is a “small n, large p” setting, where overfitting and significant inter-correlation of explanatory variables can render more traditional statistical approaches problematic. Recent advances in non-parametric computational methods, however, offer scope to overcome such challenges and better capture the complex nature of modern slavery. We present an approach that combines non-linear machine-learning models and strict cross-validation methods with novel variable importance techniques, emphasising the importance of stability of model explanations via a Rashomon-set analysis. This approach is used to model the prevalence of slavery in 48 countries, with results bringing to light the importance of new predictive factors—such as a country’s capacity to protect the physical security of women, which has been previously under-emphasised in quantitative models. Further analyses uncover that women are particularly vulnerable to exploitation in areas where there is poor access to resources. Our model was then leveraged to produce new out-of-sample estimates of slavery prevalence for countries where no survey data currently exists.