Stream Formation Research Articles

I’m telling you what’s best for you: A comparative study of the speech act of suggestion in e-commerce live streaming between male and female streamers

E-commerce live streaming has developed rapidly in recent years. The pragmatic strategy of e-commerce streamers is an important factor affecting sales. This study explores gender-specific pragmatic strategies in the speech act of suggestion by analyzing the discourse of the top ten male and female Taobao anchors during the Double Eleven Event, a promotional festival in China. With the help of corpus tools, based on Eden Sum-hung Li’s pragmatic strategy model of the speech act of suggestion, this study conducts a comparative analysis of the above discourse. The study finds that at the level of perspective, both male and female streamers use hearer-dominance suggestions most, followed by the speaker-dominance one. The difference is that male streamers use the speaker-dominance strategy more frequently than female streamers. At the level of directness, male and female streamers vary greatly in strategy distribution. Female streamers use the three strategies with similar frequency, while male streamers mainly use conventionally indirect suggestions and less non-conventionally indirect suggestions. At the level of politeness, both male and female streamers use more internal redressive actions and relatively fewer external ones. However, female streamers employ suggestions without redressive actions more frequently than male streamers in discourse. The above phenomenon can be explained by three reasons: features of the e-commerce live streaming format, gender of the streamers, and the audience. Specifically, the cross-screen communication method and fast pace of e-commerce live broadcasts raise requirements for the type of suggestions. The gender difference leads to different relationship positioning between the streamers and the audience, which affects the selection and use of male and female streamers’ pragmatic strategies of the speech act of suggestion.

Climatic changes and their impact on living organisms

One of the issues that the world is currently concerned about is climate change. Climate change and its impact on the living world are of even greater concern to the world community. The recent changes in the atmosphere and unstable weather conditions are felt not only in Azerbaijan but also in many countries of the world. From numerous studies conducted over the last five years, it has become known that over the last hundred years, the average temperature on Earth has increased by 0.7 degrees Celsius (Mammadov, Khalilov, 2006: 222; 318). However, anthropogenic factors are mainly involved in the temperature rise. And the basis of anthropogenic factors are gases, nitrous oxide, nitrogen oxide, chlorofluoride compounds, carbon, methane, etc., causing thermal effects. For this reason, blizzards, thunderstorms, droughts, floods, and heavy rains, which are occurring everywhere, have intensified. Whereas in the oceans the water surface has warmed to a depth of 1,000 meters, this has recently changed to a depth of 2,000 meters. This leads to the formation of hot streams. Climate underlies all changes in general. These processes are also taking place in Azerbaijan. Only for the last hundred years has the average annual temperature on the territory of Azerbaijan increased by 0.4-1.3 degrees. Also, the number and strength of floods in mountain rivers in Azerbaijan increase every year. The factors influencing temperature changes in Azerbaijan are the Caspian Sea and the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The presence of the Caspian Sea mitigates the effects of climate change in Azerbaijan (Kurayev, 2006: 16). There are also changes that occur independently of human activity. These changes fundamentally affect the processes occurring in the atmosphere and the health of living organisms, including humans. Increased solar activity, displacement of the Earth, the Moon, and other planets, methane entering the atmosphere, volcanic eruptions, etc. are examples of this. One of the most pressing problems on Earth is global warming and its complications. Global climate variability is based on the inexorable rise in temperature. Warming leads to climate change, ecosystem disruption, extreme weather variability, sea level rise due to melting ice, and loss of biodiversity. This has a negative impact on human health, agricultural and food security, and the economy. To this purpose, our state is fully prepared for COP-29, the 29th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which it will host in 2024. All these activities will contribute in the near future. The different interactions of climate-forming factors in the world give rise to a rather large diversity of climates. The recent decrease in the amount of precipitation may lead to desertification in some areas of our republic.

