Form Of Cup Research Articles

Effect of lean red meat combined with a multicomponent exercise program on muscle and cognitive function in older adults: a 6-month randomized controlled trial

Exercise and increased dietary protein have been linked to improved muscle and cognitive health, but the combination may be more effective. In this study performed in community-dwelling older adults undergoing a 3-d/wk resistance-based exercise training program, we investigated whether those who consumed lean red meat compared to carbohydrates on the 3 training days per wk would experience greater exercise-induced improvements in total body and leg lean mass (LM), muscle strength, and executive function (multiple primary outcomes), as well as muscle size and density, functional performance, cognition, inflammatory and neurotrophic markers, blood pressure, and lipid concentrations. In a 24-wk, 2-arm parallel randomized controlled trial, 154 adults aged ≥65 y participated in a multicomponent 3-d/wk resistance-based exercise program with random allocation to either a lean red meat group (two 80-g servings of cooked red meat), the exercise plus lean red meat (Ex +Meat) group (n = 77) or a control group receiving carbohydrates in the form of one-half cup (approximately 225 g cooked weight) of rice or pasta or 1 medium potato, the exercise plus carbohydrate control (C+Ex) group (n= 77), on the training days. Exercise-induced improvements (mean within group changes) did not significantly differ between groups for the primary outcomes of total body LM (0.6 to 0.8 kg), leg LM (0.1 to 0.2 kg), thigh muscle cross-sectional area (3.7% to 4.9%), leg and back muscle strength (26% to 40%), and executive function (z-score SD: 0.33 to 0.39), nor the secondary outcomes of global cognition function (0.17 to 0.23 SD), fat mass (-0.65 to -0.75 kg), physical function measures (sit-to-stand, both 15%; 4-square step test, 2% to 7%), or systolic blood pressure (-3.2 to -4.1 mm Hg). The Ex+Meat group experienced greater improvements than the C+Ex in arm LM (0.07 kg; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.14; P=0.029), gait speed (0.05 m/s; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.11; P=0.042), muscle density (1.0%; 95% CI: 0.2, 1.9; P=0.015), and appendicular LM in the per-protocol analysis (0.21 kg; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.40; P=0.03). The C+Ex group had greater net improvements in working memory/learning after 12 wk (SD: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.43; P=0.011) and 24 wk (SD: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.49; P=0.007). Inflammatory and neurotrophic markers did not change in either group. In healthy community-dwelling older adults undertaking resistance-based exercise training 3-d/wk, participants who consumed lean red meat in line with current Australian dietary recommendations did not experience any significant additional benefits in the primary outcome measures of muscle mass, strength, or cognitive function compared to participants consuming carbohydrates.This trial is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12613001153707.

Effect of the Location of Draw Bead and Its Profile in Cylindrical Cup Forming

The effect of draw bead on the production of cylindrical cup in deep drawing process three metal (aluminum, brass, steel). The draw bead is designed by Bezier curve’s equation that play an important role in prevent occurrence of wrinkling especially with improved aluminum, because that’s only lubricant is passed with aluminum, when compared it with without draw bead, it is noticed that the maximum drawing force will increase due to lubricant. It can be concluded that in deep drawing with draw bead the wax has used us a lubricant, be better compared to without draw bead for AL, good agreement is evident between ANSYS(18) and experimental work. comparing between deep drawing with draw bead and without the energy required to complete drawn when using draw bead is more than without draw bead, The aims of this paper to predict the wrinkling and thinning (necking) and to study the influence of using draw bead on the thickness distribution along the cup, so the hoop strain distribution along the blank is more uniform for using draw bead and thickness strain with & without using draw bead, is about 0.17% in thinning for brass with it and 0.20% in thickening to steel without it.

Center Clamp Forming of a Rectangular Cup with Bottom Edge Trimming Using a Continuous Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Sheet

Center clamp forming method has been applied to avoid wrinkles in the press forming of a rectangular cup with bottom edge trimming using a continuous woven carbon fiber-reinforced plastic plate. Trimming of a bottom edge during forming is a convenient method to obtain smooth bottom without any other successive process. But it closes the die profile that may cause fiber wrinkle. By the center clamp forming compared with free forming, it is confirmed that this is one of the methods to achieve smooth top flat surface of the cup without wrinkles. Monitoring pressure using pressure sensors elucidated pressure application process during the press forming and cooling process. Difference of the pressure holding time in the cooling process was observed between the pressure on the side plate and that on the top flat plate. Sliding descent during the cooling under constant load indicated the solidification finishing time of the thermoplastic resin.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Quasi-Static (10−3 s−1) Fracture Behavior of Armor Steel

