Form Of Currency Research Articles

The Monetary Economy in Buddha Period (Based On the Comparative Analysis of Literary and Archaeological Sources)

Archaeology reveals that the sixth BC era was the time of secondary civilization. Many cities as Shravasti, Saket, Ayodhya, Champa, Rajgriha, Kosambi and Varanasi described in Pali literature is indicative of materialistic prosperity and rich town culture. These northeastern towns of India are connected by highways to a Takkasil in north, Pratishtha in south, Mrigukachha in west, Tamralipti in east and of central Kanyakubza, Ujjayini, Mathura, Sankashya and many others places. These cities were inhabited by northern black glittering earthen-pot culture. Peoples of this culture widely use iron make weapons and stricken coins. These materialistic and archaeological relics exhibit their economic strength. Artisans and businessmen were doing trading by forming union in cities. We came to know the eighteen categories of artisans. Contribution of stricken coins was very important in trading and buying-selling by these categories. By the circulation of stricken coins, trading was promoted significantly and trading becomes simplified. Various proofs of currency circulation is found in Pali scriptures and it also came to knowledge that the payments of salaries and buying was made by coins. The Buddha monks and nuns do not accept donation in form of currency. In this way it is clear from the above descriptions that the circulation of currency undoubtedly present in the time of Buddha, which is also described in Buddha literature and also confirmed with archaeological proofs in this Reseach Paper. Development of an urban civilization was started in sixth century BC parallel to the ancient Indian rural civilization. The repeated description of cities like Shravasti, Saket, Ayodhya, Champa, Rajgriha, Kosambi and Varanasi in Buddha literature is indicative of materialistic prosperity and rich town culture. These northeastern towns of India are connected by highways to a Takkasil in north, Pratishtha in south, Mrigukachha in west, Tamralipti in east and of central Kanyakubza, Ujjayini, Mathura, Sankashya and many others places. The description of river and sea merchant is found in takas a J and big and small group of businessmen travel from one place to another. In this context, description of major affluent persons and their limitless wealth, their ample donation to Buddha organizations, vogue of coins to fulfill the necessities of exchange for religious rites are indicative of a developed financial culture. It‟s remarkable that in the literatures of Buddha, along with the prevalence of currency, barter system was also in use. For merchandising, generally coins were used in the society. The Buddha monks were neither collect nor touch the money, preferentially they adopt the mode of bartering. Till the time of , takas a J one magnitude of rice was in vogue for the bartering. But in the period

Emotive histories: the politics of remembering slavery in contemporary Ghana

New narratives about the role of Africans in the history of the slave trade in Ghana are emerging from unexplored vectors within the black Atlantic, breaking the previous silence about the topic since many of West Africa's elite families have ambiguous histories as both slavers and slaves. Heritage tourism, heavily backed by a state eager to build an industry, has brought Ghanaians into contact with the very different perspectives of comparatively more prosperous diasporan Africans, and has meant that Ghanaians have produced monuments and stories about the past in a new vernacular which differs from extant oral traditions and material culture. The incorporation of these stories into the heritage tourism industry has rendered them into a form of currency. In spite of this flawed function, they also serve emotional needs of diasporan and African communities alike, producing new structures of feeling while simultaneously performing to the demands of contemporary political and economic needs. This essay traces the contemporary conflicts, both local and transnational, made visible by the contradictions in accounts of the past and seeks to locate markers of the past made visible in material objects, particularly gifts between Africans and Europeans that speak to histories of complicity in the slave trade. Consequently, it also explores the complexities of the history of the post-independence relationship between Ghanaians and diasporans. Nonetheless, this essay insists that a new cultural space has opened up in which Africans themselves are authoring new narratives about their past, and a contemporary transatlantic generation offers a genuine engagement with the past, an escape from the stigma of slavery, and a shared sense of regret and empathy in relation to the difficult legacy of the transatlantic trade.