‘제주환경보전분담금(관광세)’ 제도 도입과정 분석 : 정책흐름모형(PSM)의 적용

Jeju Special Self-Governing Province has been reviewing the introduction of a tourism system related to a Tourism Tax for the environmental conservation of tourist destinations since 2012. However, the system, now referred to as the ‘Environmental Conservation Contribution,’ was ultimately postponed in May 2024 due to legal issues, political interests, negative public opinion regarding the system’s introduction, and a lack of supporting evidence. This study analyzes the process through the application of Kingdon(1984)’s Policy Streams Model(PSM), noting that discussions surrounding the ‘Jeju Environmental Conservation Contribution’, which faced long-standing challenges, did not follow a rational policy process due to differences in stakeholder opinions and the fluid nature of the system’s details. The anaylsis identified two main factors congributing to the difficulty in introducing the Jeju Environmental Conservation Contribution System. First, the window for policy decision-making did not open because the problem stream, policy alternatives stream, and political stream were not aligned, largely due to the insufficient formation of the political stream. Second, the policy leader who held significant influence in aligning these three streams, were unable to strongly lead the introduction of the system to it’s conclusion. Based on the research results, the practical implications of this study are as follows. First, for the successful implementation of the system, political efforts to persuade the public and shape public opinion are essential. Additionally, effective policy PR strategies are needed to foster social consensus through negotiations with multilateral consultative bodies and to enhance public awareness of the system. Second, it suggests that a logical and reasonable design that can change and persuade public perception is necessary when designing policy alternatives. Third, policy leaders should lead changes in the national atmosphere and public opinion formation based on professional knowledge and resources, and combine the three streams of the policy formation process with innovative strategies. The academic contribution of this study is that it lies in its application of empirical research using policy theory in the field of tourism studies, by clearly identifying the complex factors and problems involved in the introduction of the tourism system. Furthermore, this study enhances the clarity and objectivity of the analysis by refining the factors analyzed in the existing Policy Streams Model.

The self-organized structure of glioma oncostreams and the disruptive role of passive cells

Oncostreams are self-organized structures formed by spindle-like, elongated, self-propelled cells recently described in glioblastomas and especially in gliosarcomas. Cells within these structures either move as large clusters in one main direction, flocks, or as linear, intermingling collections of cells advancing in opposite directions, streams. Round, passive cells are also observed, either inside or segregated from the oncostreams. Here we generalize a recently formulated particle-field approach to investigate the genesis and evolution of these structures, first showing that, in systems consisting only of identical self-propelled cells, both flocks and streams emerge as self-organized dynamic configurations. Flocks are the more stable configurations, while streams are transient and usually originate in collisions between flocks. Stream degradation is easier at low self-propulsion speeds. In systems consisting of both motile and passive cells, the latter block stream formation and accelerate their degradation and flock stabilization. Since the flock appears to be the most effective invasive structure, we thus argue that a phenotype mixture (motile and passive cells) may favor glioblastoma invasion. hlBy relating cellular properties to the observed outcome, our model shows that oncostreams are self-organized structures that result from the interplay between speed, shape, and steric repulsion.

Destruction of open star clusters and the radius-mass relationship

The processes of formation and six mechanisms of disintegration of open star clusters (OSCs) are considered. Analytical estimates of the rates of OSC disintegration are made for the following mechanisms: loss of the initial gas component of OSCs, mass loss due to supernovae explosions and planetary nebula formation, pair interactions of OSC stars, acceleration of stars by binary systems of OSCs, interaction of OSC stars with stars of the Galactic disk, collisions of OSCs with giant molecular clouds (GMCs) at the front of a spiral wave. The destruction of OSCs is accompanied by the formation of a stellar stream. An analysis of the radius-mass ratio of the OSC core (RM) allowed us to conclude that it probably does not reflect the disintegration mechanism and is a product of observational selection effects. The evolution of an individual OSC in the R-M plane is determined by the initial density and external conditions.

A sequential multilinear Nyström algorithm for streaming low-rank approximation of tensors in Tucker format

We present a sequential version of the multilinear Nyström algorithm which is suitable for low-rank Tucker approximation of tensors given in a streaming format. Accessing the tensor A exclusively through random sketches of the original data, the algorithm effectively leverages structures in A, such as low-rankness, and linear combinations. We present a deterministic analysis of the algorithm and demonstrate its superior speed and efficiency in numerical experiments including an application in video processing.

