Forms Of International Cooperation Research Articles

Earth Virtualization Engines (EVE)

Abstract. To manage Earth in the Anthropocene, new tools, new institutions, and new forms of international cooperation will be required. Earth Virtualization Engines is proposed as an international federation of centers of excellence to empower all people to respond to the immense and urgent challenges posed by climate change.

The United Nations (UN) at Crossroads in 2022: An Assessment of ‘Geopolitical Tensions’ in International Relations (IR)

Purpose: This paper is an alarming assessment of the keynote address and remarks at the opening of the 77th General Assembly of the United Nations Organization (UN) by the Secretary-General to world leaders. The alarm is that the world, from small to big, powerful to the less powerful are “gridlocked in colossal global dysfunction,” and are not ready or willing to tackle the challenges that threaten humanity’s future – and the planet’s. “Our world is in peril – and paralyzed,” the Secretary-General Antonio Gutiérrez laments. Do these remarks collaborate with the daily multiplying effects of the Russia-Ukrainian war; the climate emergencies and devastating weather conditions around the world; the dire financial situation amidst poverty in developing countries and the setbacks in the UN Sustainable goals for 2030? Methodology: The basic problem facing research today and to anyone who tries to understand contemporary world politics is that there is so much material to look at; such as, which things matter and which do not. For instance, where on earth would you start if you wanted to explain the most important political processes: How, for example, would you explain the recent failure of climate change negotiations at the UN, amidst Africa’s position? How will one theorize ‘Brexit’ from the EU or the ‘gridlock in ‘colossal global dysfunction’, where nations meeting at the United Nations cannot agree on challenges threatening humanity’s future? This research employs a qualitative approach involving the collection and analysing of primary and secondary documents; as well as non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences of plenaries of the UN; particularly, why this particular one - (the 77th Session) was alarming. Findings: For the first time in UN’s history, the international communities are undermining the work of the UN Security Council; of international law, peoples trust in democratic institutions, and most forms of international cooperation. There is ample evidence from the research findings that there is “a divergence between developed and developing countries; between North and South; between the privileged and that, the world becoming more dangerous by the day. In short, the world “is at the root of geopolitical tensions and the increasing lack of trust among countries, which is poisoning every area of global cooperation from vaccines to rid communicable diseases; sanctions to stop wars around the world; measures to reduce global temperature, and the need to reduce trade barriers for the benefit of particularly, developing countries in Africa. Unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: In IR theory, all nations work to increase their own power and not their opponents’. The nations that are able to manage and horde power most efficiently thrive; as they can easily eclipse the achievements of less powerful nations. In policy and practice, the UN is torn apart by gridlock within the plenary of the UN, as well as the Security Council, international institutions with powers to resolve international conflicts and misunderstandings are either paralyzed by division or have become undemocratic. The UN must therefore reform or be paralyzed by these colossal dysfunctions.

Bilateral treaty networks: assessing cooperative spillover in defense and investment

Abstract The potential for mutual influence or “spillover” between economic and security cooperation is a long-standing area of interest for policymakers and scholars alike. This paper examines how network dynamics affect spillover. We focus on two prominent types of formal bilateral cooperation—defense cooperation agreements (DCAs) and bilateral investment treaties (BITs)—both of which have proliferated dramatically in the post-Cold War international system. We argue that existing theoretical and empirical approaches to economic-security spillover focus too strictly on influences at the bilateral level. As with other forms of international cooperation, BITs and DCAs comprise larger international networks. Governments develop portfolios of BITs or DCAs with distinct structural goals in mind, and they implement specific strategies in pursuing those goals. With BITs, governments follow a network-hierarchy strategy that allows them to influence treaty design and protect their firms. In DCAs, governments instead favor a network-community strategy focused on pooling collective security goods among groups of like-minded collaborators. When these network strategies complement one another, they promote cooperative economic-security spillover. When they conflict, however, they inhibit spillover, such that cooperation in economic or security issues discourages cooperation in the opposing issue area.