Audience Evolution and the Future of Audience Research

This article considers how changes in audience behaviors and in audience information systems are affecting the future of academic audience research. This article first illustrates how changes in the media environment are undermining traditional approaches to audience research while also giving rise to alternative analytical approaches. This article then outlines the contours of a next-generation audience research agenda that reflects these ongoing conceptual and methodological developments. Reflecting these developments, this article next argues for a definition of ratings analysis that focuses not on a particular aspect of audience behavior (i.e., exposure), but on whatever forms of currency are employed in the audience marketplace. From this standpoint, the new media environment provides new forms of “ratings” that exist alongside—and integrate with—the old, and that can renew and revitalize the field of ratings analysis.

OxyContin® as currency: OxyContin® use and increased social capital among rural Appalachian drug users

Studies have shown that position within networks of social relations can have direct implications on the health behaviors of individuals. The present study examines connections between drug use and individual social capital within social networks of drug users (n = 503) from rural Appalachian Kentucky, U.S.A. Respondent driven sampling was used to recruit individuals age 18 and older who had used one of the following drugs to get high: cocaine, crack, heroin, methamphetamine, or prescription opioids. Substance use was measured via self-report and social network analysis of participants' drug use network was used to compute effective size, a measure of social capital. Drug network ties were based on sociometric data on recent (past 6 month) drug co-usage. Multivariate multi-level ordinal regression was used to model the independent effect of socio-demographic and drug use characteristics on social capital. Adjusting for gender, income, and education, daily OxyContin® use was found to be significantly associated with greater social capital, and daily marijuana use was associated with less social capital. These results suggest that in regions with marked economic disparities such as rural Appalachia, OxyContin® may serve as a form of currency that is associated with increased social capital among drug users. Interventions focusing on increasing alternate pathways to acquiring social capital may be one way in which to alleviate the burden of drug use in this high-risk population.

The Journal and Academia

It is not so long ago—not longer than a century ago—that physicians started to apply a scientific method to the study of patients. Therefore, most of what we know—and make decisions on—is based on clinical observations by grandees in neurology and neurosurgery and not so much on rigorous clinical trials. This traditional form of knowledge acquisition remains important, but we need evidence that something works or—even better—helps the patient. It is not so long ago—not longer than half a century ago—that patients with a severe brain injury were cared for on the ward until their demise. With significant improvement in neurological knowledge, we now provide comprehensive and complex care in a Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit and with considerable success. Although most of the early discoveries were made by nonneurointensivists, the reputation of several study groups is rising and all kinds of articles focused on the care of the neurocritically ill patient have appeared. It is good for any journal when we will know less and less about more and more (and not more and more about less and less). The Neurocritical Care Society recognizes the academic side of the specialty very well, and this new year we open with a series of essays on the academics of Neurocritical Care and the Neurocritical Care Research Network. This administrative body is a serious attempt to streamline research and, in particular, large-scale clinical trials. In this issue we publish a series of thought-provoking articles about the aims and challenges of such an organization. Prior networks in general critical care have been very successful and there is no reason to doubt this initiative will be successful too. It is not so long ago—not longer that a decade ago—that we started Neurocritical Care. But where does the Journal fit in, how will we advance the field and how can we maintain our academic credibility? Of course, the Journal should have an unbreakable link with Academia. In one respect, I thought it was simple and I would only look at scientific value. But I hear the following questions: Is the Journal a commodity? Can we make more money with the Journal? Can this industry sponsor this publication? How can we ‘‘game’’ the impact factor? My answer would be that these issues should not be uppermost on an Editor’s mind. Neurocritical Care is here for exchange of ideas and important observations, for nuance and consideration of alternative views. We have no interest in promoting devices, instruments or other technology for the sole purpose of increasing revenue. Our purpose is curiosity and interest in the well-being of patients. We should be sincere academicians and our publications should advance our understanding of the field. That is the epitome to which we aspire. Any other way will cause distrust of our objectivity. These principles are sacrosanct. Scientific publications are our form of currency. The impact factor of Neurocritical Care is slowly rising, and it will take time to become a ‘‘high impact’’ journal. There is a large body of literature on the strengths and weakness of the impact factor, but it is generally known that the impact factor favors papers with short citation lives, and the impact factor does not generally reflect utility of the article. Everybody knows the impact factor can be easily manipulated. Nevertheless, the impact factor will not disappear soon nor will advertisement of impact factors by journals stop. My main objective remains to just publish very good papers. A high impact factor will follow, but that should be a secondary goal. E. F. M. Wijdicks (&) Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA e-mail: wijde@mayo.edu