Symmetrical vortices and laminar dust flow induced by an intense electron beam interacting with a strongly coupled dusty plasma

A strongly coupled quasi-two-dimensional dusty plasma confined electrostatically in the plasma sheath of a radio frequency (RF) plasma is irradiated by a collimated and mono-energetic pulsed electron beam (e-beam) with an energy of 13 keV and a high peak current per pulse of 30 mA. A stream of rapidly moving charged dust particles is created inside the dust crystal due to the drag force of the electrons in the e-beam. The dust flow is split into two symmetrical branches when it reaches the boundary of the round dust crystal, each following the limit of the circular confining region. This results in the formation of a double vortex flow pattern with the dust particles being transported along the irradiation direction and then aside, eventually back to the entrance position of the e-beam. The observed flow regime is laminar at all times, with the speed in the central region increasing up to 12 mm s−1 in the first 200 ms and then diminishing gradually to a steady value of about 5–6 mm s−1 during a stress relaxation time period of 360 ms. The vorticity follows a similar trend with peak values −3.8 and 3.8 s−1 and steady state values between −2.5 and 2.5 s−1 in the two symmetrical vortices. Time-resolved particle-image-velocimetry and particle-tracking-velocimetry are used to characterize the flow. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm qualitatively the experimental observations showing dust stream and double vortex formation.

Domain partition leads to a manifold increase of heat transport in Rayleigh–Bénard convection at low Prandtl number

Results of an exploratory numerical study of Rayleigh–Bénard convection of a low-Pr fluid in a cylinder with a vertical partition are reported. It is shown that a partition may lead to a many-fold increase in the rate of convection heat transfer. The effect is associated with the formation of coherent hot and cold streams separated by the partition. The heat transfer enhancement is particularly strong in tall cylinders and requires that the partition penetrates into the thermal boundary layers near the top and bottom walls.

An Effective Investigation for Quality of Service Enhancement of Content Delivery Network for HTTP Live Streaming Using H.265

In the contemporary era, the prevailing trend among individuals is the widespread utilization of streaming technology to indulge in audio or video content emanating from a server. This innovative approach negates the necessity for downloading the content beforehand, allowing users to seamlessly revel in the material through the streaming mechanism. However, this cutting-edge technology mandates a substantial bandwidth to uphold its Quality of Service (QoS) at an optimal level. Challenges may arise, such as packet loss, attributed to the restricted bandwidth provided by the network service provider, thereby compromising the delivered content’s quality. To address this issue, one viable solution is the integration of CDN (Content Delivery Network), a technology proven to enhance the quality of content delivered through streaming services. This research endeavors to elevate the quality of live video streaming by leveraging CDN. The HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) format for content streaming, the study empirically demonstrates that CDN significantly improves the Quality of Service. As a result, the proposed method Content Delivery Network (CDN) using H.265 plays vital role in live video streaming. The result shows that live video streaming with CDN outperforms without CDN. Specifically, the live video streaming experience with CDN showcases a remarkable throughput average of 5899.7 kbps, coupled with a minimal packet loss ratio average of 0.05%. This stands in stark contrast to the version without CDN, which exhibits a comparatively diminished throughput average of 5287.3 kbps and a higher packet loss ratio average of 0.22%. These empirical findings strongly emphasize the effectiveness of CDN in elevating the Quality of Service for live video streaming. The tangible enhancements in throughput and the reduction of packet loss achieved through CDN implementationcontribute significantly to an enriched user experience. The evidence supports the notion that integrating CDN technology not only optimizes the technical performance of live video streaming but also plays a pivotal role in enhancing the overall satisfaction and engagement of users with the content delivery system.

Properties of the Magellanic Corona

We characterize the Magellanic Corona, the warm gaseous halo around the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). The Corona is a key ingredient in the formation of the Magellanic Stream and has recently been observed in high-ion absorption around the LMC. In this work, we present a suite of high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations to constrain its total mass and temperature prior to the infall of the Magellanic Clouds to our Galaxy. We find that the LMC is able to host a stable Corona before and during its approach to the MW through to the present day. With a Magellanic Corona of >2 × 109 M ⊙ at 3 × 105 K, our simulations can reproduce the observed total mass of the neutral and ionized components of the Trailing Stream, the size of the LMC disk, the ionization fractions along the Stream, the morphology of the neutral gas, and the on-sky extent of the ionized gas. The Corona plays an integral role in the survival, morphology, and composition of the Magellanic Clouds and the Trailing Stream.