In this investigation, a numerical approach has been used for predicting the quasi-static strain rate (10−3 s−1) hardening and damage behavior for armor grade steel Armox 500T at ambient temperature. The power-law has been used to provide the hardening yield to ultimate tensile strength. Further, to predict the damage behavior, ductile damage model parameters, which include fracture strain and stress triaxiality, have been established. The damage has been created in the form of cup and cone that follows the necking behavior. The FEA model from the current study is capable of predicting the flow stress versus plastic strain curve for the strain rate ranging from 10−4 to 10−1 s−1. Results from FE simulation have been validated by experimental results at the strain rate of 10−3 s−1. The results revealed that the simulation values have good agreement with the experimental data. At the end, fractographic analysis of the tensile samples is also presented for better understanding of the damage behavior of armor steel.

Sweet and bitter near-threshold solutions activate cross-modal correspondence between taste and shapes of cups

Recent studies have pointed out some cross-modal correspondences between flavoured beverages, as well as basic taste solutions, and specific geometric visual cues. Some of them associate known drink tastes to shapes of receptacles. In particular, sweetness is associated with curved receptacles and bitterness with sharp-angled ones. Our study aimed to test the hypothesis according to which near-threshold solutions might also activate this cross-modal correspondence. We used two different cup forms, one curved and the other sharp-angled, with pure sweet and bitter solutions just above sensorial thresholds. We designed two tasks using a two-alternative forced-choice test. Participants had to decide which drink was sweeter, Task 1, and bitterer, Task 2, from the curved and sharp-angled cups. Results showed the cross-modal correspondence but only when participants drank first from the curved cup and second from the sharp-angled cup. The effect disappeared when participants drank first from the sharp-angled cup and second from the curved cup. This suggests that the correspondence emerges using sweet and bitter near-threshold solutions in specific conditions. On the other hand, results also showed that confidence level of responses was significantly higher in the bitter task than in the sweet task. We discuss these complex results in the light of different theoretical proposals to explain this cross-modal correspondence.

Morphological studies on the gills of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius, Linnaeus, 1758).

The current work gives concern to study the morphology of the Merluccius merluccius gills by using gross morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and light microscopy. The findings of the present study revealed that the gill system consisted of four pairs of gill arches which carry the gill filaments on the convex border and gill rakers on the concave border of them. SEM results revealed that the rakers and the spines distribution on the first gill arch differed from that of the other three gill arches on the lateral and medial surfaces. On the surface the gill filaments, there were longitudinal ridges that carried pores of chloride cells and mucous cells. The histological examination revealed that, the gill arch composed of hyaline cartilage that presented in the form of cups. Each cup consisted of central cartilagenous core and peripheral cartilagenous matrix. The gill filaments composed of cartilaginous bar of peripheral cartilaginous matrix and central cartilaginous core extended from the gill arches and covered by an epithelial layers with a few mucous cells permeate it, and chloride cells were straggly in the interlamellar epithelium. Each gill filament carried several leaves like secondary lamellae on both sides of it. The epithelium, which lined the secondary lamellae, composed of epithelial pavement cells, some mucous cells, and pillar cells.

Roll-drawing of cup with thick wall

A new method of roll-drawing is proposed for the forming of cup with thick curved outer wall. The roll-drawing is compared with the traditional drawing by numerical simulation. The results show that the weight of billet can be reduced by the presented process comparing with the traditional process and the reducing amount will increase with the increasing of the length of curved outer wall. The roll-drawing force can be reduced by about 50% compared with that of traditional drawing and the friction between the roller and the billet is changed from the traditional sliding friction to the rolling friction, which will improve the die life of roll-drawing. Experiment results show that roll-drawing can be used for the production of cup with thick curved outer wall and has the same forming productivity with traditional drawing.