The role of the UN in ensuring the rule of law

The methods of effective support of international peace and security directly depend on the features of the global and regional security environment. The nature of current challenges and threats determines the format and directions of international security cooperation. Faced with the modern challenges and threats of the globalized world, no state is able to ensure its own security solely by its own efforts, without relying on the help of the international community and collective security structures. Each country independently determines the degree of its participation in certain international events in the field of international security. In this vein, various forms of international cooperation and cooperation in the field of security are formed in accordance with countries’ perceptions of common threats and their own national interests. In the conditions of the current level of globalization, international cooperation covers almost all spheres of social activity and requires the establishment of generally accepted and understandable “rules of the game” and certain regulation at the supranational level. These functions are assigned to international institutions and the system of international treaties. The transition to the information society, the processes of globalization, the development of the latest technologies and the new challenges of modernity have led to the emergence of new ways of waging war and have radically changed the international security system. The principles, resources and means of warfare have changed significantly. Modern challenges and threats to the global security system have led to a rethinking of the conceptual and practical foundations of international security cooperation. In order to maintain security and stability in the modern world, uniform rules, principles and standards of responsibility must be adopted. The UN acts as a universal and unique platform for consolidating positive trends in the development of the international security system.

The Rise and Fall of the ‘World Economy’ in Weimar Germany

Abstract Recent studies have emphasized the role of international institutions in the emergence of a transnational culture of economic experts in the interwar period. According to this view, collaboration over the difficulties of international trade in goods and finance was driven by a common language of problem diagnosis and solution finding. This interpretation has pushed the relevance of the domestic context for ‘agents of the international’ into the background. The World Economic Conference in Geneva organized by the League of Nations in 1927 shows that Weimar business representatives saw their participation as an opportunity to improve their position in their national federations and vis-à-vis the Reich government. Therefore, on the one hand, they sought to be appointed by state authorities to participate in the Geneva discussions. On the other hand, they stressed the relevance of the World Economy as well as their competence in solving world economic problems. As a consequence, immediately before and after the meeting in Geneva, the World Economy was a prominent topic among Weimar’s business representatives. However, this strategy counted on the implementation of the conference’s economic policy proposals by national governments. As it became apparent that the Geneva recommendations would not have lasting impact, interest in the World Economy waned and its spokesmen turned to other forms of international cooperation, in particular regional customs alliances and cartel agreements. The rise and fall of the topic of the World Economy among German business representatives cannot be understood independently of its interaction with the domestic context of Weimar Germany.

Международный опыт превенции рецидива правоохранительными структурами

Recidivism is a criminal pathology in any country. Its increased public danger consists in formation of professional crime - vanguard of criminality. Within recidivism crime maintains and spreads criminal traditions, develops and reproduces criminal subculture. The impact of criminal recidivism is devastating for vulnerable segments of the population. As a result of its negative impact, criminality is rejuvenated and feminized. The relevance of the presented work lies in the analysis of positive experience of the international community in fighting criminal recidivism. Russian law enforcement and legislation are in dire need of effective anti-recidivism practices. The relevant law enforcement experience in the USA and Israel, as well as European (Azerbaijan, Belarus, Great Britain, Poland) and Asian (China, South Korea, Japan) countries is considered. National mechanisms of resocialization of ex-prisoners, features of probation activities and specifics of post-penitentiary care in foreign countries are described. The forms of international cooperation on counter-recidivism between Russia and foreign countries are reflected. Particular attention is paid to conventional and institutional legal forms.
 Legislative and law enforcement measures are proposed to introduce foreign experience in the field of anti-recidivism prevention into law enforcement activities in Russia.

Separation of the transfer of criminal proceedings from other forms of international cooperation

Separation of the transfer of criminal proceedings from other forms of international cooperation

Основные направления политики помощи КНР и Франции странам Африки в период пандемии COVID-19

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the motives and approaches towards promoting aid policy in Africa by the Popular Republic of China (PRC) and France, specifically during the COVID-19 pandemic. France is a traditional donor and a historically influential player in Africa. China is considered a relatively new actor in the region, which influence is constantly growing, thus, creating research interest. The article considers both general and separate specific aid policy directions: common partnership programs of PRC and France with African countries, forms of international cooperation between the countries and Chinese and French pandemic containment and mitigation initiatives. The results of the study demonstrate that Africa is the region of the highest priority for the aid policies of both China and France on the key parameters. Both countries focus on the development of African countries, they just see the process differently. France uses the historical ties and development goals (such as combating global inequality) as an advantage for its positioning in the region whereas China talks about the community of interests of developing countries in South–South cooperation and UN sustainable development goals. In addition, China includes concessional loans into aid policy and also promotes its foreign policy concepts (e.g. ‘community of common destiny’). At the same time, both countries are interested in the economic benefits of their aid (in particular, in access to natural resources). Conceptual differences in the basic approaches of the PRC and France to understanding aid policy lead to significant practical differences in the aid structure and the formats for policies implementation by the two states.

