Dialectal Forms Research Articles

Particularidades do Português Tocantinense: resultados do Atlas Linguístico Topodinâmico e Topoestático do Estado do Tocantins (ALiTTETO)

O atual Tocantins, desmembrado do espaço goiano em 1988, apresenta características migratórias intensas, sobretudo de populações procedentes das regiões Norte e Nordeste, o que se traduz em ações centrípetas e centrífugas relacionadas às formas dialetais de informantes locais e migrantes. Em razão desse movimento de falantes plurivarietais, realizamos o “Atlas Linguístico Topodinâmico e Topoestático do Estado do Tocantins” – ALiTTETO (2018), defendido como tese de doutorado na Universidade Estadual de Londrina. O trabalho, lato sensu, foi composto por inquéritos realizados em 12 localidades, junto a 96 informantes estratificados por idade, sexo e mobilidade (migrante e não migrante). Neste recorte, fornecemos resultados nos níveis fonético-fonológico, mais precisamente na variação do rótico em coda medial, que atrela o Tocantins a uma norma fonética presente nas regiões Norte e Nordeste brasileira; e no viés lexical, com a apresentação das variantes para libélula/cambito/cavalo/cavalinho (de/do capeta, cão, judeu), que demonstra a formação de área dialetal nas proximidades com o espaço intitulado como Falar Baiano.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CATEGORY OF THE TENSE OF THE VERB IN THE NORTHERN DIALECTS OF THE UDMURT LANGUAGE

This paper explores the functioning of tense forms of verb in the Northern dialects of the Udmurt language, which have insufficient coverage in scientific literature. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a comprehensive research of the category of the tense in the context of territorial varieties of Udmurt language. The empirical base of the research is the language materials of the author’s dialectological expeditions to the areas of Northern Udmurt. The paper highlights specific features of the Northern Udmurt dialects on the one hand and features with limited diffusion in certain microsystems of studied dialects on the other. Consistent comparison of the language facts of Northern Udmurt dialects with similar phenomena in other dialects of Udmurt is made. The study demonstrates that in the studied dialects the verb tenses in their substantial and structural characteristics largely coincide with the system of the Udmurt literary language. Dialectal peculiarities are revealed in derivation, paradigms of conjugation, distribution and semantics of the use of separate tense forms. Distinctive features of the morphological character are observed in terms of the expression of individual forms of the present tense, which is due to the phonetic laws existing in the Northern dialects. Certain intra-dialect peculiarities are revealed in the forms of inflection (for example, the paradigm of modal perfection in a positive aspect varying in the Northern dialects). The paper deals with quantitative composition and peculiarities of derivation of analytical past tense forms in the Northern dialects of the Udmurt language. The main attention is paid to the most widely spread analytical forms of past tenses. Structural and semantic features of functioning of considered forms in Northern dialects are noted. The study has identified dialectal differences in the accentuation in verb forms with the suffixes -my,-dy,-zy.

The Concept Maslahah of Najamuddin al Tufi and It's Relevance of Sharia Business

Al-Tufi is one of the maslahah figures. al-Al-Tufi defines maslahah based on two things, in urf and shar'i, while in urf is a factor that leads to goodness and benefits. Like trading that brings profit. While according to shar'i maslahah is a causal factor that leads to the intention of lawmakers in matters of worship, as well as customs. The rationalization effort based on the spirit of shar'i arguments in its dialectical form delivered Al-Tufi's thoughts towards the re-actualization of Islamic law in the field of muamalah which was more applicable and found a significant momentum. Considering the need for renewal of Islamic law based on public benefit is more pronounced in this modern era especially in business, with this Al-Tufi method, Sharia business law will be dynamic and progressive again. Is not the Islamic Sharia down to earth with the aim of achieving human maslahah.

Enigma y situación límite en un conjunto de cuentos folklóricos

Este artículo está centrado en el estudio de un conjunto de cuentos «de adivinanzas» recopilados de la tradición oral de Osorno (sur de Chile). El análisis comprende dos aspectos: a) la estructura narrativa, en sincronía, y b) su filiación, basada en relaciones intertextuales, en diacronía. Más adelante se presenta el corpus de cuentos folklóricos estudiados y las correspondientes notas lingüísticas aclaratorias de algunas formas dialectales.