Optimal Investment and Business Cycles Under Alternative Banking Systems

The financial and economic crisis of 2007-2011 in the U.S. and Europe raises a number of fundamental questions on the role of banks in the financial system. The response so far has resulted in a reregulation of banks and certain systematically important non-bank financial institutions. One pillar of this new banking regulation is to adopt something that has come to be called the Volcker Rule. This rule imposes certain constraints on bank asset management and pushes banks in the direction of deposit-taking and financial intermediation within a fractional reserve system. In a world where real investment is allocated according to the CAPM we argue that that a fractional reserve banking system characterized by credit creation and lending leads to excessive real investment that in turn amplifies business cycles. Therefore we suggest the regulatory process should go even further by restricting bank asset management to holding 100 percent reserves in the form of currency and deposits at the central bank. Non-bank financial institutions should then carry out the risky lending function and trading now carried out by banks.

Put Your Money Where Your Mouth is: Treasury Shares as Currency

This paper examines the historical question of whether treasury shares and newly issued shares are equivalent by considering their use in stock based M&A transactions. We quantify the differential market response to M&A announcements when bidders have sufficient currency in the form of cash or treasury shares to execute the deal versus bidders with insufficient currency. We confirm prior findings of a nonnegative market reaction to cash mergers of public targets and determine that this finding holds irrespective of the sufficiency of their currency on hand. In addition, we find that the presence of sufficient currency at the date of a stock M&A announcement leads to a significantly more favorable market reaction for public targets. Our results demonstrate that the legal equivalency of treasury and newly issued shares does not extend to these forms of currencies being economically equivalent.

Portable Monuments: Architectural Photography and the “Forms” of Empire in Modern China

The prominent architectural historian Liang Sicheng devoted much of his career to the photographic, graphic, and textual documentation of old Chinese buildings. This project was grounded in his efforts to (re)construct a Chinese architectural “Order,” and in so doing to posit a functional equivalence between Chinese civilization and that of the West. This essay examines the genealogy of this claim by situating Liang's work in relation to nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century practices of architectural photography. It argues that colonial photographs of Chinese architectural monuments and surrounding urban spaces serve not only to “document” these buildings as signifiers of civilizational difference but also to transform them into a form of currency (both real and symbolic) in the unequal economy of colonial exchange. At the same time that these buildings begin to circulate as images in the global marketplace, in other words, they also serve to reify and fix in place the lived spaces and historical processes that they pictorially represent. This reification takes place in collusion with the distinctive characteristics and constraints of nineteenth-century photographic technologies. This essay compares the work of two war photographers, Felix Beato and James Ricalton, who documented Beijing in conjunction with imperialist military campaigns against the Qing dynasty, first in 1860 and later in the wake of the Boxer uprising in 1900. An understanding of the divergent imaging technologies these two men employed (wet-collodion photography and stereography, respectively) is crucial to decoding not only how these images look to us now but also the way they suggested and perpetuated imperial ways of seeing, evaluating, and profiting from technologically reproduced visions of “China” and Chinese architecture, particularly the walls and monuments of Beijing.

Recent developments in volunteering and citizenship

Policy makers have recently sought to use volunteering as a vehicle to develop citizenship, and to offer elements of citizenship as a reward to develop volunteering. Policy proposals have focused on developing citizenship among young people and regard the emergence of volunteering as a form of currency, able to secure access to social goods and to repay social ills. This paper suggests four key changes that underlie this shift, including an increased role for the state and moves towards coercive forms of incentivisation.

Flash Romanticism: The Currency of Urban Knowledge in "Tom & Jerry"