THE LEGAL NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION BETWEEN STATES IN THE PEACEFUL USES OF ATOMIC ENERGY

The article provides an analysis of substantive features of the concept of "international cooperation in the field of ensuring the safety of peaceful uses of atomic energy". For this purpose the doctrinal approaches to the definition of levels and forms of international cooperation are considered and the substantive content of the legal support of this activity is established, as well as the peculiarities of institutional and non-institutional levels of international cooperation is established. The authors present the results of the study of internal interrelation of the acting international documents in the field of ensuring safety of the peaceful uses of atomic energy. The article characterizes the measures aimed at eliminating the threat to the safety of the use of atomic energy arising due to the anthropogenic factor. The authors describe the content of legal instruments used both at the global and regional levels to establish effective forms of interaction between states in this field.

Forms of international cooperation in the field of taxation and Russian tax legislation

The article gives the author’s definition of modern forms of international cooperation in the field of taxation. These include: international tax administration; delimitation of the tax jurisdiction of states and the fight against unfair tax competition among states; convergence of the tax systems of states. In relation to each form of international cooperation, the international legal principles underlying them are noted: international tax transparency, tax sovereignty of the state and its tax jurisdiction; prohibition of unfair tax competition. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of these international forms of tax cooperation in Russian legislation.

States’ main directions and forms of international cooperation in the fight against transnational economic crimes

The current state of economic crime is characterized by stable growth, the structural diversity of new types of encroachments, a high latency level, and increased damage, making the topic under consideration relevant. This article studies the interaction of different states’ legal systems in regulating international cooperation against transnational economic crimes and outlines the range of public relations arising from such activities under international public law. It employs a set of general scientific and special methods in the modern science of international public law to achieve the scientific objectivity of the results. Finally, it outlines the main trends in combating transnational economic crime at the international level.

International cooperation in the fight against cyberpression in the context of response to new challenges and threats

This article explores criminal procedure and other organizational and legal aspects of international cooperation between states in the fight against cybercrime in the face of new challenges and threats. The aim is to identify and consider formal and informal measures of international cooperation in response to transnational cybercrime. Through legal analysis, we demonstrate that such crimes, as a rule, have an international character, as they have negative consequences on the territory of other sovereign countries. The author analyzes various forms of international cooperation in the fight against crime, which include extradition (extradition), legal assistance in criminal matters, transfer of criminal prosecution (judicial proceedings), as well as informal cooperation between law enforcement agencies (international police cooperation), in particular within the framework of US law called “СLOUD Act”. As an empirical basis for the study, materials of Russian operational and investigative practice for 2018–2019, as well as decisions of courts of foreign states, were used. However, the majority of law enforcement agencies deliberately or without intent resort to the practice of obtaining evidence on cybercrimes that are physically located on the territory of another country, independently, without obtaining the consent of this state. This happens through a remote connection in real time to the subscriber device of a criminally prosecuted person or its withdrawal from a victim or witness located on the territory of the state by law enforcement agencies that conduct proceedings on a cybercrime case with subsequent inspection to find information relevant to the case, as well as through the use of other legal methods.

ШЛЯХИ ТА НАПРЯМИ УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ МІЖНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВОГО МЕХАНІЗМУ ЩОДО ЗАПОБІГАННЯ ТА ПРОТИДІЇ ТРАНСНАЦІОНАЛЬНІЙ ЗЛОЧИННОСТІ