Kwolek czy Chwałek? O nazwisku rodowym słynnej chemiczki

Stefania (in the US: Stephanie Louise) Kwolek is an American chemist of Polish descent. Globally, she is primarily known as a co-inventor of kevlar, material used to manufacture, among other things, bulletproof vests. Numerous works dedicated to the life and achievements of the famous researcher point to doubts with regard to the spelling of her maiden name. According to certain publications, the name Kwolek is either an Americanised or a distorted Polish name Chwałek. The author of this article shows that both surnames have the same origin – Chwałek is a standard, literary form, and Kwolek is a dialectical form, compliant with the pronunciation in the dialects of south-eastern Poland. The form Kwolek started being used by the society in distant past, still before the official codification of surnames on the Polish territory. That was the name used by Stefania’s father at the time he emigrated to America, therefore, there is no reason to refer to him by the name Chwałek, even if the name Kwolek may seem less prestigious.

Definition of work: unsolved problem in classical mechanics

The critical analysis of the foundations of classical mechanics is proposed. Methodological basis of the analysis is the unity of formal logic and rational dialectics. The main results of the analysis of concepts “force”, “work” and “work of force” are the following statements: (1) the standard concept “work of force” contradicts to dialectics (practice) and formal logic because the concept “force” is a general abstract concept. The concept “force of interaction of material objects” is a general concrete concept because this concept expresses the property (feature, sign, quality) of the interaction of material objects. But the property does not perform the work because the property is not a material object. Work is performed by a controllable (operated) material object. Consequently, the standard mathematical definition of work is an incorrect relationship; (2) the concept “force of interaction of material objects” can only be defined in a genetic way: one should measure the force of interaction with the help of a dynamometer. The dynamometer reading represents the value of the measured quantity (force). If the measured quantity (force) is a variable quantity, then a change of this quantity (force) is called the movement of this quantity (force). But if the force is a constant quantity, then the movement of the force does not exist. Consequently, the standard mathematical definition of work is an incorrect relationship; (3) the position of the force in the coordinate system cannot be determined because a force is not a material object, and the quantity of the force does not have the dimension (measure) “meter”. This signifies that: (a) a force does not exist in the material coordinate system; (b) a force does not exist on the material path; the path length (distance) for force does not exist. Consequently, force cannot move over a distance that has the dimension “meter”. This signifies that the standard mathematical definition of work is an incorrect relationship; (4) in point of view of dialectics, work and energy are nonidentity concepts. Work is the activity of man, a robot, a controllable machine created by man. Work represents a rational, reasonable, well-directed, purposeful, purposive activity which manifested in the informational and material change of reality. This activity is the impossible if intellectual, informational, energy, and material resources do not exist. Thus, the standard mathematical definition of the work of force is a formal-logical, dialectical (practical), and physical errors.

Belarusian-Russian mixed speech in modern stage performances

This article analyses the typical features of the influence of the Russian language on Belarusian stage speech. Contemporary theatre, concerts, and other cultural events have played an important role in the popularization in the Belarusian language of misbalanced bilingualism. According to the transcripts of modern actors, emcees, and musicians recorded in theatres, music clubs, literature museums, and culture centres between 2012 and 2019, different fragments and types of mixing of Belarusian and Russian are revealed. Firstly, we notice switching of language code, which is used for famous phrases from literature, cinema, etc., or shows someone else’s speech. Secondly, we have examples of Russian language interference in Belarusian at the lexical, grammatical, and phonetic levels. So-called trasianka-distorted Russian language according to the special features of the Belarusian orthoepyis observed as a specific kind of interfered speech. In addition, various variants of hard mixing of systems and subsystems, functional styles of two languages (especially including of dialect words and forms), jargon lexis, and special units of alternative norms of the Belarusian language tarashkevitsa are shown. This research notes that mixed speech is a result not only of bilingual interaction, but the decline in the standard of stage speech. It is noted that trasianka helps to create a comic or negative character image on stage.