Improvement of formability for hot stamping of aluminum alloy sheets by press motion control

In this work, the formability of Al-Mg-Si aluminum alloy sheets during hot stamping has been improved by controlling the press motion. In the hot stamping, a heated blank sheet is cooled partially by contacting with the dies; therefore, its deformation proceeds non-isothermally. The resulting temperature distribution leads to cracking at low forming depths during deep drawing despite the excellent tensile properties of the alloy at high temperatures. Local deformation, i.e. necking, tends to occur in a high-temperature area that is not in contact with the dies until the press reaches the bottom dead center. To suppress this deformation, the potential cracking area near the walls was cooled and hardened by holding the heated blank sheet between the blank holder and the upper die before the forming step. The proposed technique was applied to the square cup forming of a 1.0 mm thick 6000 series aluminum alloy sheet. As a result, the forming limit depth was increased to twice depth with 1.0-s die-holding duration before the forming step as compared to that obtained for the standard hot stamping procedure without the press motion control.

Investigation of the Lorentz-force-driven sheet metal stamping process for cylindrical cup forming

A new dynamic forming method denoted as Lorentz-force-driven (LFD) sheet metal stamping was proposed in this work, which has been applied to cylindrical cup forming. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the deformation behavior of workpiece based on the forming method under different conditions, and a three-dimensional coupled electromagnetic-mechanical numerical model was established to better understand the dynamic forming process. Results show that the features of discharge current waveform including current frequency and damping state have obvious effects on the forming behavior of workpiece, and an additional crowbar circuit with no resistance could be used to achieve a relatively high forming efficiency in a wide frequency range. Further, a flat-bottom cylindrical cup made of 5052-O aluminum alloy with a thickness of 0.96 mm and a drawing ratio of 2 can be achieved by only two discharges, where the total discharge energy is 32 kJ and the final cup height is about 66.4 mm. More importantly, it has been demonstrated that the thickness reduction of workpiece in the forming process could be improved by additional radial pulsed Lorentz forces, showing that the new dynamic forming method is expected to have good prospect in deep drawing of workpieces with large drawing ratios.

The microstructure dependence of drawability in ferritic, pearlitic, and TWIP steels during wire drawing

The effects of microstructure and deformation mode on the formability have been investigated to understand and improve formability in twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel. The tensile and wire drawing behaviors were compared using the ferritic, pearlitic, and TWIP steels. The drawability of ferritic and pearlitic steels was quite good in spite of the low tensile elongation of hot-rolled state, whereas TWIP steel showed a low drawability despite the extraordinary tensile elongation. In TWIP steel, the gradual increase in twin volume fraction with increasing strain with the aid of grain rotation increased the ductility by delaying the growth of a local necking to fracture, which is the main reason why TWIP steel had a higher elongation during tensile test. The local saturation of deformation twins due to the inhomogeneous plastic deformation during forming process led to the earlier fracture in TWIP steel. For example, the earlier saturation of deformation twin at surface area led to earlier fracture of drawn wire, resulting in low drawability. This proposed fracture mechanism well explained the lower formability and higher strain hardening rate in TWIP steels under the complex stress states such as wire drawing, cup forming, caliber rolling, hole expansion, and dome stretch. To improve the formability in TWIP steels, twinning rate needs to be delicately controlled with area during plastic deformation, especially complex forming process. Four strategies were proposed to improve the formability of TWIP steels, which can help in producing high strength products using TWIP steels.

Multi parameter optimization of deep drawing for cylindrical cup formation on brass sheets using Grey Relational Analysis

Abstract Deep drawing is the widely used process for producing products from sheet metals. There are many effectible process parameters in the process. Proper selection of these parameters leads to sound forming of the components. The aim of the present paper is to analyze the influences of the forming parameters in deep drawing process on the outcomes like drawing force and thinning ratio in cylindrical cup forming of brass sheets. Three Control parameters are considered in the present study such as blank diameter, punch velocity and lubricant with three levels each. The experiment is conducted according Taguchi's DOE methodology and experimental data is analysed by using Taguchi Grey Relational analysis Method for the identification of optimal process parameters. The optimal values are confirmed and found that it is satisfactory. The ANOVA analysis also conducted to determine the influences of control parameters.

