Logarithmic Form Research Articles

Pengaruh Konservatisme Akuntansi Terhadap Penilaian Ekuitas Perusahaan dengan Kepemilikan Manajerial dan Dewan Direksi sebagai Variabel Moderasi (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2019-2021)

This study aims to determine the effect of accounting conservatism, managerial ownership in moderating the relationship between accounting conservatism on valuation of equity and the board of directors in moderating the relationship between conservatism and valuation of equity in Manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2019-2021 period. In this study, the population used was manufacturing companies listed on the IDX for the 2019-2021 period. Based on this research, out of 288 observations, only 239 data will be analyzed because the outlier test results and data transformation are in the form of Natural Logarithms. The data obtained were then analyzed using the SPSS version 25 application tool. The results of this study indicate that accounting conservatism has a negative but not significant effect on equity valuation. Then, in moderation the results show that managerial ownership has a positive but not significant effect in moderating the relationship between accounting conservatism on equity valuations and the board of directors has a positive but not significant effect in moderating the relationship between accounting conservatism on equity valuations. Suggestions through the results of this study are that in creating reliable financial reporting the company should adjust to the standards that have been set. Then, investors and creditors, must consider in working with a company or in making investment decisions, especially if the company does not have quality financial reporting and for further researchers who wish to conduct similar research, it is better to add five years of research or more. or researching on other types of industries to find out the variations in the results of the research variables contained in this study.

Non-Destructive Testing in Concrete Maturity Modeling and Master Curve Development

Assessing concrete quality as construction goes on provides early warnings of potential flaws and leads to timely corrections in mix proportioning and placement techniques. Compressive strength and maturity modeling are among the most common parameters used by the concrete industry. Past studies indicated that non-destructive methods, NDTs, relate well to maturity and concrete strength predictions. In this study, the hydration temperature–time history of concrete was explored in defining “master curves” for concrete maturity for the first time. Well-accepted NDTs, such as ultrasonic pulse velocity and resonant frequency, were used in this effort. The study findings indicated that the novel approach of “master curves” for the maturity of concrete can be defined and follow a generalized logarithmic form. The best fit models relating NDT response and the maturity temperature–time product provided a high coefficient of determination (i.e., in almost all cases above 0.9 and p < 0.05), thus resulting in a very good fit. The shift factors for each mixture’s maturity function in relation to the master curve were related to concrete properties. The shifted maturity functions from the concrete mixtures included in the study had a perfect transition to the master curve (i.e., all the shifted data overlap the master curve trend line with an R2 = 1). The NDTs’ ability to capture the hydration temperature-time history was assessed with impeded sensors into the concrete mixtures. This approach has provided strength prediction models with a high accuracy (i.e., good agreement between observed and predicted strength values with R2 = 0.93). The proposed NDT-based maturity modeling through “master curve” development provides significant benefits in relation to traditional maturity modeling since it offers the opportunity to: (i) predict strength without having to repeat maturity testing each time a producer adjusts mixture proportioning to fine tune mix design; (ii) save testing time and cost due to reduced maturity evaluation from the use of master curves; and (iii) be able to quickly predict without further testing what the strength gain will be due to variations in mixture proportioning. The ability to monitor concrete maturity, and thus strength, with NDTs in reinforced concrete is of particular interest since using cores is problematic due to the presence of reinforcement.

Prediction of glass-forming ability in ternary alloys based on machine learning method

In this paper, six machine learning (ML) models including k-nearest neighbour, adaptive boosting, gradient boosting regression tree, extreme gradient boosting tree, support vector regression (SVR) and random forest were built in the frame of ternary alloys to predict the critical size of glass formation (Dmax) based on 840 alloy data. Composition, atomic size difference, enthalpy of mixing, electronegativity difference, and valence electron concentration were selected as input features. The features were selected by Pearson correlation analysis and target value of Dmax was transformed into the logarithmic form. The determination coefficient and root mean square error were used to evaluate the prediction performance of models. The result showed that the SVR model has a good generalization ability. Additionally, the prediction ability of SVR was verified in Zr−Al−Co and La−Al−Co alloy systems. It is thus suggested that ML has great potential in predicting and pinpointing the amorphous composition with good glass-forming ability.

