Enriched Form Research Articles

Recent Advances in the Enantioselective Radical Reactions.

The review covers research published since 2017 and is focused on enantioselective synthesis using radical reactions. It describes recent approaches to the asymmetric synthesis of chiral molecules based on the application of the metal catalysis, dual metal and organocatalysis and finally, pure organocatalysis including enzyme catalysis. This review focuses on the synthetic aspects of the methodology and tries to show which compounds can be obtained in enantiomerically enriched forms.

Rentier capitalism and global economic imaginaries in Central Asia

ABSTRACT This article examines how the US, Russia and China have promoted and expanded rent extraction in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. While the global powers have articulated competing discourses and strategies on economic development in the region, they have largely achieved similar outcomes of rentierism. In the region, the ‘free market’ agenda of the Washington Consensus has co-existed with China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU), and domestic elites in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have managed them to achieve substantial rent for themselves and foreign investors. The article will investigate how the economic imaginaries of the US, Russia and China have been responsible for instituting and normalizing various forms of rent, and will evaluate the implications of rentierism. This study seeks to contribute to the literature on rentierism by understanding how the three global powers have promoted rent as a legitimate yet unjust form of enrichment.

THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE PROJECT OF UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHY AND ITS "LEXICON OF UNTRANSLATABLES"

The illustrations of the translation of "untranslatables" considered in the article prove the idea that they are not an inconvenience, but a form of enrichment of philosophy, which formats the line of its cumulative development through the production of concepts (Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari "What is philosophy?"), as a way of existence of modern philosophy. The concept is determined not only by tradition and the ability to use the "lexicon of untranslatables", but also by language, cultural and political contexts. We substantiate the thesis that the format of the concept dismantles the idea of ​​such a philosophy that is able to speak only in universal languages ​​and emphasize the importance of local philosophies, to which the Ukrainian one belongs. Such importance is manifested in the fact that: national philosophies demonstrate local features of European philosophy; is the transformation and approbation of its ideas in national contexts; creates that "lexicon of untranslatables", the mastery of which teaches philosophy to speak national languages; the national language acquires the ability to become a means of expressing philosophical ideas (Dmytro Chyzhevsky, Oleksander Potebnia); the "lexicon of untranslatables" is modified by the dominant values ​​of the time, embodied in the mentality and culture of the people. The historical examples and analogies given in the text of the objective symbolic fixation of the translation of philosophical terms in national languages ​​allow us to clarify the options of the linguistic prerequisites of philosophical theories expressed in national languages, and are an argument against the monolingualism of philosophy. The modern translation of "untranslatables" works within the epistemological field of the philosophy of language, shifting the focus from the language code to the discourse, the latter is not a necessary condition for understanding the language, but is a source of destruction of communication or development of those rules, following which makes communication effective. Rejecting the universalist approach and focusing on national strategies, we consider language as a primary source that "pressures" the philosopher, which means that it implies a critique of traditional linguistic ideas about language. The trending topic is the concepts of cultural imperialism, which with the beginning of Russia's aggression against Ukraine became a fact of life for Ukrainians, and the Ukrainian language turned into a weapon of support for this aggression.

An enriched shifted boundary method to account for moving fronts

We present an extension of the shifted boundary method to simulate partial differential equations with moving internal interfaces. The objective is to apply the method to phase change problems modelled by the Stefan equation which is a parabolic heat equation with a discontinuity separating two phases, moving at a speed given by the normal flux jump. To obtain an accurate prediction of the temperature field on both sides of the discontinuity, and of the position of the discontinuity itself, we propose a variant of the shifted boundary method adapted to problems with moving fronts. This method is based on an enriched mixed form proposed by some of the present authors, which preserves a uniform second order accuracy in space and time. Stabilization terms are added on the whole domain to ensure convergence.

Effects of Environmental Enrichment on the Behavior of Octopus vulgaris in a Recirculating Aquaculture System.