Making and Un-making the Hegelian Middle

This extensive collection of essays is a thorough elaboration of the now well-established thesis that Hegelian philosophy and Canadian socio-political history have an intimate relationship. For example, Canadian history has required collaboration and negotiation between groups, most recently expressed in multiculturalism, which would be expressed through a specifically Canadian form of Hegelian dialectic. The collection centers on five Canadian “Hegelians”—Emil Fackenheim, James Doull, George Grant, Charles Taylor, and Henry S. Harris—who have either made significant contributions to Hegelian scholarship, or its application to Canadian issues, or both. Grouping these five as Hegelians minimizes the fact that both George Grant and Emil Fackenheim explicitly rejected Hegelian philosophy due to its inability to adequately formulate the relationship between particularity and universality. Resolution of dialectical oppositions is described in the various essays of this collection in many different ways: as compromise, tension, consensus, moderation, communication across differences, promise, etc. The cumulative effect is to suggest that any sort of difference will be framed as dialectical opposition, and thus as Hegelian, by these authors. This framing excludes from consideration one significant other manner of conceiving of the Canadian Geist as devolution of state power.

Ambiguity and contradiction: the outlines of Jung's dialectics.

This essay explores Jung's thinking strategies, argumentation patterns, and concept formation processes, and reveals how they distinguish his work from normal present-day science. Jung doesn't much appreciate the law of noncontradiction, which is a cornerstone of classical logic, and he doesn't refrain from using openly ambiguous theoretical terms. It will be pointed out that not only specific archetypes, but the notion of archetype itself, as well as other of Jung's theoretical notions (energy, including libidinal energy, polarity, integration, wholeness, instinct, symbol, and so on), are consciously ambiguous and thus potentially contradictory. It is shown that this kind of dialectic research strategy and related contradiction-tolerant and ambiguity-tolerant methods connect his work to Post-Kantian German Idealism, Schelling's and Schopenhauer's philosophy in particular. However, it was Hegel who, in his Science of Logic, presented a systematic overview of such dialectic principles of reasoning, which were, in the 19th century, widely applied by German philosophers, theologians, and other scholars. Unfortunately, Jung decided not to study Hegel, but, instead, wrote derogatorily of his work. It will be argued that a Jungian who wants to be conscious of her own argumentation strategies and methods of concept formation should study Hegel's complex and sophisticated dialectical logic. In addition, it is suggested that Jungian depth psychology might help us to amend the phenomenological deficits of Hegel's system by providing it with a primal experiential source. This is needed because Hegel's Geist, due to its intellectual emphasis, is a self-conscious conceptual totality which advances progressively from stage to stage by guiding itself with the help of dialectical reason (Vernunft). It will be shown that if enriched with a proper kind of experiential givenness, which includes the Jungian unconsciousness (with libidinal energy, instincts, and archetypes), Hegelian metaphysics would be able to embrace a seriously aconceptual or preconceptual dimension. Aconceptual experience, which is, for Jung, mainly the instinctual layer of archetypes, remains essentially inaccessible, not only for normal scientific concepts, but for the concepts of any form of dialectics as well.

The Thessalian and Cretan Name for ‘Bottle Gourd’

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 63 (2015), issue 3.
 In his work Deipnosophistae (IX 369b), Athenaeus discusses four Greek names for turnip, (Brassica campestris L., syn. Brassica rapa L.): βουνιάς, γογγυλίς, Laconian γάστρα and Boeotian ζεκελτίς. The three first names are clearly motivated by the Greek vocabulary. The fourth term remains obscure in terms of its etymology and word-formation. According to Athenaeus (IX 369b), two Greek writers, Amerias and Timachidas, refer to a dialectal (evidently Thessalian) term ζακελτίς f. ‘bottle gourd, calabash, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.’. In his lexicon, Hesychius of Alexandria registers two related glosses: ζακελτίδες · κολοκύνται. ἢ γογγυλίδες (HAL ζ-24); ζακαυθίδες · κολοκύνται (HAL ζ-30). The former refers to the Thessalian lexis. The latter one (wrongly printed as ζακυνθίδες · κολοκύνται in M. Schmidt’s and K. Latte’s editions) demonstrates a shift of the liquid consonant λ [l] to [ṷ], which is a typical Cretan phenomenon, attested also in the Hesychian lexicon, see e.g. [1] αὐκάν · ἀλκήν. Κρῆτες (HAL α-8277); [2] αὐκυόνα · ἀλκυόνα. Κρῆτες (HAL α-8280); [3] αὕμα · ἅλμη, ὑπὸ Κρητῶν (HAL α-8324); [4] αὖσος · ἄλσος. Κρῆτες (HAL α-8347); [5] θεύγεσθαι · θέλγεσθαι. Κρῆτες (HAL θ-427). The same phonological process of the velarization of *λ [l] is also registered in epigraphic texts found in three towns of Central Crete (Gortyna, Leben, Phaistos). Thus, it seems that the Hesychian term ζακαυθίδες ‘bottle gourds’ (derived from the earlier *ζακαλθίδες) must be seen as a dialectal form typical of Central Cretan.