An examination of the logotropic equation of state for Chaplygin gas and a generalized holographic model, as well as thermodynamic analysis utilizing scalar fields

This study proposes a method to reconstruct a generalized form of holographic dark energy and to analyse its cosmology, based on a logotropic equation of state. By assuming that the dark energy density is caused by holographic Ricci dark energy, one can calculate a scale factor for the universe’s overall energy density, provided by baryons, dark matter, and dark energy density. For the situation where the internal energy is in logarithmic form, the equation of state parameter is similarly obtained. In the following stage, a generalized Chaplygin gas is investigated using a logotropic equation of state, considering the scenario of a logarithmic internal energy. Modified generalized Chaplygin gas is also examined in the situation of logarithmic internal energy with logotropic equation of state, and related reconstruction is carried out. The generalized second law of thermodynamics is subsequently validated for event, particle, and Hubble horizons after taking into account the phantom and quintessence models using a logotropic technique.

Prediction of discomfort from glare from daylight in classrooms

Daylighting is desirable in classrooms but can pose a challenge to classroom illumination when there is a risk of discomfort from glare from windows and sunlight. There are several metrics in use for the evaluation of discomfort from glare from daylight, but none has yet been validated based on the field-of-view conditions of classrooms. A previous study found that Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) produced a relatively better predictive power of the reported discomfort from glare in a classroom compared to other metrics. However, the metric tended to correlate weakly with the reported glare in positions away from the window light source in a classroom. This prompted the current investigation on the possibility of improving the DGP equation. The modified equation produced a significantly better fit to the subjective glare evaluations from a dataset comprising 184 evaluations from 49 participants collected in a classroom. The results suggest that DGP can be improved to predict the reported discomfort from glare for the conditions of board-based work in a classroom, particularly when a logarithmic form of the adaptation term is integrated in the equation.

Mulatu Numbers Which Are Concatenation of Two Fibonacci Numbers

Let (M_k) be the sequence of Mulatu numbers defined by M_0=4, M_1=1, M_k=M_(k-1)+M_(k-2) and (F_k) be the Fibonacci sequence given by the recurrence F_k=F_(k-1)+F_(k-2) with the initial conditions F_0=0, F_1=1 for k≥2. In this paper, we showed that all Mulatu numbers, that are concatenations of two Fibonacci numbers are 11,28. That is, we solved the equation M_k=〖10〗^d F_m+F_n, where d indicates the number of digits of F_n. We found the solutions of this equation as (k,m,n,d)∈{(4,2,2,1),(6,3,6,1)}. Moreover the solutions of this equation displayed as M_4=(F_2 F_2 ) ̅=11 and M_6=(F_3 F_6 ) ̅=28. Here the main tools are linear forms in logarithms and Baker Davenport basis reduction method.

An experimental study on mechanical properties of a magnetorheological fluid under slow compression

Mechanical properties of magnetorheological (MR) fluids have been investigated in slow compression under different magnetic fields. The compressive stress of the MR fluid has been deduced by assuming that it was a continuous shear flow in Bingham model and has been calculated. The compressive stress has also measured in different magnetic fields and initial gap distances. The compressive stress of the MR fluid in a high magnetic flux density and/or a small initial gap distance was much higher than that predicted by the traditional continuous media theory. Compressive experimental results were also compared with the continuous media theory by a normalized logarithmic form. The achieved experimental result seems to deviate from the prediction by the continuous media theory at a high magnetic flux density and a small initial gap distance. The MR fluid had a high compressive modulus when the compressive strain was lower than 0.042. The compressive modulus had an exponential relationship with the compressive strain higher than 0.042. Frictions between particles, which contribute to the high structure factor, were thought to play an important role in the large deviations in squeeze mode.

Solving 𝑆-unit, Mordell, Thue, Thue–Mahler and Generalized Ramanujan–Nagell Equations via the Shimura–Taniyama Conjecture