Octopus vulgaris is a commercially valuable species. It is overexploited in the natural environment and is considered to be an innovative species for aquaculture. However, large-scale farming is generally designed only based on economic requirements, disregarding any form of enrichment that induces the natural behavior of aquatic species. Although many studies have shown the influence of environmental enrichment on terrestrial vertebrates, fish, and cephalopod mollusks, information on the effect of environmental enrichment on the body patterns of O. vulgaris is limited. Therefore, in this study, we assessed how different environmental conditions (Basic vs. Enriched) affect sub-adults of O. vulgaris kept in recirculation systems, through qualitative-quantitative studies of the main body patterns and their potential application in the commercial production of this species. The results indicated that octopuses kept in the enriched environment showed several body patterns and gained a significantly higher weight than those kept in the basic environment. The body patterns displayed by the individuals kept in the basic environment were similar to those exhibited under situations of hostility and inter/intra-specific conflict. Hence, the environment of octopuses needs to be enriched, especially for the large-scale production of this species.

Synthesis of Functionalized Spirooxindole Polycycles: Use of Cyclic 1,3-Diones as Reactants or as Condition-Tuning Molecules

AbstractThis account describes the strategies for the synthesis of functionalized spirooxindole polycycles, including enantiomerically enriched forms, that we have developed and reported. The syntheses of these complex molecules were accomplished in a few steps starting from relatively simple oxindole derivatives and other reactants. Organocatalytic reactions involved in kinetic resolution or in dynamic kinetic transformation led to the formation of products with high diastereo- and/or enantioselectivities. Cyclic 1,3-diones, such as 1,3-cyclohexanedione, were used as reactants to provide two reaction sites for the construction of polycyclic ring systems. To tune the reaction conditions, 2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione was employed. The developed methods enabled the synthesis of complex functionalized spirooxindole polycycles bearing up to seven stereogenic centers, and will be useful for the synthesis of potentially bioactive molecules.1 Introduction2 Formal (4+1) Cycloaddition and Enantioselective Michael/Henry Cascade Reactions3 Dynamic Stereoselective Aldol/Oxacyclization Cascade Reactions4 Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation: Diastereo- and Enantioconvergent Michael/Henry Reactions5 Dimerization Reactions6 Conclusion

Investigating Object Recognition Memory Using Sensory Enrichment with a North American River Otter (Lontra canadensis)

Research studies that shed light on cognitive and perceptual abilities in otters can utilize tasks that provide environmental, structural, food-based, sensory, or cognitive enrichment. The current study examined the use of the novel object recognition task, a task commonly used to study memory in non-human animals, as a form of sensory enrichment. The subject of the current study was an adult male otter that resided at the Seneca Park Zoo in Rochester, NY, USA. The stimulus pairs for this task were multisensory (3D objects and odorants). In this study, three memory intervals were investigated: 10 min, 1 h, and 24 h (each memory interval included 10 sessions). The otter spent only 15% of his time near the stimulus pairs and engaged in very few explorations, suggesting that this was not an effective form of sensory enrichment and did not provide any evidence for long-term memory. These results contrast strongly with our previous studies with otters using a two-alternative forced-choice task that provided engaging cognitive enrichment. We suggest that cognitive enrichment, including enrichment via training (and food-based enrichment), may be more effective for otters than sensory enrichment. Future research should further investigate cognitive phenomena in otters using tasks involving cognitive enrichment. These types of studies can improve enrichment practices and promote positive welfare for otters in zoos, inform conservation efforts, and grow our limited knowledge of otter perception and cognition.

Positive human interaction improves welfare in commercial breeding dogs: Evidence from attention bias and human sociability tests

