Form Of Language Research Articles

Strengthening the Concept of Satirical Language through Analyzing the Connotations in the Lyrics of the Song "Cincin" by Hindia

Innuendo serves to enhance the understanding of the meanings of a song. Hence, this article aims to provide insights into strengthening the concept of satirical language within a song. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach. The focus was explicitly on the song "Cincin" by Hindia, sourced from a YouTube video. The data consisted of words and sentences found in the song lyrics, which were subsequently transcribed from the video and converted into narrative forms. The analysis in this study was descriptive, outlining patterns of word selection and sentences conveying satirical meaning in the song lyrics. The results demonstrated various forms of satirical language and different degrees of satirical meaning, illustrating that songwriters carefully considered concepts to reinforce satirical language in the compositions, encompassing irony, sarcasm, and cynicism. Correspondingly, the gradation of the satirical sense within the song included implicit and explicit meanings. The primary objective of this research was to delineate various forms of satirical language and the gradations of meanings within the lyrics of the song "Cincin" by Hindia. This case study is essential for providing song listeners with a comprehension of the use of satirical language by songwriters to convey social criticism. Hence, this research yielded findings regarding the selection of various forms of satirical language containing appropriate meanings and concepts, refining the accuracy and development.

University’s Official Instagram as a News Sources for The Media

Media relations play a crucial role in the public relations activities of universities, as they provide opportunities for increased media exposure. In today's journalism landscape, social media has become a prominent source of news for journalists. This includes official university accounts, which serve as valuable sources of information for journalists. Consequently, university public relations must understand the perspective of journalists when selecting and disseminating information through social media platforms. This article aims to explore how journalists utilize information from university social media accounts, specifically Instagram, as news sources. The concept of information subsidies is used to analyze the public relations activities involved in providing journalists with access to information and ensuring its quality. The research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews with journalists from the education sections of kompas.com and detik.com. The findings of this research highlight despite the prevalence of visual content, limited text, and informal language often used by university Instagram users, journalists still find value in quoting from Instagram. This suggests that the information available on social media platforms is sufficient to fulfill journalists' informational needs. Journalists also rely on university Instagram accounts as a source of news. The significance of higher education institutions acknowledging social media as a platform for distributing information to journalists. The prevalent topics covered in news articles include advice, contemporary matters, and education sector-related information. The majority of cited news items are derived from expert opinions or contributions from university lecturers. It is crucial to establish efficient strategies for social media management in order to accentuate various themes or content that showcase the expertise of university staff.

Reflexive Morphology in the Kikongo Language Cluster: Variation and Diachrony

This paper provides a comparative and diachronic account of reflexive morphology in the Kikongo language cluster, a genealogically closely related group of 40+ West Coastal Bantu languages. This study is based on data from 34 grammatical descriptions from 1659 to 2017 and fieldwork data collected in 2012 and 2015. Previous studies have shown that Kikongo languages, despite being closely related to each other, demonstrate extensive phonological and morphological variation. This is also the case for reflexive morphology. First, six different reflexive prefixes are attested in the database. These are, in alphabetical order, di- (with cognate li-), ké-, ki-, ku-, lu- and a vocalic morpheme variably written as i-, ii- or yi-. Second, while most Kikongo languages have one reflexive prefix, some descriptions report the use of two or more different prefix forms in a single language. Languages with multiple reflexive prefixes fall into two groups: one group has different prefixes in free alternation, while the overall verbal construction is claimed to determine which prefix is used in the other group. Following an overview of the formal variation, I discuss the possible origins of the various reflexive prefixes. One hypothesis assumes that the vocalic prefix is inherited from Proto-Kikongo, the most recent common ancestor of the Kikongo languages. A second hypothesis relates the origin of some reflexive prefixes to object indexes of various noun classes, in particular, noun classes 5, 7 and 11. A third hypothesis suggests that in some Kikongo languages, the vocalic reflexive prefix became fused with other pre-stem verbal morphology and developed into ku- and ki-. A fourth hypothesis proposes the development of the reflexive prefix ké- from an auxiliary. These four hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and I discuss how multiple diachronic scenarios are necessary to account for the full range of variation of reflexive morphology in the Kikongo language cluster. It is proposed that the distribution of di-/li- and ki- is contact-induced through borrowing, both between different Kikongo languages and between Kikongo and non-Kikongo languages. I tentatively reconstruct the vocalic reflexive prefix *i- to Proto-Kikongo.