To know city as Romantic writers knew it and to know, with Wordsworth, life ... in selection of language by men (598-7), requires knowing language really used in city, because available styles of representation delimit what and how any society knows. The best records of everyday language of Romantic-era London are dictionaries of cant and popular street literature, like Pierce Egan's concisely-titled Tom & Jerry: Life in London; Or Day and Night Scenes of Jerry Hawthorn and His Elegant Friend, Corinthian Tom, Accompanied by Bob Logic, Oxonian, in Their Gambles and Sprees Though Metropolis. Engraved by George Cruikshank and published monthly starting in 1821 for shilling an issue, Life in London combines picaresque narrative (Williams 217), caricature, and slang dictionary (although it does not always define slang that fills its pages). The first examples of cant dictionaries in mid-18th century catalogued specifically criminal, low-life terminology; but, as Janet Sorensen shows, by late 18th century this vulgar language had become coterminous with language of the and included all classes of slang, puns, and fashionable phraseology: at same time as wide set of popular practices and beliefs were criminalized and rendered invisible, Sorensen writes, a set of 'criminal' linguistic practices became highly visible and came to be understood as an expression of popular British culture and uniquely British liberty in dialectic of social repression and rhetorical rehabilitation of (Sorensen 438). I say current classes of slang, not only because these dictionaries register historically-specific, current--as in contemporary--forms of speech, but also because slang functioned in Romantic literature as form of currency, medium of exchange that Londoners or cits, to register and capitalize on their urbanity in lieu of three dominant figures of realist narrative--character, plot, and an interpretive narrative voice. Cits called this language (1) and style of flash genres--which include ballads, dictionaries, annotated engravings like Thomas Rowland-son's Dr. Syntax series, and Newgate and silver-fork novels--implies that common public, everyday city readers, privileged this medium of exchange, flash, over character, plot, narrative voice, and forms and effects of cultivation, morality, immorality, idealism, individuality, and self-knowledge that writers typically ascribed to these narrative features. Whereas sympathy with characters and adherence to plots implied property transfer, marriage, inheritance, growth, development, education, and change, exchanging flash was an impersonal mode of interaction that left individual characters and readers alike unexposed and unaltered. Flash was medium of urban narrative and urban knowledge. Immensely popular, even among educated upper-classes, Egan's Life in London profitably built upon antecedents like The Newgate Calendar and Johnson's Life of Savage; and, as would be case with Dickens's novels, theaters and hack writers staged and published pirated versions of Life in London before it was finished. The text remained in print throughout 19th century. The 1869 edition, edited by John Camden Hotten (who contemporaneously published The Dictionary of Slang), introduces work as the book--the literature--of that period, one work which many elder gentlemen still remember far away in distance of their youth (1). And sure enough, re-envisioning his boyhood self with book on his lap, William Thackeray imagined, behind great books which he pretends to read, [behind even Scott's The Heart, of Mid-Lothian], is [Life in London'], which he is reading (qtd. from The Roundabout Papers in Egan 2). As what people were really reading, as text tucked inside more austere and now-canonical texts, Life in London might index what features everyday 19th-century readers actually attended to as they read. …

Could Gold Serve as an Exchange Rate Hedge in Japan

Gold is the asset that has attracted people for thousands of years and this attraction continues to the present day because, according to Worthington and Pahlavani (2006), unlike most commodities, gold is durable, relatively transportable, universally acceptable and easily authenticated. The demand for gold is ever increasing, not only for jewelry, coins, and bars but also for many industries, such as electronics, space, as well as medical technology. Especially gold is still a form of currency in many countries after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971. Many economic analysts suggest that gold prices are determined and influenced by a number of factors, such as mine production, fabrication demand, and the recovery of gold from scrap. Much greater influence is exerted by trends in central bank sales and purchases. Most important of all is trend in investment demand. Investors buy gold for a number of reasons. They buy gold as a hedge against any economic, political, or currency crises. They also buy gold for diversification and financial arbitrage when investment confidence is increasing because they have the common sense that physical assets, unlike financial assets, are the best way to hedge against recession and inflation. The developments of the gold market are followed closely by financial analysts and monetary policy makers and gold price is regarded as a good criterion of the inflationary trend in the future for it moves earlier than official measures of inflation. Fisher (1930), the economist who first pointed out the relationship between expected inflation and interest rate, provides the theoretical basis for this study. Fisher (1930) concludes that expected nominal asset return comprises expected return and expected inflation rate. In other words, when expected inflation rises, asset return will rise. Later, the primary empirical test on inflation hedge of assets including U.S government bonds and bills, real estate, labor income, and stock returns was done by Fama and Schwert (1977). Ghosh et al. (2004) point out that people buy gold for two purposes. The first is the “use demand”, where gold is used directly in the production of jewelry, medals, coins, electrical components, and so on. The second is the “asset demand” for gold, where it is used by governments, fund managers and individuals as an investment. The asset demand for gold is traditionally associated with the view that gold provides an effective “hedge” against inflation and domestic currency depreciation. When it comes to inflation, the value of gold is considered to be preserved, for its price will increase along with the rise in the general level of prices. In other words, it is believed that a higher inflation rate is what gold prices said should be happening. However, the question is that how well gold hedge really works. Each country has its own economic conditions or characteristics. This issue is worth examining and verifying with non-linear model which might discover the key reasons that the linear model is unable to do.In this article, we attempt to examine whether gold could be an exchange rate hedge in Japan using data from 1986 to 2007. In the literature of this area, most research has focused on a linear relationship—rather than a nonlinear one—between returns on gold and the exchange rate of the Japanese yen. In the present paper, we used the depreciation rate of the yen as a threshold variable to distinguish between a high depreciation regime and a low depreciation (or appreciation) regime. With this setting, we build a threshold vector autoregressive model to investigate the causality between the gold return and the yen depreciation rate. We found that when the yen depreciation rate is greater than 2.62%, investing in gold could avoid the depreciation loss. This finding, that the effectiveness of gold as an exchange rate hedge depends on the depreciation rate of the yen, could be beneficial to Japanese government monetary policy and to investors with Japanese yen in their portfolios. JEL classification: C32; F31; F33