Intensive breeding practices found in large scale Commercial Breeding Establishments (CBEs) raise significant concerns about breeding dam welfare. Large-scale CBE dams spend most of their reproductive lives confined to kennels, with limited access to enriching experiences including positive human interaction. Long-term confinement can have detrimental effects on dog welfare, inducing negative affective states like anxiety and depressive-like behaviour, and leading to the development of behavioural problems such as fearfulness towards unfamiliar people. Evidence in humans and other animals shows that negative affective states increase the subject’s attention towards a threatening stimulus. We tested the impact of positive human interaction on the welfare of breeding dams from a licensed UK CBE. After receiving four weeks of either baseline levels (control, N = 16) or additional positive human interaction (enriched, N = 15), an attention bias test (ABT) was conducted to assess dogs’ affective states. Afterwards, dams’ human sociability level was evaluated using a stranger approach test. Pre- and post-intervention hair cortisol samples were collected to determine the effect of enrichment on chronic stress. In the ABT, we predicted that, compared to enriched dams, control dams would look more frequently and for longer towards the position of a negative threatening stimulus (opening and closing umbrella) and would spend less time interacting with a positive rewarding stimulus (food bowl). In the stranger approach test, we expected enriched dams would score higher, suggesting more affiliative behaviour towards unfamiliar people. Results showed that control dams looked more frequently (p = 0.005) but not for longer (p = 0.148) towards the negative stimulus in the ABT. Moreover, enriched dams spent more time sniffing (p = 0.032) and eating (p = 0.005) from the food bowl. Additionally, enriched dams scored higher on average in the stranger approach test than dams in the control group (p = 0.026). No significant difference was observed in the percentage change of hair cortisol concentration between treatment groups (p = 0.135). To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for attention bias indicating affective state in dogs. This study demonstrates that a positive human interaction used as a form of enrichment can improve welfare and sociability towards strangers in commercial breeding female dogs. However, longer-term enrichment protocols may be needed to influence hair cortisol levels. Dams in large-scale breeding facilities would benefit from additional positive human interaction, particularly near the end of their reproductive life when they are rehomed as pets.

Variable ambient temperature promotes song learning and production in zebra finches.

Current climate change is leading to increasingly unpredictable environmental conditions and is imposing new challenges to wildlife. For example, ambient conditions fluctuating during critical developmental periods could potentially impair the development of cognitive systems and may therefore have a long-term influence on an individual's life. We studied the impact of temperature variability on zebra finch cognition, focusing on song learning and song quality (N = 76 males). We used a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with two temperature conditions (stable and variable). Half of the juveniles were cross-fostered at hatching to create a mismatch between pre- and posthatching conditions, the latter matching this species' critical period for song learning. We found that temperature variability did not affect repertoire size, syllable consistency, or the proportion of syllables copied from a tutor. However, birds that experienced variable temperatures in their posthatching environment were more likely to sing during recordings. In addition, birds that experienced variable prenatal conditions had higher learning accuracy than birds in stable prenatal environments. These findings are the first documented evidence that variable ambient temperatures can influence song learning in zebra finches. Moreover, they indicate that temperature variability can act as a form of environmental enrichment with net positive effects on cognition.

Development of Web-Module Enrichment Based on Scientific Approach on Plant Diversity Submaterial by Utilizing Local Potential

<p>The city of Magelang has the local potential of the Kebun Bibit Senopati which has a variety of plants that can be used as teaching materials for plant diversity sub-materials. The potential diversity of Anthophyta plants in the Kebun Bibit Senopati can be packaged as a learning resource in the form of a web-module enrichment based on a scientific approach that is more practical and can be accessed anytime and anywhere. This study aims to determine the diversity of anthophytes in the Kebun Bibit Senopati, Magelang City, determine the feasibility of the enrichment web module, and determine the teacher's response to the enrichment web module. This research was carried out using the R&D method with a 4-D model which was limited to the development stage and modified by pre-experimentation. From the results of observations and identification of anthophytes in Kebun Bibit Senopati, it is known that there are 70 species of anthophytes that have been identified and grouped into 23 orders. The assessment of the feasibility of the web-enrichment module from media expert validators is 83.54%, material expert validators are 88.5%, and pedagogical expert validators are 81%. The feasibility of the web module is equipped with the results of the N-gain value, which is in the high category, which is effective as an enrichment learning teaching material. The teacher's response to the development of the web module is strongly agreed upon, accompanied by the acquisition of assessment results from the teacher of 85.83%. The enrichment web module is considered very feasible and effective to be used as teaching material in learning the enrichment of plant diversity sub-materials.</p>