Speech competence of judges' professional decisions during martial law

The article defines the importance of speaking competence of judges to ensure compliance with the requirements of current laws and regulations. Special attention is paid to the use of the Ukrainian language in practical judicial activity under the new circumstances of the administration of justice under martial law. The purpose of the article is to confirm modern approaches to deepening the speech competence of specialists in the field of law during martial law. Studying research in the field of speech competence of lawyers has shown that scientists consider various aspects of language expertise of law enforcement officers. The relevance of this research topic is due to the importance of analysis from the point of view of the level of speech competence of court decisions, especially during martial law. To conduct a speech assessment, the texts of four decisions of courts of different jurisdictions during the martial law of 2023, which are freely available, and which were randomly selected, were analyzed. The texts of the resolutions are written in business language with the necessary lexical legal content, clear and balanced. Summarized information on selected court cases according to developed criteria for speech assessment: the city of the court and its level, the date of the decision, statistical characteristics of the content by the number of words, signs and lines, grammatical, spelling, punctuation, stylistic, lexical and speech errors determined by the text of a technical nature. Identified errors are summarized and recommendations are given for the use of correct language forms according to Ukrainian spelling. Increasing the level of speech competence of specialists in the field of law in business writing is one of the important tasks of higher education, which requires the constant attention of scientific and pedagogical workers in the organizational, tactical provision of law enforcement activities during martial law.

Social Media as a Learning Platform for EFL Learning: A Case of Undergraduate Students

Social media is one of the most popular learning platforms among youths, especially for the university level EFL students. The paper aims to explore how undergraduate level EFL students in a university utilize social media to improve their English writing skills. Using a meta-analysis approach, seventeen peer-researched articles published in the last five years were downloaded from google scholar and closely reviewed. Based on the review, the study concluded that social media was used as one of the informal learning platforms for writing in English. Students were reported to have been engaged in independent writing in social media while communicating with their peers, and relatives, thereby developing confidence in writing in English, though the use of more informal language structures were preferred. The findings of the study imply that higher engagement of EFL students in social media communication positively impacts their writing skills, so institutions are to increase the use of ICT in their pedagogical practices for students’ meaningful learning.

ENGAGING ADOLESCENTS IN FAMILY THERAPY: THE ROLE OF ENGLISH SLANG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION NORMS IN THERAPEUTIC SETTINGS

ABSTRACT
 Adolescence is a critical stage marked by rapid cognitive, emotional, and social development, often presenting challenges within familial relationships. Family therapy serves as a vital intervention to address these challenges, yet engaging adolescents in the therapeutic process can be complex. This review explores the significance of English slang and digital communication norms in facilitating rapport and effective communication between therapists and adolescents in family therapy settings. In contemporary society, English slang and digital communication have become integral aspects of adolescent culture. Adolescents frequently employ slang terms and digital platforms to express themselves, communicate with peers, and navigate their identities. However, these informal modes of communication may pose barriers in traditional therapeutic settings where formal language is often prioritized. Recognizing the importance of meeting adolescents on their own communicative terms, therapists are increasingly integrating slang and digital communication norms into family therapy sessions. By incorporating familiar language and mediums, therapists can create a more inclusive and relatable environment, fostering trust and engagement with adolescent clients. Moreover, the utilization of slang and digital communication norms in family therapy promotes authenticity and enhances the therapeutic alliance between adolescents and therapists. Adolescents feel understood and validated when therapists demonstrate an awareness and acceptance of their linguistic and technological preferences, leading to increased participation and investment in the therapeutic process. However, the integration of slang and digital communication in family therapy requires careful consideration and ethical awareness. Therapists must balance the use of informal language with maintaining professional boundaries and respect for cultural diversity. Additionally, therapists should remain mindful of the potential implications of digital communication, including privacy concerns and the blurring of therapeutic boundaries. Understanding and incorporating English slang and digital communication norms are essential for effectively engaging adolescents in family therapy. By embracing adolescents' preferred modes of expression, therapists can foster meaningful connections, facilitate communication, and promote positive therapeutic outcomes within the familial context.
 Keywords: Adolescent, Family, Therapy, Slang, Digital, Communication, Norm, English.