Reflections for February

Last year the World Bank announced that the global economy lost the equivalent of $50 trillion USD in 2008. This unimaginable sum underscores the worst economic recession in decades. The economy, broadly defined, is the production, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. As economists and historians pursue the gory dissection of the recent crisis, those of us in medicine may take an opportunity to learn from the many parallels between the recent economic unwind and the challenges in our own daily practice. The quantum of medical care can be defined as the simple patient–physician interaction. In economic terms, the patient produces the problem at hand, exchanges it with the physician, who then produces solutions for the patient's consumption. While the global economy is transacted in the form of currency, trade between the patient and the physician is transacted largely in the form of words. ### Complexity One of the causes of the recent financial cataclysm has been the use of increasingly …

Torturous dialogues: Geographies of trauma and spaces of exception

How are suffering, damage and disaster produced and made visible across different sites, and how are they made to count, to matter? This essay considers certain philosophical, historical and geopolitical coordinates that locate trauma and disaster in the context of the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004. Trauma in its various significations – the banal, the aesthetic, the philosophical, the medicalized, the political, the pathologized – is an essential form of currency in the torturous dialogues that make, define and delineate the contours of disaster, damage and suffering. These are constitutively geopoliticized, as they are racialized and gendered, processes. Trauma is a medium that enables dialogue and exchange; it is eminently transactable, mobile and adaptable in its circulation between the refugee camp and the disaster victims' camp; it ramifies, with uneven meanings and effects, across and between subjects, scenes, sites, practices and relations. This essay considers the geopolitics of the tsunami as a globalized trauma-event and asks how the biopolitics of trauma, as a set of institutionalized practices for managing and ordering the life and health of populations, plays out across the necropolitical terrain of global inequality and in relation to those it locates as bare life.