Size Preference of Live Fish Prey in the Pellet-Consuming Pikeperch

The production of pikeperch in a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) is of growing importance. However, the use of combined technologies may also be justified, especially in countries with larger pond areas. However, this requires the most effective adaptation of pellet-consuming individuals to pond conditions. Foraging training, a form of environmental enrichment to compensate for the poor environment in hatchery rearing, can play a major role in this. The aim of our study was to investigate the prey size preference already observed in wild pikeperch, during prey capture by intensively reared naive individuals. We investigated predation success, latency, number of attempts during the process, and size distribution, in a total of 152 foraging trials of 38 pikeperch fingerlings (mean TL = 90.65 mm) at three different prey sizes (predator–prey length ratio (PPR): 0.11, 0.22, 0.33). Although predation on medium–large prey was more successful overall, it was achieved in more attempts and with greater latency. Small prey was captured with the fewest attempts. These results suggest that when calculating prey size in the foraging training of pikeperch, it is recommended to use a 0.11–0.22 PPR less than the optimal PPR described for wild individuals.

Preliminary Assessment of Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) Cognition Using Digital Cognition Testing Software and Touchscreen Technology

Studies of nonhuman primate cognition have traditionally employed subjects from the monkey (Cercopithecoidea) and ape (Hominidae) lineages, with relatively much less examination of the phylogenetically intermediate gibbons (Hylobatidae). To begin to rectify this gap in our understanding of primate cognition, we used a short-term training and testing method to preliminarily evaluate siamang gibbon (Symphalangus syndactylus) performance on a battery of standardized cognitive tasks, using Monkey CANTAB cognition testing software (Lafayette-Campden Neuroscience) and a computer touchscreen apparatus. Five different operant tasks examining distinct perceptual and cognitive functions were used to train and test each subject over a period of five weeks. Over 1900 cognitive testing trials were completed with three subjects. Despite limited training and testing opportunity, all siamangs achieved proficiency scores well above chance (> 65%) in both Concurrent Discrimination and Spatial Working Memory tasks. Over the limited training opportunities available, our subjects did not achieve proficiency in Delayed Match-to-Sample, Paired Associates Learning, or Conditional Visual Discrimination tasks; however, subjects did exhibit (to varying degrees) improved performance in these tasks, suggesting that additional training may lead to higher proficiency and that siamangs demonstrate effective, task-based learning capabilities. We present one of the first successful tests of a hylobatid ape using touchscreen cognitive testing methods and demonstrate that hylobatids can be evaluated using the same methods now commonly employed in tests of other nonhuman primates. Further, our testing regime proved to be behaviorally rewarding for our subjects, suggesting that hylobatids may benefit from advanced forms of interactive cognitive enrichment.

Access to Multiple Habitats Improves Welfare: A Case Study of Two Zoo-Housed Black Bears (Ursus americanus)

Using various forms of enrichment, animal care specialists encourage species-specific behaviors and discourage stereotypic behaviors. Within the zoo community, bears (Ursids spp.) are commonly housed, yet are prone to exhibiting stress-related behaviors. Here, we assess the effect of access to multiple habitats, including areas of off guest view, on the welfare of two American black bears (U. americanus) housed at the North Carolina Zoo. In this study, we looked at two behaviors, pacing and foraging to represent negative and positive welfare indicators. We performed logistic regressions to model the effect of access on these behaviors. Because having an animal visible to guests is important to consider when creating management plans, we also explored the effect of access on the bears’ visibility. We found that full access reduced the likelihood of pacing by an average of 13% and increased the likelihood of foraging by an average of 5%. Access to multiple areas reduced the probability of visibility by 57% for one individual but did not impact visibility of the other bear. This case study suggests the value of access to zoo animal welfare and should incite future research aimed at exploring the effects of access on various behavioral outcomes.

Efficient SABRE-SHEATH Hyperpolarization of Potent Branched-Chain-Amino-Acid Metabolic Probe [1-13C]ketoisocaproate.