Reimagining the Rural Hinterland: an investigation of participatory digital placemaking in rural communities

Rural locations often form a hinterland – geographically and culturally - for large conurbations that dominate a particular region. They are interconnected, sometimes interdependent, but also separated by the social and spatial perceptions of a place. For urban dwellers the hinterland is a place to ‘escape to the country’; for rural dwellers the town is the place of ‘bright lights’. The norms of either location often sit juxtaposed. This sense of place may be constructed from traditional, stereotypical ways of seeing and understanding communities. Digital technology has provided a platform to challenge these norms and provide new ways of representing the physical and cultural landscape of urban and rural spaces. In this conceptual paper we explore digital placemaking in the hinterland of the North-East of Scotland. In this region, the city (Aberdeen) dominates, but it is the rural hinterland that charms. Through an examination of co-created content of rural spaces in this region we consider the role of participatory digital placemaking. Drawing on an extensive body of previous research that has explored community heritage in the North-East of Scotland, we use case studies to consider the ways in which images, iconography and language shape and inform perceptions of the rural space in the digital environment. We argue that this bottom-up approach to placemaking in rural areas can help to shape the way that places are seen, understood, and valued by communities, visitors and wider online audiences. To conclude, this paper reflects on how rural participatory digital placemaking counteracts the urban norm and connects communities across town and country through a reimagined digital hinterland.

Strategi Komunikasi Iklan Layanan Masyarakat di TVRI Jawa Tengah

<p><em>In an increasingly modern age, various types of information are transmitted to the public, for example, information obtained through television. All entertainment shows and information containing educational content can build positive thinking because television is a social control device. The show that contains the nature education content of the context is a community service commercial. Public service commercials are found on television, one of which is Central Java TVRI Station. The purpose of this study is to describe the communication strategy of community service advertising in TVRI Central Java. This study used a qualitative-descriptive approach. Data was taken in the form of language and communication elements used in community service advertising communication strategies with community service advertising video sources uploaded on TVRI's YouTube Central Java, then collected using documentation and methods. The data analysis used is an interactive analysis technique from Miles and Huberman which includes three stages: (data reduction), (data presentation), and (data verification). The results of the study included a combination of five elements: communicators, messages, media, communications, and effects. Public Service Advertisements on TVRI Central Java have implemented their communication strategies well to achieve effective communication. Public Service Advertisements on TVRI Central Java have been presented with criteria that are in accordance with real public service advertisements, different from commercial advertisements </em></p>

Investigating the Unproductive Morphological Forms in Indonesian Language

This study entailed an investigation into the unproductive morphological forms in the Indonesian language. This study analyzed these forms’ nature, patterns, and potential linguistic implications to uncover the reasons behind their existence and persistence. The study employed descriptive approached and data-based methodologies, utilizing the SEAlang Library Indonesian Corpus (SLIC) as the primary data source. The results revealed unique features of unproductive morphological forms in Indonesian, characterized by specific affixational patterns, including the morphologically marked infixes {-em-}, {-er-}, {-el-}, and {-in-}. These forms also exhibited semantic limitations limited to particular word classes or semantic domains. Additionally, a confluence of cognitive and linguistic influences contributed to the phenomenon of unproductive word forms. The study also identified boundaries and constraints within morphological productivity, exploring unproductive morphological forms to provide insights into the micro-change of the language. This study’s findings could advance broader aspects of morphological theory and language description.