The article is devoted to the ways and directions of improving the international legal mechanism for preventing and countering transnational crime. It was determined that the issue of improving the legal mechanism of international cooperation in the prevention and counteraction of transnational crime in recent years is one of the most urgent in this area, given global trends. The article focuses on a comprehensive study of the theoretical and legal foundations of international cooperation in preventing and countering transnational crime in Ukraine. The article presents and resolves the scientific issues related to the development of a unified concept of international cooperation in preventing and countering transnational crime, which provided an opportunity to justify the directions, ways and proposals for improving the current legislation with the possibilities of its practical application. Within the framework of the article, already existing methods and methods of preventing and countering transnational crime are proposed and a search is made for them, which is based on the principles of mutual and effective assistance and cooperation, and is ensured with the help of a clear and effective organizational and legal mechanism. The article describes and proposes various forms of international cooperation, including: extradition of criminals, mutual legal assistance, transfer of criminal proceedings to another country, transfer of convicts, cooperation for the purpose of confiscation, interaction between law enforcement agencies, including exchange of information and cooperation in conducting investigations, joint investigation, cooperation in the use of special investigative methods. The article describes the main key areas of further cooperation between Ukraine and Europol. The expediency and necessity of creating a new field of legal sciences, namely international criminology, is formulated. Within the framework of the article, it is proposed to introduce changes in a number of normative legal acts of different legal force, aimed at countering and preventing transnational crime in Ukraine. The article states that further research should continue to focus on improving the international legal regulation of issues of preventing and countering transnational crime.

International Cooperation under the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

Abstract This article examines the international cooperation provisions under the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and their practical application in reported cases. It explores the circumstances in which States Parties have used or attempted to use the Convention as a legal basis for extradition, mutual legal assistance, transfer of sentenced persons, transfer of criminal proceedings, joint investigations, or other forms of international cooperation. The article seeks to provide a better understanding of the opportunities offered by the international cooperation provisions, and the challenges and obstacles faced by States Parties requesting cooperation or being requested to provide cooperation under the Convention.

Юбилей Академии наук СССР в победном 1945 году: замысел, сценарий праздника, международный резонанс

The authors focus on the celebration of the 220th anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1945. The festive events hosted both due to the anniversary, joyful victory and cease of warfare in Europe were attended by 124 delegates from 17 countries, as well as by nearly 1,000 Soviet academics. The situation was unique in its concept and inspired people with hope for world reconstruction. The occasion was widely publicized, eliciting an extensive response. The anniversary served an occasion to organize the forum where academics discussed their perception of science field in the victorious year of 1945.
 Based on a wide range of sources, including foreign archives first introduced to the academia, the paper presents the scenarios of the celebration of the 220th anniversary of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as the images of the Russian and Soviet science represented by the academic elite, and their perception by the international scientific community. The authors reveal the factors that influence the establishment and functioning of the communicative field of global science. It is concluded that in a contextual way the anniversary events featured the overestima­ted expectations of new forms of international cooperation, with various forms of collaboration being discussed. However, the triumph over the “unified science” and the establishment of the universal communicative field was temporary.

Обучение латинскому языку дистанционно

Presented are features of the preparation of foreign students in the conditions of distance learning. It was taken into account that the economy, education, medicine, politics were filled with new content and technology of implementation, and at the same time there was a tendency of global competition between different countries. New trends in world development have increased the importance of a person’s intellectual resource. The article considers the formation of a new paradigm of the educational process in universities and changes in both the content and the technological component of the training process of future bachelors, masters and postgraduates in universities. The importance of introducing innovations in the educational process, including in the training of foreign students, was taken into account. Innovative changes in the educational sphere in the context of globalization, the impact of the pandemic on this process are considered. The experience of such training at the Saratov Agrarian University is analyzed. The forms of international cooperation in the conditions of this university are considered. The stages, forms and methods of distance learning of the Latin language for foreign students at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Food and Biotechnology are presented. The relevance of the problem has contributed to the fact that the question of the use of innovations, the features of distance education has found wide distribution in the modern theory and practice of teaching. In a number of universities of our country, a scientific direction related to the organization of international cooperation and the training of foreign students has become widespread. The theoretical significance of the proposed article is to reveal the features of distance learning of foreign students in the conditions of the university. The practical significance lies in the disclosure of the teaching methods of these students, in particular on the material of the Latin language.