Moisture Damage Analysis of Bituminous Mix by Durability Index Utilizing Waste Plastic Cup

Moisture damage is a major problem in every tropical country that may occur in pavement structures during their design life due to inappropriate selection of aggregates and bitumen from a material point of view. Silica content of aggregates and existence of carboxylic acids in bitumen of the hot mix asphalt (HMA) are suspected to play a crucial role in such damage. The application of polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) may be an effective solution against such problems, as suggested by different investigations. However, high tariffs on PMB decreases the interest of construction agencies, particularly for constructing low-budget bituminous pavement. To address this issue, this study uses elastomeric municipal solid waste (MSW) composed of thermoplastic elastomers based on polypropylene (PP) in the form of plastic cups (PCs) to modify virgin bitumen. This research outlines a method to quantify the moisture susceptibility of the virgin and PC-modified bituminous mixes by second durability index (SDI) using a modified Marshall immersion test due to its applicability in wider temperature-fluctuation ranges. A gradual decrease of stability loss in the SDI curve from 0- to 7-day immersion periods is observed due to short chain propagation of PP in bituminous medium up to 2% by weight PC-modified bituminous mix in the wet process. However, experimental results of this investigation show that addition of 2% by weight PCs to the bituminous mix in the wet process gives the lowest moisture damage (i.e., 9.38%), which may lead to a longer life span of the bituminous mix by resisting the moisture damage of the constructed pavement.

Conversion of Polypropylene Plastic Waste Into Liquid Fuel with Catalytic Cracking Process Using Al2O3 as Catalyst

Approximately 129 million tons of plastic are produced each year, and from that amount, almost entirely produced from petroleum, while the needs on fuel oil (BBM) is continuously increasing, leading to the depletion of oil and gas reserves. However, besides the problem of raw materials derived from petroleum, the use of conventional plastic as packaging material facing various environmental problems, such as cannot be recycled and cannot be degraded naturally by the environment, causing a pile of plastic waste that causes environmental pollution. Thus, it is crucial to find a solution that can solve both problems. One method of processing plastic waste is to convert it into hydrocarbon fuels. Conversion of plastic waste can be done with the catalytic cracking process which is often used because it utilizes a catalyst to reduce the high temperatures used in the thermal cracking process and save on energy consumption. In this research, the raw material that was used was polypropylene in the form of mineral water cups, and the catalyst used was Al2O3. The purpose of this research was to observe the effect of the cracking process’ length of time, catalyst weight (% catalyst) and range of temperature towards the mass, characteristics, and composition of the product. The length of the cracking time was varied into 20, 40 and 60 minutes, while the % catalyst was varied into 4%, 6%, and 8%, and the operating temperature was varied into 150, 200, 300 and 350oC. From the research, the highest mass of liquid product was obtained at the variation of 350oC, 4% of catalyst for 60 minutes, with the value of 87.3 gr, with a total yield of 17.5%. While the characteristics were 0.762 gr/mL for density, 0.778 for Spgr and 50.4 for oAPI Gravity. As for the other products from different variations had lower mass and yield of liquid, but the characteristics were still in gasoline range’s characteristics. Two samples were analyzed by its composition, and although showed the different value of percentage, both also showed that the liquid product was included into gasoline range (C5-C12).

Incremental Feeding High-Pressure Sliding for Grain Refinement of Large-Scale Sheets: Application to Inconel 718

This study updates a process of high-pressure sliding (HPS) recently developed as a severe plastic deformation process under high pressure for grain refinement of sheet samples. The updated version, which we call the incremental feeding HPS (IF-HPS), consists of sliding for SPD and feeding for upsizing the SPD-processed area so that, without increasing the capacity of processing facility, it is possible to cover a much larger area with an SPD-processed ultrafine-grained structure with a grain size of ~ 120 nm. For the IF-HPS processing, anvils with flat surfaces but without grooves are used in an unconstrained condition, and the feeding distance is set equal to the deformed width. A Ni-based superalloy (Inconel 718) is processed by the IF-HPS under 4 GPa at room temperature, and it is possible to obtain an SPD-processed sheet with dimensions of approximately 100 × 100 × 1 mm3. Strain distribution and evolution were examined by hardness measurement and simulation using a finite element method. Tensile tests were conducted using tensile specimens extracted from the IF-HPS-processed sheet. Advent of high strain rate superplasticity with the total elongation of more than 400 pct was confirmed by pulling the tensile specimens with an initial strain rate of 2.0 × 10−2 s−1 at a temperature as low as 1073 K. The formability of the IF-HPS-processed sheet was confirmed by successful cup forming. It was also confirmed that the restoration after the superplastic deformation was feasible by subjecting to conventional heat treatment used for Inconel 718.