An Extractive-and-Abstractive Framework for Source Code Summarization

(Source) Code summarization aims to automatically generate summaries/comments for given code snippets in the form of natural language. Such summaries play a key role in helping developers understand and maintain source code. Existing code summarization techniques can be categorized into extractive methods and abstractive methods . The extractive methods extract a subset of important statements and keywords from the code snippet using retrieval techniques and generate a summary that preserves factual details in important statements and keywords. However, such a subset may miss identifier or entity naming, and consequently, the naturalness of the generated summary is usually poor. The abstractive methods can generate human-written-like summaries leveraging encoder-decoder models. However, the generated summaries often miss important factual details. To generate human-written-like summaries with preserved factual details, we propose a novel extractive-and-abstractive framework. The extractive module in the framework performs the task of extractive code summarization, which takes in the code snippet and predicts important statements containing key factual details. The abstractive module in the framework performs the task of abstractive code summarization, which takes in the code snippet and important statements in parallel and generates a succinct and human-written-like natural language summary. We evaluate the effectiveness of our technique, called EACS, by conducting extensive experiments on three datasets involving six programming languages. Experimental results show that EACS significantly outperforms state-of-the-art techniques for all three widely used metrics, including BLEU, METEOR, and ROUGH-L. In addition, the human evaluation demonstrates that the summaries generated by EACS have higher naturalness and informativeness and are more relevant to given code snippets.

Pesan Verbal Berkonten Vulgar pada Angkutan Umum Pete-Pete di Kota Makassar

The main problem studied in this study is what is the form of eating vulgar language used in land transportation modes? The purpose to be achieved in this study is to describe the form of vulgar language used in the public sector, this research is categorized into qualitative descriptive research types. The subject of this study is public transportation while the data source is all public transportation or land transportation modes in Makassar City. Data collection techniques are carried out through documentation techniques while data analysis is carried out in three stages, namely, data reduction, data classification, and data interpretation. The results of the study showed that the form of using vulgar language in land transportation modes in Makassar City consisted of: 1) Vulgar expressions of very rude categories, 2) Vulgar expressions of rude categories; 3. Medium category vulgar expressions.

Language Acculturation of Javanese and Madurese Communities: Slang Variations of Pendalungan Teenagers in Jember Regency

This study aims to explain the formation and reasons for the use of slang language of Pendalungan teenagers in Jember Regency. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The research data is in the form of words from Javanese and Madurese acculturation that contain slang language forms and spoken by teenagers in daily communication. Data collection used observation technique supported by listen-engage-note technique. The data analysis technique used is the commensurate (padan) method and the agih method. Based on the results of this study, there are four categories of slang variation formation in terms of morphological formation, namely: (1) Abbreviations, such as the abbreviation LA and the acronym Kardiman. (2) New Words, such as cungucui, pacapa, crème, and tompes. (3) Reduplication, such as ya megaya, and rep sekarep. (4) Inserts, such as cellepnya and ngabesnya. The reasons for using slang consist of five reasons, namely (1) familiarity, (2) solid and concrete, (3) user creativity, (4) group recognition, and (5) enriching vocabulary. The conclusion of the research findings shows the formation of slang language by absorbing Javanese and Madurese as well as new words that are different from the original language. Pendalungan teenagers in Jember district dominantly use slang language which is mixed with Javanese, Madurese, and Indonesian daily language.

Uncovering Language in Business Communication Space: Variation between Formal and Informal Language in Mandailing Natal

This research delves into the intricate dynamics of formal and informal language usage within the realm of business communication in Mandailing Natal. Mandailing Natal, characterized by its cultural and linguistic diversity, serves as a distinctive backdrop for comprehending the nuanced role of language in business interactions. Employing a method of language variation analysis, this study scrutinizes various business communication texts, including formal letters, emails, and face-to-face conversations. The objective is to unravel the disparities in the utilization of formal and informal language. The findings of the research reveal that within the business communication space, the deployment of formal and informal language not only mirrors organizational hierarchy but is intricately linked to the local cultural context. Formal language predominantly governs official documents and written communication, while informal language prevails in face-to-face interactions and everyday situations. Furthermore, language variation extends to the incorporation of local dialects and distinctive expressions unique to Mandailing Natal, contributing cultural richness to business communication.