Stellar Escape from Globular Clusters. II. Clusters May Eat Their Own Tails

We apply for the first time orbit-averaged Monte Carlo star cluster simulations to study tidal tail and stellar stream formation from globular clusters (GCs), assuming a circular orbit in a time-independent spherical Galactic potential. Treating energetically unbound bodies—potential escapers (PEs)—as collisionless enables this fast but spherically symmetric method to capture asymmetric extratidal phenomena with exquisite detail. Reproducing stream features such as epicyclic overdensities, we show how returning tidal tails can form after the stream fully circumnavigates the Galaxy, enhancing the stream's velocity dispersion by several kilometers per second in our ideal case. While a truly clumpy, asymmetric, and evolving Galactic potential would greatly diffuse such tails, they warrant scrutiny as potentially excellent constraints on the Galaxy’s history and substructure. Reexamining the escape timescale Δt of PEs, we find new behavior related to chaotic scattering in the three-body problem; the Δt distribution features sharp plateaus corresponding to distinct locally smooth patches of the chaotic saddle separating the phase-space basins of escape. We study for the first time Δt in an evolving cluster, finding that Δt∼(EJ−0.1,EJ−0.4) for PEs with (low, high) Jacobi energy E J, flatter than for a static cluster ( EJ−2 ). Accounting for cluster mass loss and internal evolution lowers the median Δt from ∼10 Gyr to ≲100 Myr. We finally outline potential improvements to escape in the Monte Carlo method intended to enable the first large grids of tidal tail/stellar stream models from full GC simulations and detailed comparison to stream observations.

Signatures of Tidal Disruption of the Hercules Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxy* *This paper includes data gathered with the 6.5 m Magellan Telescopes located at the Las Campanas Observatory, Chile.

The Hercules ultrafaint dwarf galaxy (UFD) has long been hypothesized to be tidally disrupting, yet no conclusive evidence has been found for tidal disruption owing partly to difficulties in identifying Hercules member stars. In this work, we present a homogeneous reanalysis of new and existing observations of Hercules, including the detection of a new potential member star located ∼1° (∼1.7 kpc) west of the center of the system. In addition to measuring the line-of-sight velocity gradient, we compare predictions from dynamical models of stream formation to these observations. We report an updated velocity dispersion measurement based on 28 stars, 1.9−0.6+0.6 km s−1, which is significantly lower than previous measurements. We find that the line-of-sight velocity gradient is 1.8−1.8+1.8 km s−1 kpc along the major axis of Hercules, consistent with zero within 1σ. Our dynamical models of stream formation, on the other hand, can reproduce the morphology of the Hercules UFD, specifically the misalignment between the elongation and the orbital motion direction. Additionally, these dynamical models indicate that any radial velocity gradient from tidal disruption would be too small, 0.00−0.91+0.97 km s−1 kpc, to be detectable with current sample sizes. Combined with our analysis of the tidal radius evolution of the system as a function of its orbital phase, we argue that it is likely that Hercules is indeed currently undergoing tidal disruption in its extended stellar halo with a line-of-sight velocity gradient too small to be detected with current observational data sets.

Numerical analysis of turbulent nitrogen-diluted hydrogen flames stabilised by star-shaped bluff bodies

