Forms Of Deprivation Research Articles

Re-thinking destitution in the UK: typologies, spaces and transitions

Destitution, a severe form of poverty still persists in modern, industrialised nations such as the UK despite a robust, social security system in place. Increased use of food banks, inadequate housing provisions, etc., point to evidence that there are those who experience such extreme forms of deprivation. There is therefore the need to understand why destitution persists and if it might be possible to contemplate alternative approaches beyond the currently employed legal frameworks focussing mostly on asylum seekers. This commentary presents a conceptualising of various spaces and types of destitutes in the UK and points to where policy makers and the third sector might sector intervene so that transitions from ‘not destitute’ to ‘being destitute’ might be reduced.

PROFILE SURVEY OF WASTE PICKERS IN BRAZIL: REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COLLECTION VEHICLE AND OPTIMIZED ROUTING

This study presents information collected from waste pickers in the southern, south-eastern and north-eastern regions of Brazil to guide the development of a collection vehicle and a support system for the definition of collecting routes. The study had three objectives: to specify the profile of waste pickers of recyclable materials in the three surveyed regions; to diagnose the working conditions of individuals linked to associations and cooperatives of waste pickers and to identify the physical and operational structure of the waste picker organizations. To reach these objectives questionnaires were issued to waste pickers linked to associations and cooperatives that collect recyclables using human- or animal-powered vehicles and to the waste picker organizations themselves. Based on the results of this study, we are able to provide the requirements for the development of the collection vehicle, to draw a profile of the waste pickers in the three study regions and have better understanding of the working and physical conditions and the organizational structure of waste picker entities. It can be concluded that waste pickers suffer several forms of deprivation, resulting in the marginalization, prejudice and exclusion of individuals who conduct this work, making it essential to promote actions that contribute to the social inclusion of waste pickers in their productive segment.

PROFILE SURVEY OF WASTE PICKERS IN BRAZIL: REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COLLECTION VEHICLE AND OPTIMIZED ROUTING

This study presents information collected from waste pickers in the southern, south-eastern and north-eastern regions of Brazil to guide the development of a collection vehicle and a support system for the definition of collecting routes. The study had three objectives: to specify the profile of waste pickers of recyclable materials in the three surveyed regions; to diagnose the working conditions of individuals linked to associations and cooperatives of waste pickers and to identify the physical and operational structure of the waste picker organizations. To reach these objectives questionnaires were issued to waste pickers linked to associations and cooperatives that collect recyclables using human- or animal-powered vehicles and to the waste picker organizations themselves. Based on the results of this study, we are able to provide the requirements for the development of the collection vehicle, to draw a profile of the waste pickers in the three study regions and have better understanding of the working and physical conditions and the organizational structure of waste picker entities. It can be concluded that waste pickers suffer several forms of deprivation, resulting in the marginalization, prejudice and exclusion of individuals who conduct this work, making it essential to promote actions that contribute to the social inclusion of waste pickers in their productive segment.

Security of tenure in international development discourse

The global campaign for secure land tenure is being championed by the international development community through the world development agencies which advocate a particular interpretation of ‘security of tenure’. Yet, this article shows that there are many meanings of secure tenure and multiple ways of ensuring that tenure is secure. It suggests that, by ignoring other legal, economic and social interpretations and mechanisms for enhancing security of tenure, and advocating one reductionist view, the world development agencies may be reinforcing other forms of deprivation. Researchers and policy-makers need to maintain a more critical perspective on the particular understanding of security of land tenure adopted by the world development agencies.

Not by Bread Alone

Inequality causes a variety of social ills, which give egalitarians reasons for concerns of justice. In particular, inequality is deemed to undermine people's fundamental moral capacity of self-respect. In this paper, we explore the complex relationship between inequality and self-respect from a philosophical and an empirical angle, arguing that a theory of justice should take both into account. To this purpose, we first clarify the normative objection to inequality from the alleged erosion of self-respect. Then, we elaborate on empirical findings showing the crucial role that 'relative deprivation' plays in the causal mechanism that connects inequalities to the erosion of self-respect. We conclude that this role is best understood in philosophical terms as a form of deprivation that affects the significance that people attach to the value of the choices they make.

The Evolution of the New Black Middle Class

Although past research on the African American community has focused primarily on issues of discrimination, segregation, and other forms of deprivation, there has always been some recognition of class diversity within the black community. This research, on the fringe of most scholarship in the first half of the twentieth century, grew significantly with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In this review we highlight the growth of the black middle class itself and explore the debate on the relative influence of class and race in the lives of middle-class blacks in the post–Civil Rights Era. The consensus that has emerged thus far acknowledges the increasing influence of class in the mobility chances of college-educated blacks while documenting the continued role of race in limiting black middle-class achievement. This research also finds that middle-class blacks experience discrimination both in institutional settings and in the accommodations of everyday life.