Language in Nigerian Correctional Education: Incarcerated Persons Speak

ABSTRACT Purpose Language, as an integral aspect of human interaction, plays a pivotal role in the reformation process within the correctional setting. Nigerian correctional centers consist of a diverse population of incarcerated individuals originating from various cultural backgrounds, each possessing distinct linguistic abilities and comprehension. However, a conspicuous gap in the literature remains concerning the language practices of instructors in Nigerian correctional education programs and the active participation of incarcerated individuals in shaping their own educational experiences. The present study investigates the complex dynamics of language utilization in the correctional education system, with a specific focus on the perspectives and experiences of convicted incarcerated individuals. Materials and methods The study gathered data from a sample of 20 convicted incarcerated individuals who were actively participating in correctional education programs, using semi-structured interviews as the primary method of data collection. Information on the various forms of language utilization within correctional institutions, the impact of language on the learning experiences of incarcerated individuals, and linguistic obstacles encountered in accessing high-quality education were thematically analyzed. Results The study revealed that formal language, technical language and everyday language are the various forms of language used in correctional centers. However, the form of language used by the instructor can make or mar the incarcerated person’s learning experience thereby defeating the main goal of correctional education. Discussion and conclusion Correctional educators should employ clear language to convey information. Insights into the influence of language on the rehabilitation of incarcerated individuals can inform the development of social work curricula.

Who's being elitist? A debate about the enregisterment of Singlish

Abstract This article is a rejoinder to Lee (2023) who makes certain claims about the enregisterment of Singlish via a case study of Spiaking Singlish. In challenging Lee's key claim that Spiaking Singlish deploys a form of elitist language, I argue that the Singlish features in the book need not demand a solely ludic reading and actually draw from everyday practices. Accordingly, enregisterment ought to be understood as a diachronic and evolving process in the vein of Butler's (1999) notion of sedimentation. Moreover, Lee's characterization of the ‘monolectal Singlish user’ is classist and reductionist, unsupported by recent research and census data. Consequently, Spiaking Singlish need not be seen as an elitist work, but as contributing to ever-changing attitudes towards Singlish in the public sphere. This article is an alternative iteration to Lee's (2023) that has implications for the way we understand enregisterment in Singapore and choose to represent it as a process. (Enregisterment, Singlish, Singapore, sociolinguistics, language ideological debates)*

Attentional bias for hands: Cascade dual‐decoder transformer for sign language production

AbstractSign Language Production (SLP) refers to the task of translating textural forms of spoken language into corresponding sign language expressions. Sign languages convey meaning by means of multiple asynchronous articulators, including manual and non‐manual information channels. Recent deep learning‐based SLP models directly generate the full‐articulatory sign sequence from the text input in an end‐to‐end manner. However, these models largely down weight the importance of subtle differences in the manual articulation due to the effect of regression to the mean. To explore these neglected aspects, an efficient cascade dual‐decoder Transformer (CasDual‐Transformer) for SLP is proposed to learn, successively, two mappings SLPhand: Text → Hand pose and SLPsign: Text → Sign pose, utilising an attention‐based alignment module that fuses the hand and sign features from previous time steps to predict more expressive sign pose at the current time step. In addition, to provide more efficacious guidance, a novel spatio‐temporal loss to penalise shape dissimilarity and temporal distortions of produced sequences is introduced. Experimental studies are performed on two benchmark sign language datasets from distinct cultures to verify the performance of the proposed model. Both quantitative and qualitative results show that the authors’ model demonstrates competitive performance compared to state‐of‐the‐art models, and in some cases, achieves considerable improvements over them.