Teaching Biology

This book opens with scenarios of successful classrooms and teachers who have the ““gift.”” Jackson identifies the gift as a ““mindset, a disciplined way of thinking about teaching”” and details seven mastery principles that constitute this mindset. ““No one person is at the center of the classroom,”” she writes. ““The classroom is a community of learners.””?The highly appealing title encapsulates the partnership that ““mastery teaching”” forms, in which students learn to use multiple currencies that reconcile the beliefs and values that drive successful classroom collaboration. The book's introduction includes a Mastery Self Assessment and scoring guide that encourage taking an introspective look at how one teaches, an appendix with supportive tools, and a Web site, http://www.masterteachermindset.com.Jackson uses the metaphor of classroom currency to identify the value of capital (knowledge and skills) that students, who do not naturally value the classroom currency, need to acquire. Different forms of currency do not imply different levels of ability; rather, the master teacher ““should reshape the approach to instruction to capitalize on student currencies.”” Chapter 1, titled ““Start where your students are,”” suggests that a teacher with the gift ““rewards students in their own currency to help them learn to value classroom capital.”” Jackson encourages teachers to pay attention to what their students value, and to use rewards they will value.?Each chapter is devoted to one of these seven mastery principles and opens with an anecdote that illustrates common educational practice and how the mastery principle is put into practice. ““Try this”” sections are bullets that help the reader implement the mastery principle. By Chapter 2, ““Know where your students are going,”” Jackson offers a new look at standards and empowers educators to ““decide minimum evidence that students have achieved the standard”” and use the evidence of mastery in designing appropriate assessments. Jackson addresses the fear of ““dumbing down”” the curriculum by suggesting strategies that help students not fear high standards. Chapter 4 tells us to ““support your students”” in a way that ““demystifies the academic process““ and to use ““feedback to coach students toward better performance,”” working from a plan of action that guides and supports learning. A graphic organizer called the Frayer Model, in which wrong answers were assigned to the non-example quadrant, is given as a feedback example to address students' fears of giving wrong answers.The author identifies frustrations that teachers share and offers solutions for trying things differently based on substantial research (offering pertinent ideas from Robert Margano, Ken O'Conner, Jonathan Saphier, Grant Wiggins, and Jay McTighe, to name a few) and direct classroom observations. While the assessment tool itself is somewhat tedious, the mastery themes that may require more self-intervention are handled in each chapter. Mahatma Gandhi's words, ““It is the quality of our work which will please God and not the quantity,”” introduce Jackson's sixth principle. She suggests looking at the ever-expanding curriculum with an eye to teaching skills and refocusing on quality rather than quantity. This reviewer became keenly aware that many well-intentioned teachers are enabling rather than helping students when they do all the work. Chapter 8, on the evolution from practitioner to master, emphasizes what a teacher should stop doing, a shift that ““lets kids take on most of the work of learning for themselves.””?

"Personally, I Have Nothing Against Smoking": The Lethal Alliance between Baseball and the Cigarette

The best-known collision between cigarettes and the national pastime occurred when the American Tobacco Company attempted to use the image of Pittsburgh Pirates great Honus Wagner on a cigarette trading card. As the story is usually told, Wagner expressed concern that his likeness might encourage the many boys who looked up to him to take up smoking, and American Tobacco Company tried to comply with his wishes by withdrawing the card. Their efforts to do so, however, had an unforeseen outcome when a few dozen cards made it into circulation and the Honus Wagner T-206 became the most valuable of all baseball cards. This traditional version of events does not tell the whole story. Several key elements of it have been conveniently left out, and the results of these omissions are dramatic. As usually told, the tale of the Wagner T-206 card is an innocuous one in which everyone has good intentions that somehow don't quite pan out. What actually happened is more disturbing and is part of a larger tragedy that has conveniently been forgotten. In fact, the scarcity and value of the Wagner card should serve as a reminder of baseball's considerable involvement in one of the greatest preventable epidemics in human history. The Wagner T-206 card became so coveted precisely because it was both rare and forbidden. The same fate befell the numerous efforts made by baseball men of the era to express concerns about the dangers of cigarettes--even in the case of ballplayers like Wagner who only tried to avoid tacitly endorsing cigarettes. As a result, children came to see cigarettes as being inextricably associated with their favorite activity, and all warnings about them only served to make cigarettes seem even more alluring. After all, if ballplayers could use them and exhibit radiant good health, how could they be harmful? Tobacco has, of course, been a major part of the American experience since colonial days, when it was discovered that the soil and climate of several coastal states were ideally suited to growing tobacco. It was such a prized crop that it was often used as a form of currency, while smoking pipes and cigars and chewing tobacco became familiar symbols of American masculinity. Although these forms of tobacco use were common in Europe as well, visitors to the United States frequently remarked on the prominence of spittoons and other tobacco-related accessories. Nineteenth-century American cities were commonly referred to by nicknames based upon their primary industry--Rochester was the Flour City, Grand Rapids was the Furniture City, and Cincinnati's meat-packing industry caused it to be known as Porkopolis. By the same token, the early United States could have been known as Tobacco Nation. Not surprisingly, the intimate association between tobacco use and baseball began almost as soon as this new sport emerged as an adult activity during the 1850s. All of baseball's predecessors were childish games--and many of them, indeed, were played as often by girls as by boys. So it was important for the men who wanted to see baseball established as an adult pastime to associate it with manliness. They went to great pains to make rule changes that advanced this end, introducing a harder ball that made the game more painful to play and that put a new emphasis on strength. Tobacco became a key ally in this effort to establish baseball as a manly activity. From the earliest days of the new game, separate seating accommodations were provided so that women could avoid tobacco smoke while male spectators could smoke to their hearts' content. Over the remainder of the nineteenth century, the links between baseball and tobacco became more extensive. The spread of baseball among adults began in the 1850s. Its momentum was halted by the outbreak of the Civil War, but it recovered quickly and began to emerge as a professional sport in the 1860s, with tobacco playing a key role in that transformation. …