Efficient 13C hyperpolarization of ketoisocaproate is demonstrated in natural isotopic abundance and [1-13C]enriched forms via SABRE-SHEATH (Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange in SHield Enables Alignment Transfer to Heteronuclei). Parahydrogen, as the source of nuclear spin order, and ketoisocaproate undergo simultaneous chemical exchange with an Ir-IMes-based hexacoordinate complex in CD3OD. SABRE-SHEATH enables spontaneous polarization transfer from parahydrogen-derived hydrides to the 13C nucleus of transiently bound ketoisocaproate. 13C polarization values of up to 18% are achieved at the 1-13C site in 1 min in the liquid state at 30 mM substrate concentration. The efficient polarization build-up becomes possible due to favorable relaxation dynamics. Specifically, the exponential build-up time constant (14.3 ± 0.6 s) is substantially lower than the corresponding polarization decay time constant (22.8 ± 1.2 s) at the optimum polarization transfer field (0.4 microtesla) and temperature (10 °C). The experiments with natural abundance ketoisocaproate revealed polarization level on the 13C-2 site of less than 1%-i.e., one order of magnitude lower than that of the 1-13C site-which is only partially due to more-efficient relaxation dynamics in sub-microtesla fields. We rationalize the overall much lower 13C-2 polarization efficiency in part by less favorable catalyst-binding dynamics of the C-2 site. Pilot SABRE experiments at pH 4.0 (acidified sample) versus pH 6.1 (unaltered sodium [1-13C]ketoisocaproate) reveal substantial modulation of SABRE-SHEATH processes by pH, warranting future systematic pH titration studies of ketoisocaproate, as well as other structurally similar ketocarboxylate motifs including pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate, with the overarching goal of maximizing 13C polarization levels in these potent molecular probes. Finally, we also report on the pilot post-mortem use of HP [1-13C]ketoisocaproate in a euthanized mouse, demonstrating that SABRE-hyperpolarized 13C contrast agents hold promise for future metabolic studies.

Trainer Interaction Can Improve Welfare Outcomes of Toy Enrichment for Isolated Animals: A Case Study

In cases where social animals must be temporarily housed alone, environmental enrichment is particularly important. Providing animals with manipulable objects (“toys”) is a common form of environmental enrichment, but its effectiveness can be limited by animal disinterest or habituation. The current study examined whether caregiver interaction could increase the effectiveness of object-based enrichment for a quarantined bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Behavioral observations were conducted after a training session, after a trainer toy play session, and between interactive sessions. The results showed that the dolphin floated in place less and played with toys more after interacting with a caregiver than he did at times further removed from caregiver interaction. He was also more likely to play with the same toys that the trainer had played with, showing effects of stimulus enhancement and/or social referencing. Although this study is, of necessity, based on a single animal of a single species, these findings suggest that interacting with a caregiver can enhance the efficacy of object-based environmental enrichment for isolated animals.

The Introduction of a Novel Computerized Apparatus to California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus)

The use of technology in laboratory and zoological settings has provided opportunities for advancement of cognition research as well as cognitive enrichment in a variety of species. Such systems have been successfully created for nonhuman primates and introduced to other anatomically and physiologically diverse species such as bears and tortoises. However, such systems have yet to be used with frequency in aquatic species given the challenge of incorporating accessible technology in such a setting. Herein, we report the successful creation and implementation of a novel manipulatable computerized system with California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) housed in outdoor sea pens. The Enclosure Video Enrichment (EVE) system was created and provided to three adult male sea lions living at the U.S. Navy’s Marine Mammal Program. The interface was modified from those used with other species to accommodate the anatomical and physiological differences of the study subjects. Training procedures were adapted from those successfully used with nonhuman primates to emphasize successive learning approximations. Each of the sea lions introduced to EVE successfully learned to engage with the system at differing rates over the course of a year and a half. While each showed significant differences in interaction style (e.g., number of button presses), all were able to achieve the same criterion for acquisition. This system is the first recorded success in providing a technological means to test cognition in California sea lions through an animal-manipulated interface and has the potential to function as a form of cognitive enrichment in this species.