Dance, Movement and Songs as Mechanisms for Promoting Social Control and Social Cohesion: A Study of Kpashimo in Teshie Homowo and Fontomfrom in Adukrom Akuapem, Ghana

The claim that dance is present in practically all events in the Ghanaian life cycle is not entirely mythical but indeed verifiable in most cases. Festivals and funerals are social events that are held in public to express, reflect and strengthen community social relationships, as well as celebrate the lives of significant relations who have died. They are two of the experiential rites of passage in the Ghanaian culture and are observed through the use of special forms of language, dance and music. These art forms have important roles to play in Ghanaian traditional events, their main function being that they engender unity and cohesion and discourage deviant and irresponsible behavior within the society. Kpashimo is usually celebrated as the climax of the Teshie homowo festivities. Fontomfrom, in addition to being the name of an Akan drum, is also the name given to an important Akan ceremonial dance. This paper examines the socio-cultural significance and relevance of the kpaashimo and fontomfrom dances and their utility in the Teshie and Adukrom social contexts, respectively. The study was done using the functionalist approach, utilizing dance as a medium to stimulate social control, cohesion, and unity in two geographically different cultures. Despite the disparate cultures, dance was used successfully to achieve the required goals and, in essence, validate the claims about the universality of dance in the Ghanaian context. It was a qualitative research employing essentially observation and interviews. Photos and videos were also used for efficient illustration and accurate recall.

Negative Phrases can Cause a Negative Emotional Assessment: an Empirical Study

Introduction. There are theoretical propositions declaring that negations carry a negative emotional charge. Indirectly, this is confirmed by a number of modern studies. However, it remains unknown whether negations in their most abstract lexical form are capable of causing a negative emotional effect. In the presented study, the negative effect of denial was revealed for the first time. Purpose. Theoretically substantiate the emotional negative effect of negations and empirically identify it by comparing evaluations of negative and affirmative phrases.Materials and methods. In studies related to the topic, it is difficult to differentiate the influence on the emotional assessment of the meaning of the negated concept from the influence of the negative form itself. To identify the negative emotional effect of lexical negations, we asked subjects to evaluate affirmative and negative phrases not only with a pronounced emotional meaning, but also with a neutral one, which allowed us to minimize the influence of the meaning of the phrase. The study involved 87 subjects who rated phrases using two methods: R. Likert’s direct scale assessment and color-mediated assessment (A. M. Etkind’s RCT method).Results. The results showed a high significance of the differences between the negation of the neutral and the assertion of the neutral, negative phrases were indeed evaluated more negatively. An additional comparison of phrases with emotional meaning showed that denial softens the emotional expression of the concept, shifting its assessment closer to the neutral part of the scale.Discussion. Previous studies have shown a connection between a negative response and negative emotional reactions. In our study, it was shown for the first time that even an abstract version of a negative phrase can significantly shift an assessment into the negative spectrum of the emotional scale. These data are consistent with the embodied approach to language analysis, where sensorimotor and emotional reactions underlie the formation of abstract language forms. For the first time, the revealed connection between lexical negation and negative emotional reactions deepens the understanding of one of the most frequent linguistic means.

Indonesian Suburban Area EFL Teachers' Perspectives on Translanguaging

Bilinguals and multilingual people use translanguaging, which is the technique of using different linguistic components or forms of independent languages to improve communication. When incorporated into teaching methods, translanguaging strategies enable educators to bridge linguistic gaps and support the learning of a foreign language. Despite the perceived advantages of translanguaging, variations in teachers' perceptions create ideological barriers, hindering students from fully embracing translanguaging. This study intends to investigate the perspectives of Indonesian teachers teaching in suburban areas on translanguaging in English language instruction in order to obtain a deeper knowledge of this subject. This study used semi-structured interviews using a qualitative research design to go deep into teachers’ insights on the topic. The result of the study shows that the participants had a generally positive perception on translanguaging and used a variety of translanguaging strategies in their teaching methods, such as the use of contextual cues, cooperation, student-centered approaches, and bidirectional translation. The result of this study also shows participants’ perspective on a crucial need to include translanguaging to support low proficiency level EFL students in their classrooms. In addition, the finding reveals teachers’ perspectives on ramifications of translanguaging when it is used in EFL classes. The findings can be valuable for education stakeholders, particularly in suburban areas, guiding design of lessons with translanguaging practices that cater to learners’ needs in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms.

Dialogue, application form and interview recording strategies in elementary level Georgian language and literature classes

Dialogue, application form and interview recording strategies in elementary level Georgian language and literature classes