In the first part we construct algorithms (over Q \mathbb {Q} ) which we apply to solve S S -unit, Mordell, cubic Thue, cubic Thue–Mahler and generalized Ramanujan–Nagell equations. As a byproduct we obtain alternative practical approaches for various classical Diophantine problems, including the fundamental problem of finding all elliptic curves over Q \mathbb {Q} with good reduction outside a given finite set of rational primes. The first type of our algorithms uses modular symbols, and the second type combines explicit height bounds with efficient sieves. In particular we construct a refined sieve for S S -unit equations which combines Diophantine approximation techniques of de Weger with new geometric ideas. To illustrate the utility of our algorithms we determined the solutions of large classes of equations, containing many examples of interest which are out of reach for the known methods. In addition we used the resulting data to motivate various conjectures and questions, including Baker’s explicit a b c abc -conjecture and a new conjecture on S S -integral points of any hyperbolic genus one curve over Q \mathbb {Q} . In the second part we establish new results for certain old Diophantine problems (e.g. the difference of squares and cubes) related to Mordell equations, and we prove explicit height bounds for cubic Thue, cubic Thue–Mahler and generalized Ramanujan–Nagell equations. As a byproduct, we obtain here an alternative proof of classical theorems of Baker, Coates and Vinogradov–Sprindžuk. In fact we get refined versions of their theorems, which improve the actual best results in many fundamental cases. We also conduct some effort to work out optimized height bounds for S S -unit and Mordell equations which are used in our algorithms of the first part. Our results and algorithms all ultimately rely on the method of Faltings (Arakelov, Paršin, Szpiro) combined with the Shimura–Taniyama conjecture, and they all do not use lower bounds for linear forms in (elliptic) logarithms. In the third part we solve the problem of constructing an efficient sieve for the S S -integral points of bounded height on any elliptic curve E E over Q \mathbb {Q} with given Mordell–Weil basis of E ( Q ) E(\mathbb {Q}) . Here we combine a geometric interpretation of the known elliptic logarithm reduction (initiated by Zagier) with several conceptually new ideas. The resulting “elliptic logarithm sieve” is crucial for some of our algorithms of the first part. Moreover, it considerably extends the class of elliptic Diophantine equations which can be solved in practice: To demonstrate this we solved many notoriously difficult equations by combining our sieve with known height bounds based on the theory of logarithmic forms.

The Loop Momentum Amplituhedron

In this paper we focus on scattering amplitudes in maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory and define a long sought-after geometry, the loop momentum amplituhedron, which we conjecture to encode tree and (the integrands of) loop amplitudes in spinor helicity variables. Motivated by the structure of amplitude singularities, we define an extended positive space, which enhances the Grassmannian space featuring at tree level, and a map which associates to each of its points tree-level kinematic variables and loop momenta. The image of this map is the loop momentum amplituhedron. Importantly, our formulation provides a global definition of the loop momenta. We conjecture that for all multiplicities and helicity sectors, there exists a canonical logarithmic differential form defined on this space, and provide its explicit form in a few examples.

Influence of Limit State Function’s Form of Geotechnical Structures on Approximate Analytical Reliability Methods

Approximate analytical methods have been frequently used in geotechnical engineering to estimate the reliability of geotechnical structures due to their efficiency and simplicity. The main spirit of these methods is using the moments of the limit state function to estimate the reliability index. However, the moments are strongly dependent on the form of the limit state function, resulting in the fact that these methods are sensitive to the form of limit state functions. This study aims to systematically explore how various equivalent forms of limit state functions affect the performance of several commonly used approximate analytical methods, including the first-order second-moment method, the first-order reliability method, and the point estimation method. The applicable conditions of these methods are illustrated through five typical geotechnical examples. The results indicate that the estimated accuracy for the first-order second-moment method and the point estimation method is affected by the form of the limit state functions. Although the form of the limit state function does not affect the accuracy of the first-order reliability method, it affects computational efficiency. The limit state functions with an equivalent logarithmic form are almost always favorable for the investigated examples and are thus recommended in practice.

Constrained f(Q,T) gravity accelerating cosmological model and its dynamical system analysis

In this paper, we have presented an accelerating cosmological model of the Universe in an extended symmetric teleparallel gravity or f(Q,T) gravity. The parametric form of the Hubble parameter is, H(z)=H0[α+(1−α)(1+z)n]32n, where H0 and n are constants and for n=3, the ΛCDM scenario can be obtained. We have considered the logarithmic form of f(Q,T) as, f(Q,T)=−Q+βlog⁡(QQ0)+γT, where β and γ are the free model parameters. Using the Hubble, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO), and Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) datasets, the present value of the Hubble parameter and other free parameters are constrained. Further other cosmographic and dynamical parameters are presented using the obtained constrained values of the Hubble and free parameters. The model shows the quintessence behavior of the Universe at the present time. The present value of the EoS parameter is obtained as, ω0=−0.56 for the Hubble+BAO+SNe datasets. The energy conditions are presented and the violation of the strong energy condition has been shown. We have performed the dynamical system analysis to validate the stability of the model. From the evolutionary plot obtained through the dynamical system variables, the present values of density parameters have been obtained as Ωm≈0.3 and Ωde≈0.7.