Bittersweet Findings: Round Cups Fail to Induce Sweeter Taste

An increasing body of literature demonstrates that consumers associate visual information with specific gustatory elements. This phenomenon is better known as cross-modal correspondence. A specific correspondence that has received attention of late is the one between round forms and sweet taste. Research indicates that roundness (as opposed to angularity) is consistently associated with an increased sweetness perception. Focusing on two different cup forms (round versus angular), two studies tested this association for a butter milk drink and a mate-based soft drink. Results, however, were not able to corroborate the frequently suggested correspondence effect, but a correspondence was found between the angular cup and a more bitter taste for the soft drink. These results are discussed in light of previous findings matching sweetness with roundness and bitterness with angularity, hopefully aiding researchers in this field in conducting future experiments.

Comparative Formability Study of Natural Rubber, B-Nitrile Rubber and Silicon Rubber in Rubber Assisted Forming of Hemispherical Copper Cup

Comparative Formability Study of Natural Rubber, B-Nitrile Rubber and Silicon Rubber in Rubber Assisted Forming of Hemispherical Copper Cup

Metal flow control during hot forming of square cups with local-thickened plates and varied friction conditions

Obtaining square cups with the radius at the bottom corner lower than the thickness of original plate via a single-step hot forming process is a challenge. In this paper, a processing way was proposed by combining local-thickened plate and friction control, to manufacture square cups with small corner radii. Through finite element (FE) simulations, the metal flow during hot forming of square cups was optimized by varying the shape of the local thickened section and adjusting the friction conditions at the interfaces between blank and tools. It was found that the filling ratio of the bottom corner can be significantly improved by increasing the friction coefficient at the interfaces between the blank and the upper punch, and that between the blank and the central zone of counter punch. The established flow dividing surface (FDS) model is capable for describing the variation of metal flow with the friction coefficients. Base on the simulation results, hot forming experiments were also carried out, and square cups with small radii of 2mm at the bottom corners were successfully manufactured.

Study on the effect of tension-compression asymmetry on the cylindrical cup forming of an AA2090-T3 alloy

In this work, the Cazacu et al. (2006) is adopted to study the effect of the asymmetry between the tensile and the compressive plastic behavior in sheet metal forming. The example selected for this analysis is a cylindrical cup drawing, since it involves tensile and compressive stress states (Yoon et al., 2000). The material selected is the 2090-T3 aluminum alloy, since the experimental data available includes both tension and compression yield stress in-plane distributions (Barlat et al., 1991b), which allows the use of a classical strategy for the anisotropy parameters identification. Different sets of parameters are identified for the CPB06, taking or not into account the strength differential (SD) effect and, consequently, considering different sets of experimental data. All numerical simulations are performed with the DD3IMP fully implicit in-house code.The results show that the earing profile is mainly dictated by the compression r-values in-plane directionalities, which are commonly unavailable for thin metallic sheets. The adoption of the CPB06 taking into account the tension-compression asymmetry, with an associated flow rule, enables the simultaneous prediction of both compression yield stress and r-values directionalities. The compression yield stresses directionalities seem to play a major role in the thickness prediction. Therefore, it is recommended the use of a yield criterion that is flexible enough to describe both the yield stresses and r-values directionalities, including the ones in compression, even for materials that present a small SD effect.

Inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb mediates the effects of IgG on a phagosome acidification and a sequential dephosphorylation system comprising SHIPs and Inpp4a.

The relative abundance of phosphoinositide (PI) species on the phagosome membrane fluctuates over the course of phagocytosis. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 rapidly increase in the forming of the phagocytic cup, following which they disappear after sealing of the cup. In the present study, we monitored the clearance of these PI species using the enhanced green fluorescent protein-fused pleckstrin homology domain of Akt, a fluorescence probe that binds both PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 in Raw 264.7 macrophages. The clearance of PIs was much faster when the phagocytosed particles were coated with IgG. The effect of IgG was not observed in the macrophages deficient in FcγRIIb, an inhibitory IgG receptor. To identify the lipid phosphatases responsible for the FcγRIIb-accelerated PI clearance, we prepared a panel of lipid phosphatase-deficient cells. The lack of a PI 5-phosphatase Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase (SHIP)1 or SHIP2 impaired the FcγRIIb-accelerated clearance of PIs. The lack of a PI 4-phosphatase Inpp4a also impaired the accelerated PIs clearance. In the FcγRIIb- and Inpp4a-deficient cells, acidification of the formed phagosome was slowed. These results suggested that FcγRIIb drives the sequential dephosphorylation system comprising SHIPs and Inpp4a, and accelerates phagosome acidification.

人工股関節寛骨臼側カップの形状による回旋安定性の比較

人工股関節寛骨臼側カップの形状による回旋安定性の比較