GENDER AND AGE: LANGUAGE USE IN TV SERIES & THE IMPACT TO ENGLISH LEARNING

The purpose of the research is to find out the use of language in TV series in the perspective of gender and age. It is also found the differences and similarities among adult male, female and older people use the non-standard language. This research used a method of descriptive qualitative research, since it analyzes all the script on the TV series. The sample of the study is consisted of 2 parts which are divided into gender and age perspectives based on the underlying theories. The conversations were categorized as: two languages (Bahasa Indonesia or the original language of the TV series and English as the translation). The dialogs are also divided into standard language and non-standard language among adult males, females and older man (parents). Then, the findings of the research shows that Labov’s theory is rejected by Olive and Tara’s dialect in the dialog, but they support the statement of Aldous Huxley. Then, the utterances of Olive’s Father, it violates Downes’s theory who says that between the ages of 25 and 60 people choose standard as opposed to dialectical forms most frequently. Besides, by learning this journal, it is hoped that this article can be an example to the young generation early so that they do not participate in the decay of standard language specifically when they use in academic context.Keywords: Gender, Age, TV series, English Learning

LEARNING THE PALKEN LANGUAGE AS AN OFFICIAL DIALECT OF THE BANATIAN BULGARIANS

Banat Bulgarians are a special descendant of the centuries-old tree of the Bulgarian ethnic group. Descendants of the displaced from Nikopol and Svishtov after the rout of the Chuprov’s uprising in 1688, they have lived in Banat for 281 years and have preserved their language, traditions and Bulgarian consciousness. Despite their affiliation to Catholicism, they continue to be referred to as “palkene” as a remembrance of their Pavlikian past. After Bulgaria's liberation from Turkish slavery, some of the Banat Bulgarians returned to their homeland, again seeking subsistence and a better life, and founded the villages of Dragomirovo, Gostilya, Bardarski Geran, Bregare and Asenovo. Banat Bulgarians use their own language, which they call "Palken". His writing is based on the Croatian Latin version, and preserves many ancient forms of the language spoken in Bulgaria. The main principle in the Bulgarian Palken spelling is phonetic, ie. it is written as it is pronounced. In lexical terms, there are many borrowing from the Banat Bulgarians from German, Hungarian and Serbian, which is due to the close contacts of Banat Bulgarians with other people in the multi-ethnic Banat. Despite the foreign influence, the dialect form and the use of Latin instead of Cyrillic, the Banat Bulgarians emphasize the Bulgarian character in their language. The Bulgarian Palken language is used in literature, the press, the church and the media with minor differences due to the different dialects. In the period 1860-1896 it was the main language of teaching in the Bulgarian school in Banat, from 1896 to 1918 it was replaced by Hungarian, and then – by Romanian or Serbian. In Bulgaria, the Palken language was functional in the late 18th and early 20th centuries. Today the Banat Bulgarians have turned their dialect in a second Bulgarian literary language, publishing a large number of textbooks, calendars, books, prayer books, newspapers and magazines, through which the few who know and use the Palken language seek to influence others in their community and save it from destruction and oblivion. Nowadays, this language continues to be alive and real in the culture and everyday life of Bulgarian families who have migrated from Bulgaria due to historical circumstances more than two hundred years ago in Serbian, Romanian and Hungarian Banat. This report examines the specifics of the graphical system of the Bulgarian Palken language by comparing them with the modern Bulgarian language.

Against realism: Hegel and Adorno on philosophy’s critical role

Key representatives of the dialectical tradition, Hegel and Adorno conceived philosophy as a critical tool, directed both at the naive realism of ordinary reason and the more sophisticated realism of modern scientific discourse. For the two authors, philosophy’s main task is to question received ideas and practices and to expose their underlying contradictions, thereby enabling meaningful forms of cultural and political change. But while for Hegel this procedure takes the form of a systematic enquiry, leading from a spurious to a true account of reality, Adorno rejects the idea that reason and reality can be reconciled. On the one hand, he praises Hegel for having developed a truly dialectical form of criticism, set into motion by the immanent unfolding of reality’s intrinsic contradictions. On the other hand, he views Hegel’s emphasis on systematic integration as a form of dogmatism, which must itself be criticized. Instead of a ‘positive’ or ‘closed’ dialectic, fuelled by the expectation of a final overarching synthesis, Adorno calls for a ‘negative’ or ‘open’ dialectic, radically averse to all forms of unification. In doing so, however, he is led to question the very limits of conceptual reason, leaving criticism vulnerable to new forms of attack.