Money Laundering Crime in The Perspective of Islamic Law in The System of Proof

This paper initiates the study of Islamic law, related to the reverse proof system contained in Articles 77 and 78 contained in law No. 8 of 2010. In Article 77, it is known that in court there is an examination with an interest in proving the absence of criminal acts related to the ownership of assets. In addition, from Article 78, it is known that the submission of sufficient evidence related to the possession of assets is an obligation for the defendant when the examination contained in Article 77 is carried out. Islamic law in the study of the burden of scientific proof needs to get a big position, because it is believed that Islamic law has a part of the scope that covers everything. In this study the authors used qualitative methods to respond to the concept of fiqh life in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is related to the burden of proof reversed using the opinions of Islamic law, usul fiqh and legislation. From the results of the study, the evidence to the contrary does not apply to all criminal cases, but only to special cases such as money laundering. Money laundering in Indonesia can be in the form of enrichment by illegal means. Islamic law in the development of law in Indonesia also minimizes the crime of criminal origin that develops and continues in money crimes from the influence of controlling illicit money that feels like halal money and also includes sanctions against perpetrators of crimes punished by Islam into national law.

Shrimp head autolysis and use of protein-rich fraction for salted snacks enrichment

In order to contribute to the fight against malnutrition and to limit environmental pol-lution, shrimp head autolysis was performed. Resulting fractions were characterised to identify the protein-richest one which was used to improve the nutritional quality of wheat flour-based snacks. Supernatant fraction from shrimp head autolysis (SSHA) was found to have the highest protein content (73.56 ± 0.42%). In addition to 5% and 10% flour substitutions with powder SSHA, the direct use of liquid SSHA was performed against a control. As expected, the protein contents increased after the enrichments. They were similar (P>0.05) for the 5% flour substitution (10.41±0.17%) and the use of liquid SSHA (10.08±0.21%). The proportion was 13.08±0.07% for the 10% flour substi-tution. The fat content increased significantly when the snacks were fortified. SSHA and snacks were of good microbiological quality despite the presence of moulds up to 1.0x102 CFU in the snacks. The use of SSHA in the snacks increased their appreciation. The snacks enriched with liquid SSHA were the most appreciated with a likeness score of 7.34. Liquid SSHA is thus a very interesting form of enrichment from a sensory point of view.

Does clicker training reduce stress in shelter cats?

PICO question
 In domestic cats in a shelter setting, does clicker training decrease proxy measures of a stressed emotional state (behavioural or physiological) compared to no clicker training?
 
 Clinical bottom line
 Category of research question
 Treatment
 The number and type of study designs reviewed
 Two papers were critically reviewed. One was a prospective quasi-randomised clinical trial, the other was a quasi-experimental before-and-after study with each cat being its own control
 Strength of evidence
 Weak
 Outcomes reported
 Both papers reported a decrease in behavioural stress indicators in shelter cats following a clicker training programme. Not all of these decreases were statistically significant and there are large issues with confounding factors in both papers
 Conclusion
 Preliminary evidence suggests that clicker training can be implemented as one form of enrichment to reduce stress in shelter cats alongside other means. Further evidence is required to demonstrate superiority to other forms of enrichment to reduce stress in shelter cats, especially given the practical limitations of implementing such a programme in most shelters
 
 How to apply this evidence in practice
 The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources.
 Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.

Mathematical Model Simulation of Non-Linear Equations using MATLAB: Specific Volume of Gas with Van der Waals Equation

Computational physics is concerned with the application of numerical methods in solving physical problems. The van der Waals gas model is one of the most common non-linear models. This study simulated a mathematical model of a non-linear equation using MatLab for the case of the specific volume of gas in the equation of the state of van der Waals. This study aimed to determine the molar volume and compressibility factor, as well as describe the relationship between the compressibility factor and the reduced pressure. The method of the study is experimental. The independent variables are the reduced pressure and temperature values. The dependent variable is the determination of the value of the molar volume (V) and the compressibility factor (Z). The control variable, in the form of a function used in solving this case, is based on van der Waals equation with the gas used is ammonia. The fzero command can be used to solve f(x)=0 with a single variable. This program that has been running successfully can show various predictions in the form of reduction pressure, thus obtaining the values of the molar volume and compressibility factor using the ideal gas equation. There is a deviation in ammonia gas, the Z1 at high reduction pressures and Z1 at medium pressures. This study can provide contributions and benefits in the form of material enrichment of thermodynamics to understand how real gases behave. The ideal gas equation can be modified into the van der Waals equation.