Two-Dimensional Quantum Droplets in Binary Dipolar Bose-Bose Mixture

We study two-dimensional (2D) isotropic quantum droplets (QDs) in dipolar binary Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs). The QDs are supported by the competition between the 2D form of the Lee-Huang-Yang (LHY) term and the isotropic dipole-dipole interactions (DDIs). Moreover, the DDIs in the 2D plane can be tuned to be either repulsive or attractive. Before that, QDs in dipolar BECs were often explored in three-dimensional (3D) systems, with competition between the attractive DDIs and the repulsive LHY term. Unlike the 3D system, the LHY term of the 2D binary system behaves in a logarithmic form, which can feature both attraction and repulsion. In this case, the QDs can be produced regardless of the interactions (attraction, repulsion, or zero) that the mean-field effect represents. In this paper, we model the aforementioned QDs via the 2D binary dipolar BECs with the competition between isotropic DDIs and the logarithmic LHY term. Their characteristic parameters (the peak density, IP, chemical potential, μ, and effective area, Aeff) using both numerical and theoretical methods are discussed. The centripetal collision and oblique collision between moving QDs are also studied.

Editorial

Editorial

Critical site percolation on the triangular lattice: from integrability to conformal partition functions

Critical site percolation on the triangular lattice is described by the Yang–Baxter solvable dilute loop model with crossing parameter specialized to , corresponding to the contractible loop fugacity . We study the functional relations satisfied by the commuting transfer matrices of this model and the associated Bethe ansatz equations. The single and double row transfer matrices are respectively endowed with strip and periodic boundary conditions, and are elements of the ordinary and periodic dilute Temperley–Lieb algebras. The standard modules for these algebras are labelled by the number of defects d and, in the latter case, also by the twist . Nonlinear integral equation techniques are used to analytically solve the Bethe ansatz functional equations in the scaling limit for the central charge c = 0 and conformal weights . For the ground states, we find for strip boundary conditions and for periodic boundary conditions, where . We give explicit conjectures for the scaling limit of the trace of the transfer matrix in each standard module. For , these conjectures are supported by numerical solutions of the logarithmic form of the Bethe ansatz equations for the leading 20 or more conformal eigenenergies. With these conjectures, we apply the Markov traces to obtain the conformal partition functions on the cylinder and torus. These precisely coincide with our previous results for critical bond percolation on the square lattice, described by the dense loop model with . The concurrence of all this conformal data provides compelling evidence supporting a strong form of universality between these two stochastic models as logarithmic conformal field theories.

Remediation and immobilization of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil using stabilized nanoscale iron sulfide and ecological impact

Soil contaminated with hexavalent chromium seriously threatens the environment and human health. The use of FeS, which has a high redox activity and excellent reduction capacity, limits its application in soil remediation due to its premature surface oxidation and massive aggregation. To prevent premature surface oxidation and agglomeration, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-supported nano-ferrous sulfide (CTAB-nFeS) was chemically synthesized and used for immobilizing Cr(VI) in contaminated soil. In order to evaluate the role of CTAB stabilization of nFeS and interaction mechanisms were investigated by XPS, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM. Batch experiments showed a complete reduction of Cr(VI) within 3 h with only 235% excess of CTAB-nFeS at a soil pH of 8 compared to days as reported in the literature with alternative FeS forms. The reduction kinetic data could be satisfactorily fitted into the second-order rate model. The rate constant linearly depends on the soil-to-water ratio, but its logarithmic form is linear in the given pH range. The oxidation-reduction potential increases with decreasing initial pH, thus positively impacting the reduction process. XPS analysis revealed the reduction process as multi-steps (reduction, adsorption, and co-precipitation). Ecological studies showed improved plant growth and earthworm survival rate in the remediated soil. Medium-term stability experiments suggested a significant decrease in TCLP leachate concentration of Cr after CTAB-nFeS treatment and remained stable for 60 d. Overall results of our study suggested a sustainable, feasible, and effective strategy for in-situ remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil using CTAB-nFeS at natural pH.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Produksi Tomat di Kelurahan Kawangu Kecamatan Pandawai Kabupaten Sumba Timur

Horticultural products such as tomatoes are complementary ingredients that must be met for many consumers because they are needed as a complement in making juice, chili sauce, and other industrial raw materials. In addition, the need for tomatoes is also increasing along with the increase in population and the number of culinary businesses at this time, so that tomato production needs attention. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence tomato production in Kawangu Village, Pandawai District, East Sumba Regency. The location selection was determined purposively with the consideration that Kawangu Village is one of the centers of tomato production in East Sumba Regency. The research method used in this study is a quantitative method with the number of respondents used in this study as many as 40 people who were taken randomly. The data analysis technique uses the Cobb-Douglas production function model in the form of the natural logarithm (ln). The results of this study indicate that the use of inputs such as land area and manure has a significant effect on tomato production, while other factors such as seeds, urea fertilizer, pesticides, and labor have no effect on tomato production in Kawangu Village.