A cultural-historical perspective on the multimodal development of concepts in science lectures

As part of a series of investigations in which we explore the integration of verbal and nonverbal aspects of communication into a dialectical, sense-constitutive unit during science lectures, this study adapts the notions of catchments (i.e., repetitions of essential features of the gesture-speech dialectic) and growth points (i.e., moments in which ideas in the form of a gesture-speech dialectic are born) to analyze, from a multimodal communicative perspective, the articulation and development of scientific concepts in the course of several consecutive lessons dealing with the circulatory system. The presence of catchments and the identification of growth points within and across lessons allow us to understand how scientific concepts are instantiated (i.e., taught) in and during science lectures. The results of our analysis make evident the dialectical relations between the various semiotic resources that are integrated into the communicative unit, helping us elucidate teaching of scientific concepts as a process, a drama in several acts, that unfolds in time and across consecutive lectures.

Pastabos apie Balio Sruogos laiškų rašybą ir kalbą

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] The language and spelling of fiction, scientific literature, journalism and other literature are usually edited in an exemplary manner. The true language of writers is well illustrated by the letters they wrote. The language of the letters of the Lithuanian literary classic Balys Sruoga is incredibly distant from the language of the works published. The letters are full of various types of mistakes. Long and short vowels are confused, nasal letters are very often left out in accusative singular and genitive plural cases, in singular and plural endings of nominative cases of active participles, in the roots of verbs, as well as there are incorrectly written forms where there is consonant assimilation. The causes of mistakes are different. At the beginning of the 20th century, the spelling of the Lithuanian language was not yet properly standardized. But the main reason was that B. Sruoga did not study at any Lithuanian school. The writer graduated from Panevėžys Realschool, where all the subjects were taught in Russian. Later on, he studied at the universities of Petrograd, Moscow, and Munich. Mistakes are made due to his inaccuracy, as well as for psychological reasons. In the letters where the author complains of a bad mood, tells about disasters or failures he has experienced, there are usually numerous mistakes. B. Sruoga’s letters contain poems or their insertions, some letters exist as separate texts of fiction. The writer is much more focused on the intense search for stylistic variants rather than on spelling. Lithuanian writers often use dialect forms and words from their native dialects. B. Sruoga is unique in this regard. He uses not only his own, but also other forms of Lithuanian dialectal words, such as the illative case, the supine, the dual form of predicates and verbs, infinitive forms of dialect verbs, subjunctive and imperative mood forms, and others. The letters in question employ a large number of foreign words (mainly Slavisms), especially literally translated Slavic constructions. Keywords: Balys Sruoga, ego documents, orthography, dialectal elements, barbarisms, neologisms. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15823/zz.2018.12

Sergei Eisenstein as Seen by Peter Greenaway: A Dialectic Representation of an (Anti-)Great Film Director

ABSTRACTPeter Greenaway’s recent biopic of the great Russian film director and master of montage Sergei M. Eisenstein, Eisenstein in Guanajuato, forms an important addition to filmic life writing. Greenaway ‘writes’ Eisenstein on screen through the film director’s actions as documented across an array of sources—including Eisenstein’s own autobiography—but he also reveals Eisenstein’s inner thoughts and feelings, using Eisenstein’s own voice (that is, his theories and film practice). Rather than portraying the Russian director at work, Greenaway opted to present Eisenstein’s directorial film philosophy, attempting to capture the essence of being ‘Eisenstein’. The film focuses on fourteen crucial months in the director’s life: the period he spent in Mexico, from where he was banished without completing what could have been his directorial masterpiece, the film Que Viva Mexico! Greenaway is laudatory of Eisenstein’s importance for the history of cinema, whilst depicting him in carnivalesque and corporeally grotesque terms. Thus, Greenaway simultaneously portrays Eisenstein as a great man and an anti-hero, in truly dialectical form. These apparently contradictory images of the cinematic master, functioning as thesis and antithesis, build up into something larger: a synthetic Eisenstein. The result is a larger-than-life, entirely ecstatic Eisenstein and an ode to his synaesthetic and dialectical approach to life and cinema. In doing this, however, Greenaway doubles his subject’s ‘voice’ with his own and also ‘writes’ himself through Sergei Eisenstein’s theory and practice.