Symposium

AbstractAs far back as the ninth century BCE in Greece, a talent was a form of currency. In the 21st century, talents remain currency as the special gifts of knowledge, skills, and personal characteristics that individuals bring to organizations. Talent management, also known as human capital management, HCM, is a focus of leadership studies that increasingly strives to acknowledge and measure the tangible contributions that individuals make to the bottom line. In this symposium, we offer a position paper by Ted Harro and Leslie Miller who detail an innovative approach to address how leaders of organizations can create a consistent, positive flow of talent necessary to support success. Our respondents, Karen Kirwan, Dave Wondra, and Edward Perez, each add their perspectives to this timely discussion.

Are you a net creator or destroyer of talent? Seven indicators of organizational health for talent‐intensive organizations

AbstractAs far back as the ninth century BCE in Greece, a talent was a form of currency. In the 21st century, talents remain currency as the special gifts of knowledge, skills, and personal characteristics that individuals bring to organizations. Talent management, also known as human capital management, HCM, is a focus of leadership studies that increasingly strives to acknowledge and measure the tangible contributions that individuals make to the bottom line. In this symposium, we offer a position paper by Ted Harro and Leslie Miller who detail an innovative approach to address how leaders of organizations can create a consistent, positive flow of talent necessary to support success. Our respondents, Karen Kirwan, Dave Wondra, and Edward Perez, each add their perspectives to this timely discussion.

Practicing talent life cycle management

AbstractAs far back as the ninth century BCE in Greece, a talent was a form of currency. In the 21st century, talents remain currency as the special gifts of knowledge, skills, and personal characteristics that individuals bring to organizations. Talent management, also known as human capital management, HCM, is a focus of leadership studies that increasingly strives to acknowledge and measure the tangible contributions that individuals make to the bottom line. In this symposium, we offer a position paper by Ted Harro and Leslie Miller who detail an innovative approach to address how leaders of organizations can create a consistent, positive flow of talent necessary to support success. Our respondents, Karen Kirwan, Dave Wondra, and Edward Perez, each add their perspectives to this timely discussion.

Talent and the human spirit

AbstractAs far back as the ninth century BCE in Greece, a talent was a form of currency. In the 21st century, talents remain currency as the special gifts of knowledge, skills, and personal characteristics that individuals bring to organizations. Talent management, also known as human capital management, HCM, is a focus of leadership studies that increasingly strives to acknowledge and measure the tangible contributions that individuals make to the bottom line. In this symposium, we offer a position paper by Ted Harro and Leslie Miller who detail an innovative approach to address how leaders of organizations can create a consistent, positive flow of talent necessary to support success. Our respondents, Karen Kirwan, Dave Wondra, and Edward Perez, each add their perspectives to this timely discussion.

Choosing the right people and developing them

AbstractAs far back as the ninth century BCE in Greece, a talent was a form of currency. In the 21st century, talents remain currency as the special gifts of knowledge, skills, and personal characteristics that individuals bring to organizations. Talent management, also known as human capital management, HCM, is a focus of leadership studies that increasingly strives to acknowledge and measure the tangible contributions that individuals make to the bottom line. In this symposium, we offer a position paper by Ted Harro and Leslie Miller who detail an innovative approach to address how leaders of organizations can create a consistent, positive flow of talent necessary to support success. Our respondents, Karen Kirwan, Dave Wondra, and Edward Perez, each add their perspectives to this timely discussion.