The Policy Switch Needed to Avert Australia’s Looming Energy Crisis

Australia faces an energy crisis due to an overwhelming reliance on the market to deliver its’ energy needs. It is becoming increasingly evident that the market will not provide adequate generation capacity to meet the growing demand for electricity whilst delivering increasingly unaffordable electricity for more and more Australian households, creating a new form of deprivation called energy poverty. Political indecision on substantive, albeit market-based, policy responses to climate change further threatens Australia’s long term energy security as does a wide range of contradictory and poorly designed public policies. An energy crisis can be averted with timely political decisions to adjust a handful of core policies and establish a holistic policy framework to deliver adequate, reliable, affordable and sustainable energy to all, not a few, Australians.

Understanding the socio-economic distribution of multiple deprivation: An application of self-organising maps

In this paper we seek to contribute to recent efforts to develop and implement multi-dimensional approaches to social exclusion by applying self-organising maps (SOMs) to a set of material deprivation indicators from the Irish component of EU-SILC. The first stage of our analysis involves the identification of sixteen clusters that confirm the multi-dimensional nature of deprivation in contemporary Ireland and the limitations of focusing solely on income. In going beyond this mapping stage, we consider both patterns of socio-economic differentiation in relation to cluster membership and the extent to which such membership contributes to our understanding of economic stress. Our analysis makes clear the continuing importance of traditional forms of stratification relating to factors such as income, social class and housing tenure in accounting for patterns of multiple deprivation. However, it also confirms the role of acute life events and life cycle and location influences. Most importantly, it demonstrates that conclusions relating to the relative impact of different kinds of socio-economic influences are highly dependent on the form of deprivation being considered. Our analysis suggests that debates relating to the extent to which poverty and social exclusion have become individualized should take particular care to distinguish between different kinds of outcomes. Further analysis demonstrates that the SOM approach is considerably more successful than a comparable latent class analysis in identifying those exposed to subjective economic stress.

Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response

The transition to capitalism in former communist countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR was achieved at a very high human cost, leading to unprecedented increases in poverty, inequality, and other forms of deprivation. This paper surveys the literature and data on human costs of post-communist transition and discusses differences in responses to poverty among countries of the region. It argues that human costs of transition to the market were strongly influenced by policy choices made by the governments and were least severe in countries of central eastern Europe, where public response dominated the anti-poverty efforts. In most of the countries of the former USSR and south-eastern Europe, state-run poverty abatement programs were largely inadequate, putting the brunt of the struggle with poverty onto the shoulders of families and individuals.

On the Social and Legal Status of Slaves in the North Caucasus

AbstractThe present paper is an attempt to elucidate some aspects of the social and legal status of slaves and, generally, the dependent populace in the North-Eastern Caucasus. The material introduced here allows to reveal some characteristic features of slavery and servitude, as well as several forms of deprivation of rights and social harrasment of the people belonging to lower classes in the mentioned area during the late mediaeval period.

Towards a Definition of Poverty

This article argues that poverty transcends its traditional definition as a shortfall in income levels. It demonstrates that poverty is multidimensional and that successful poverty reduction rests squarely on understanding these dimensions through the active participation of poor people in all stages of developing that understanding. Drawing on results from a nationally representative sample of rural households and views obtained from focus group discussions in Oyo State, Nigeria, it was found that poverty is more than a lack of adequate income but a combination of many forms of deprivation that together allow human capabilities to go unrealzsed. Although, it was found that income is important, raising income alone is not a sufficient condition for poverty reduction.

Early Development Delays and Extreme Poverty

SUMMARY. The children of Santa Ursula, a marginalised area of Mexico City, suffer extreme forms of deprivation both in terms of their material conditions and their social context. The author of this paper describes her study of the children and their mothers, using standard psychological tests. Acknowledging that these tests are culturally specific to the so called ‘developed’ world, the results are nonetheless interesting in that the administration of the tests produces as significant results as the tests themselves. The article emphasises that there are important lessons for those working with children in deprived and oppressed circumstances, in all parts of the world.

First Nation Politics: Deprivation, Resources, and Participation in Collective Action

How are levels of deprivation and resources associated with participation by First Nations in collective action? Although previous studies have focused on the relationship between deprivation, resources and the timing of protest, surprisingly few have used these concepts to address the issue of participation in protest. This paper presents the results of a study that compares the characteristics of First Nations with varying levels of mobilization (from participation in none to participation in several protests). Data on First Nation protest were obtained from newspapers and data on First Nation characteristics were obtained from several waves of the Canadian Census of Population. Multivariate analyses reveal that some forms of deprivation (unemployment) and resources (socioeconomic status) were related to First Nation mobilization. Explanations which synthesize theoretical concepts may, in future, provide a greater understanding of collective action than those explanations which are based on a single theory.