Intimacy, Cosmopolitanism, and Digital Media: A Research Manifesto

Research into intimacy must grapple with its ambiguity while attempting to place it within a contemporary technological and political context. I argue for a metaphysics of intimacy that provides a ground for research. Through a critical reading of the philosophy of Peter Sloterdijk, I suggest a formal dialectic between intimacy and cosmopolitanism. Intimacy is an enclosure over time, while cosmopolitanism is an opening through an event. These ideal forms become actual in digital media, which often reveal the dark side of intimacy, as they withhold the cosmopolitan event and hence the possibility of diverse yet cohesive collectives. I outline various fields of research where the contradiction between intimacy and cosmopolitanism can be explored and potentially resolved through methodologies that critically imagine alternative designs.

Tytuły utworów w cyklu „Na Skalnym Podhalu” Kazimierza Tetmajera – struktura syntaktyczno-semantyczna, uwarunkowania stylistyczne i tekstowe, funkcje

The Titles of Stories in the “Na Skalnym Podhalu” Collection by Kazimierz Tetmajer – Syntactic and Semantic Structure, Stylistic and Textual Conditions, Functions The theme of the description and analysis are the titles of stories in the collection „Na Skalnym Podhalu” by Kazimierz Tetmajer, as well as the title of the whole book itself. The aim of this description is to indicate the formal (syntactic) and semantic differentiation of titles, to present their stylistic and textual conditions and determine the function which they have in the structure of individual stories and in the whole collection. As far as the form is concerned, one can distinguish between double (3) and simple (36) titles. A considerable number of simple titles are in the form of a sentence (10), one title represents announcements (nominal sentences), the remaining ones (25) are the titles in the form of notification. The most common and the most characteristic titles for that collection are the titles-sentences with a structure of Jak umarł Jakub Zych and determining announcements with a structure of O Wojtku cudaku. In terms of semantics, the titles of stories represent the basic type which is informative and descriptive one because they provide information on the content of stories: most often about main characters or plot themes, less frequently about the place of the action, theme or type of the text. One of the titles has an interpretative value. The titles occurring in “Na Skalnym Podhalu” strongly correlate with the style of texts in the collection, where the dominant principle is folklore. This principle is visible in the stylisation of the Podhale dialect and in the stylisation of a tale as the form of oral folk tale. Thus, the presence of dialect forms and dialect lexis as well as many proper names which were authentic lexically and often also denotatively, being connected with geographical and cultural space of the Podhale region and Tatra mountains. Furthermore, the pattern “O + miejscownik” (About + locative) referring to metatextual and pragmatic frame of oral folk tales also occurs very often. The titles of stories in the collection “Na Skalnym Podhalu” not only perform the typical delimitative, distinctive and identifying functions but also descriptive and — as in the case of the title of the whole book — integrative ones.

Translating Cordel Literature into Libras—Some Challenges for Deaf Translators

The research reported here describes a practical translation study, in which a pamphlet of Cordel poetry from the Brazilian northeast region was translated into Libras (Brazilian Sign Language). Cordel is an important literary form of the region, to which deaf people have limited access. Our aim was to understand the reality of the translation process, considering the specific challenges it presents to deaf translators and their deaf audiences, so that we could provide the best translations possible for members of the Deaf community. A small team of deaf researchers carried out the translation, and we consider here their experiences and some observations made by their proposed target audiences. We find that the challenges Cordel poses for Libras translators stem partly from its playful use of language form and meaning, such as might be expected in other literary translations, and that its unusual dialect form creates an extra layer of complexity. Limited access to the cultural heritage of the northeast region means that deaf translators need to deal with challenges at many stages of the translation process that are usually considered unproblematic in other written translations, such as the assumed knowledge of members of their target culture and the translators' understanding of the literary norms of that culture, especially the performance role of a Libras literary translator. Despite these challenges, Cordel and Libras literature share some norms that may make translations easier in some respects than translations of Cordel into languages with stricter, more codified literary heritages.

Southeast Korea dialectal forms of the traditional ritual classifier “Jang”

Southeast Korea dialectal forms of the traditional ritual classifier “Jang”