In this paper, we investigate the flow and flame dynamics within a combustion chamber supplied with nitrogen-diluted hydrogen fuel and air as oxidiser. The chamber is equipped with a bluff body that serves as a flame stabiliser. We focus primarily on the influence of the bluff body shape on the formation of large and small-scale vortical structures generated at the bluff body edge. We analyse how the geometry of the bluff body alters these structures and examine the impact of resulting modifications on flame characteristics, including key features such as flame length and radial extent, temperature and species field, and completeness of the combustion process. We consider four bluff body geometries, namely a typical cylindrical shape, a star-shaped wall, and a small triangular sharp and smooth wavy structure. The research employs the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method, providing deep insight into the complex physics of unsteady flow. In the cylindrical bluff body configuration, the key mechanism driving the fuel-oxidiser mixing process is the periodic occurrence of large toroidal vortices shed at an exit of the oxidiser duct and on the bluff body edge. They exert the flow towards and away from a recirculation zone formed above the bluff body. When its geometry is irregular, the appearance of the large vortices is suppressed, however, the wall irregularities induce small-scale flow phenomena that enhance mixing in the shear layer formed between the recirculation zone and the oxidiser stream. The mixing efficiency is largely dependent on the shape of the bluff body wall, and it turns out that seemingly small changes (sharp vs. smooth small triangular parts), which in non-reactive regimes have only a minor effect on the flow dynamics, significantly change the flame length and fuel consumption rate. Compared to the cylindrical bluff body configuration, the small triangular parts cause an axial shift of the maximum temperature downstream and slow down fuel consumption. Contrary, large triangular elements in the star-shape bluff body clearly influence the flow both in non-reactive and reactive regimes. They cause the formation of local oxidiser streams directed towards the fuel-rich mixture. Consequently, the injected fuel burns at a rate similar to that observed in the case of the cylindrical bluff body, but the combustion process occurs at an average temperature approximately 200 K lower and its fluctuations are reduced. These factors may influence the thermal reduction of NOx. On the other hand, a negative aspect is the highest level of hydrogen in the closest vicinity of the bluff body, which in practical applications may accelerate the embrittlement of its surface.

Mechanisms of aqueous bromate reduction activity enhancement with well-defined bimetallic palladium-based catalysts

Catalytic reduction has been shown to remove bromate (BrO3−) in drinking water without waste stream formation, though most reported catalysts rely on palladium (Pd), a financially and environmentally expensive metal. Emerging efforts show Pd can be partially replaced with less expensive metals in nanoparticle (NP) alloys, with enhanced hydrogenation reactivity. However, it is unclear if novel NP alloys will enhance bromate reduction, and if so whether they can be intelligently designed based on underlying mechanisms of enhancement. Herein, we address this knowledge gap reporting that well-defined alloyed PdCu and PdAg nanoparticles deposited on carbon nanotubes achieve a 3.9-times improvement in catalytic activity versus monometallic Pd catalysts, which further translates to catalysts prepared using straight-forward impregnation methods. Density functional theory results indicate that improved hydrogenation rates are related to optimized BrO3− and H binding on PdM surfaces achieved by electronic effects in PdCu alloys and unique surface ensembles in PdAg alloys. Overall, these catalysts delineate a pathway for improved bromate removal activity at environmentally relevant concentrations.

Dynamical study of Geminid formation assuming a rotational instability scenario

Context. Various ideas have been proposed to explain the formation of the Geminid meteoroid stream from the asteroid (3200) Phaethon. However, little has been studied regarding whether the Geminid formation could be the result of mass ejection via rotational instability of this asteroid. Aims. In this work, we present the first dynamical study of the Geminid formation taking into account low-velocity mass ejection caused by Phaethon’s rotational instability. Methods. We conducted numerical simulations for 1-mm and 1-cm particles ejected in a wide range of ejection epochs (103–105 yr ago). We computed the minimum orbital intersecting distance (MOID) of the dust particles as the realistic condition, that is, the Earth’s radius and the Earth–Moon distance to be observed as the Geminid meteoroid stream. Results. We found that the low-velocity ejection model produced the Geminid-like meteoroid stream when the dust particles were ejected more than ~2000 yr ago. In this case, close encounters with terrestrial planets would transport some dust particles from the Phaethon orbit (the current MOID is as large as ~460 Earth radii) to the Earth-intersecting orbits. The optimal ejection epoch and the estimated mass were 18 000 yr ago and ~1010–1014 g (<0.1% of the Phaethon mass). Conclusions. Our results suggest that the JAXA DESTINY+ mission has the potential to find evidence of recent rotational instability recorded on the surface of Phaethon.