The jigsaw model: a biogeographic model that partitions habitat heterogeneity from area

Species–area models now frequently include habitat heterogeneity. These models often fit real-world data better than those that exclude this factor. However, such models usually link the effects of habitat heterogeneity and study area. Critically, we show that difficulties in quantifying habitat heterogeneity within these models can lead to distortions of the apparent effect of area on species richness. Here, we derive a model that minimises these distortions by partitioning the influence of habitat heterogeneity from that of area, without compromising ease of application. This ‘jigsaw model’ achieves this by assuming that different habitats within an area can support similar numbers of species. We compare the behaviour of this model to that of existing models of similar complexity using both simulated island ecosystems and 40 published empirical datasets. The effects of habitat heterogeneity and area on species richness vary independently in our simulations, and these independent effects are recovered by the jigsaw model. This flexibility, however, is not present when the same data are analysed using other models of similar complexity. When applied to real-world data, the jigsaw model demonstrates that the relative importance of area and habitat heterogeneity varies depending on the study system. The jigsaw model provides the best fit to real-world data (according to AICc) of all tested models in logarithmic form, and the second best fit, after the choros model, in power-law form. Our results demonstrate the importance of partitioning the effects of habitat heterogeneity and area on species richness in biogeographic models. The jigsaw model is a simple but powerful tool for such partitioning. It has the potential to elucidate the underlying drivers of species richness patterns, and to be used as a tool in biological conservation projects, where data are often incomplete.

Truncated generalized coherent states

A generalization of the canonical coherent states of a quantum harmonic oscillator has been performed by requiring the conditions of normalizability, continuity in the label, and resolution of the identity operator with a positive weight function. Relying on this approach, in the present scenario, coherent states are generalized over the canonical or finite dimensional Fock space of the harmonic oscillator. A class of generalized coherent states is determined such that the corresponding distributions of the number of excitations depart from the Poisson statistics according to combinations of stretched exponential decays, power laws, and logarithmic forms. The analysis of the Mandel parameter shows that the generalized coherent states exhibit (non-classical) sub-Poissonian or super-Poissonian statistics of the number of excitations, based on the realization of determined constraints. Mittag-Leffler and Wright generalized coherent states are analyzed as particular cases.

The Impact of Economic Growth on Poverty Reduction in Kenya: Empirical Analysis Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model

This paper is an empirical analysis of the impact of economic growth on poverty reduction while controlling for inflation and employment over the period 1997-2019. The study seeks to provide insights into the process of alleviating poverty in Kenya. Empirical analysis is done using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model approach. The time series was first transformed into logarithmic form before contacting unit root test for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test. According to the ADF test results, the dependent variable is integrated of order one while the explanatory variables are integrated of different orders. None of the variables is integrated of order above one. As a result, bounds test was used to test for cointegration. The bound’s test null hypothesis of no levels relationship was rejected. Due to the presence of long-run relationship, Error Correction (EC) model was specified for estimation. The coefficient of the error correction term was negative as expected and statistically significant at 5% level. The error terms were free from serial correlation and their variance was constant. Multicolinearity was not a problem and the model was very stable thus valid for forecasting. The results provide evidence that economic growth fosters poverty reduction in Kenya.

Logarithm-Based Methods for Interpolating Quaternion Time Series

In this paper, we discuss a modified quaternion interpolation method based on interpolations performed on the logarithmic form. This builds on prior work that demonstrated this approach maintains C2 continuity for prescriptive rotation. However, we develop and extend this method to descriptive interpolation, i.e., interpolating an arbitrary quaternion time series. To accomplish this, we provide a robust method of taking the logarithm of a quaternion time series such that the variables θ and n^ have a consistent and continuous axis-angle representation. We then demonstrate how logarithmic quaternion interpolation out-performs Renormalized Quaternion Bezier interpolation by orders of magnitude.