Chapter 6. Execution of Punishment in the Form of Deprivation of the Right to Occupy Specific Positions or to Engage in Specific Activities

Chapter 6. Execution of Punishment in the Form of Deprivation of the Right to Occupy Specific Positions or to Engage in Specific Activities

Chapter 11. General Provisions Concerning the Execution of Punishment in the Form of Deprivation of Freedom

Chapter 11. General Provisions Concerning the Execution of Punishment in the Form of Deprivation of Freedom

Chapter 17. Special Features of the Execution of Punishment in the Form of Deprivation of Freedom in Corrective-Educational Colonies

Chapter 17. Special Features of the Execution of Punishment in the Form of Deprivation of Freedom in Corrective-Educational Colonies

Chapter 16. Execution of Punishment in the Form of Deprivation of Freedom in Corrective Institutions of Differing Types

Chapter 16. Execution of Punishment in the Form of Deprivation of Freedom in Corrective Institutions of Differing Types

Post apartheid South Africa's democratic transformation process: Redress of the past, reconciliation and ‘unity in diversity’

1However, a good understanding of the complex issues of transformation in this divided society requires a broader approach. Reconciliation involves not only telling the truth about the past and forgiveness, but also requires reparation for material and other forms of deprivation and the restoration of a human community in a spirit of respect for human rights and democracy. Indeed, it also necessitates the creation of a society within which the chances of reoccurrence of the kinds of gross violations of human rights that occurred in the past are reduced to a minimum. Consequently, the evaluation of the constitutional negotiation process and the way in which the themes of redress of the past, overcoming the legacy of apartheid and nation-building played their role are equally if not more important. The provisions of the Bill of Rights as well as some other sections of the Constitution are important building blocks in this reconciliation and transformation process. The ongoing implementation of these constitutional provisions and the perceptions surrounding that process also has an important impact on the actual transformation and reconciliation process. A brief description of the most striking features of the apartheid regime is followed by an explanation of the overall constitutional negotiation process, which is particular to South Africa. Subsequently, the constitutional basis, relevant legislation and a brief description of the TRC process, as well as its current status and overall assessment of its actual impact on reconciliation, are discussed. A fourth paragraph then goes on to analyze the constitutional negotiations with respect to the provisions dealing with controversial issues like equality, language and education, self-determination and minority rights, and land. The implementation of the constitutional provisions with respect to equality, language and education, self-determination and land reform is ongoing and confronted with several hurdles. Nevertheless, there is a steady progression and the concomitant transformation will hopefully entail a higher level of reconciliation in South African society.

The contribution of sensory experience to the maturation of orientation selectivity in ferret visual cortex.

Sensory experience begins when neural circuits in the cerebral cortex are still immature; however, the contribution of experience to cortical maturation remains unclear. In the visual cortex, the selectivity of neurons for oriented stimuli at the time of eye opening is poor and increases dramatically after the onset of visual experience. Here we investigate whether visual experience has a significant role in the maturation of orientation selectivity and underlying cortical circuits using two forms of deprivation: dark rearing, which completely eliminates experience, and binocular lid suture, which alters the pattern of sensory driven activity. Orientation maps were present in dark-reared ferrets, but fully mature levels of tuning were never attained. In contrast, only rudimentary levels of orientation selectivity were observed in lid-sutured ferrets. Despite these differences, horizontal connections in both groups were less extensive and less clustered than normal, suggesting that long-range cortical processing is not essential for the expression of orientation selectivity, but may be needed for the full maturation of tuning. Thus, experience is beneficial or highly detrimental to cortical maturation, depending on the pattern of sensory driven activity.

Social Exclusion: A Review and Assessment of Its Relevance to Developing Countries

Social exclusion is a relatively new term currently in use in Europe to describe both the circumstances of marginalization and the processes that lead to marginalization. Social exclusion tends to be rooted in multiple forms of deprivation, related to issues such as employment status, housing, rights, education, gender or race, and is thus comprehensive in nature. There is an ongoing debate regarding the relevance of the concept to developing countries: given the differences in social and economic development between developed and developing countries, some critics argue that social exclusion is not an exportable concept. This paper seeks to review these arguments and analyze the policy implications, suggesting a possible way forward using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, involving multi-dimensional programs that prioritize human development and welfare, and which address exclusionary processes.