NEW BUSINESS STRATEGIES FORMATION OF ENTERPRISES AND OUTSOURCING DEVELOPMENT AS A CONDITION FOR INCREASING COMPETITIVENESS IN THE MARKETS OF EUROPE AND UKRAINE: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need for the formation of new business strategies of enterprises and the development of outsourcing as a condition for increasing competitiveness in the markets of Europe and Ukraine. The subject of research is the process of forming new business strategies of enterprises and the development of outsourcing as a condition for increasing competitiveness in the markets of Europe and Ukraine. Methodology. Theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the theory of systems, the theory of economic development, scientific developments of foreign and domestic models on the business strategy formation of enterprises, economic development of European countries. General scientific and special methods were used to achieve a specific goal, in particular: the methods of economic and financial analysis; statistical and economic method, including comparison, as well as the graphical method. Conclusion. Thus, in the context of globalization, all countries and their businesses are looking for new forms of international cooperation, including outsourcing. The effectiveness of outsourcing business strategies is confirmed by global practice, which shows that currently more than half of European companies use outsourcing in their activities. There is a unique opportunity for Ukraine and its regions to take advantage of international outsourcing due to the possible positioning in today's market both as a provider of outsourcing services and as a customer. In the first case, this can be achieved through an attractive ratio of high skills and low wages, a satisfactory level of infrastructure development, and in the second case – by getting access to cheaper or rare resources, new technologies, best business practices, which forms the basis for the transition of Ukrainian enterprises to innovative development. Outsourcing is an effective way of doing business, given the benefits and opportunities that the customer company receives when using it. The business model of innovative outsourcing is an important direction of modern business development in the global marketplace. Nowadays, personnel outsourcing is an effective tool for improving the performance of any enterprise, taking into account the above-mentioned advantages and limitations that the customer receives in their application. However, outsourcing should not be considered a universal tool for solving issues and problems of enterprises, as there are tasks that can not be entrusted to independent professionals. Any business strategy of the enterprise must be consistent with the probable risks.

INTEGRATION OF UKRAINIAN HIGHER EDUCATION INTO THE EUROPEAN HIGHER EDUCATION AREA TO DEVELOP HUMAN CAPITAL

The paper is dedicated to the problems of integration of Ukrainian higher education institutions into the European Higher Education Area. Problems of higher education in Ukraine and the importance of Euro-integration for solving them are analysed. The institutional basis of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) and forms of international cooperation in higher education are investigated. The main priorities of the latter’s development at present stage are identified, in particular the indicators for modernizing the higher education system (HES) of Ukraine. Analysis is conducted to examine the development of international cooperation of Ukrainian higher education institutions and their participation in European educational programmes. It is concluded that Ukrainian HEIs are more actively engaging in various forms of international cooperation. Unwavering integration of the Ukrainian higher education system into the EHEA facilitates the advance of Ukrainian universities in the international ratings. However, this reveals the weak spots of the European integration processes, highlighting several directions for improving the state policies and HEI’s activities with regards to creating better conditions for deepening cooperation in the field of higher education.

Differentiated integration as a fair scheme of cooperation

Differentiated integration (DI), whereby some MS opt out or are excluded from certain common EU policies for sovereignty or capacity reasons, may be thought to undermine the EU’s functioning as what John Rawls called a fair scheme of cooperation, grounded in norms of impartiality and reciprocity. However, we argue that different forms of DI can be compatible with either fair cooperation between states on the model of Rawls’ Law of Peoples or cooperation among citizens on the model of Rawls’ two principles of domestic justice. Meanwhile, the EU has features of both, being an international Union of states and a supra- and trans-national Union of citizens. We defend the coherence of this combination and contend that DI can provide a justified mechanism for ensuring fairness between states remains compatible with fairness between citizens both within and across states. Indeed it offers a potential model for other forms of international cooperation.

Geopolitical and economic rivalry of capitalist powers for influences in Uzbekistan

The present paper aims to present the rivalry of global and regional capitalist powers for political, strategic, diplomatic, and economic influences in the contemporary Republic of Uzbekistan. The modern history and the contemporary political situation of the Uzbek state are the most important points of issue. After years of international isolation and etatist social and economic policy, under the new political leadership Uzbekistan implements economic transformation in the spirit of neo-liberal capitalism and it opens itself towards different forms of international cooperation and foreign investments. As a result, a Central Asian country which was isolated until recently gradually becomes an object of rivalry for economic and geopolitical influences. So far Uzbekistan has not become a satellite state or a quasi-colony of any of the powers. The multi-vector policy pursued by the political environment of Shavkat Mirziyoyev seems so far to successfully prevent the country being dominated by any outside center. The present article brings up the subject of relations of Uzbekistan with four great powers: the United States of America, the Russian Federation, the People’s Republic of China, and the Republic of Turkey.