Jsmetrics v0.2.0: a Python package for metrics and algorithms used to identify or characterise atmospheric jet streams

Abstract. The underlying dynamics controlling jet streams are complex, but it is expected that they will have an observable response to changes in the larger climatic system. A growing divergence in regional surface warming trends across the planet, which has been both observed and projected since the start of the 20th century, has likely altered the thermodynamic relationships responsible for jet stream formation and control. Despite this, the exact movements and trends in the changes to the jet streams generally remain unclear and without consensus in the literature. The latest IPCC report highlighted that trends both within and between a variety of observational and modelling studies were inconsistent (Gulev et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2021). Trends in jet streams were associated with low to medium confidence, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. However, what is often overlooked in evaluating these trends is the confused message in the literature around how to first identify, and then characterise, the jet streams themselves. We classify the methods for characterising jet streams in the literature into three broad strategies: statistics that isolate individual values from the wind speed profile (jet statistics), methods for quantifying the sinuosity of the upper air (waviness metrics), and algorithms that identify a mask related to the coordinates of fast-flowing wind throughout the horizontal and/or vertical plane (jet core algorithms). While each approach can capture particular characteristics and changes, they are subject to the spatial and temporal specifications of their definition. There is therefore value in using them in combination to assess parametric and structural uncertainty and to carry out sensitivity analyses. Here, we describe jsmetrics version 0.2.0, a new open-source Python 3 module with standardised versions of 17 metrics that have been used for jet stream characterisation. We demonstrate the application of this library with two case studies derived from ERA5 climate reanalysis data.

Математична модель верхнього робочого елемента механічно-пневматичного збирача комах-шкідників пасльонових культур

The paper presents the results of exploratory theoretical studies of the design features of the upper working element of the device for the mechanical-pneumatic collection of insect pests of nightshade crops. During the analysis of scientific sources, it was established that insect pests to a large extent lead to serious losses in the world production of agricultural products. Pesticide treatment is the main method of combating them, but this practice leads to environmental pollution, threats to human health and increased risk of diseases. In this regard, great attention is paid to the development of ecologically safe methods of control. It was found that one of the most effective methods is the physical collection of insect pests with devices of various effects. Therefore, the further development of new designs of devices for carrying out the process of collecting insect pests is an urgent task. On the basis of the conducted experimental studies and relying on the previously conducted works, the main shortcomings of the pneumatic-type collection devices for pest control were determined. Since most designs of such devices have suction slits, the uneven distribution of air flow in them leads to inefficient collection of pests of agricultural crops from the surface of plants. Another and the main disadvantage of such devices is the formation of several streams that interact to form the following technological process - when pests are blown away by the injection stream, they move to the surface of the soil and do not have time to fall into the suction streams, and younger individuals that can hold on to the surface of the leaves are not blown away at all and remain in place, and this leads to the need for repeated passes of the unit and a decrease in the quality of processing. For this purpose, a new device for collecting insect pests was proposed, designed for effective collection of pests of nightshade crops using a mechanical-pneumatic method. The design of the upper working element of the device for collecting pest insects was theoretically substantiated and it was established that the angle of attack of the working surface of the device lies in the range from 10 to 60°. The effectiveness of the proposed design of the new device is ensured by the increased effect of mechanical action on the plant of nightshade crops without its damage and the exclusion of pest retention at all levels along the height of the plant, the maximum collection of pests in one pass of the device.

Water springs: an immeasurable resource for ensuring sustainability.

Water springs are manifestations of groundwater to the surface, forming and ensuring the supply and sustainability of streams, lakes, rivers, and dams. Therefore, its riparian forest is considered an area of permanent preservation, which aims to protect the water, as well as the spring, from consequences of disordered population growth, added to deficient basic sanitation systems, climate change, agricultural activities, inappropriate land uses, unplanned urbanization, and diffuse sources of pollution. In addition to compromising water quality, many of these factors affect the permanence of water upwelling at the source, compromising the formation and continuity of streams, lakes, and rivers. In this context, the objective of the present research was to carry out a bibliographic review on water springs, approaching adjacent themes to the main axis of the study that are fundamental for a deep understanding of their importance for the maintenance of water resources and ensuring biodiversity in the search for the sustainability of life for present and future generations. This research collaborates with the environmental view and shows that the function of a water sources is broader than its concepts can reveal.

ANALISIS KINERJA PROTOKOL ROUTING DINAMIS IS-IS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PERFORMANSI JARINGAN HYBRID KAMPUS UNUD DENPASAR

As a center for Information and Communication Technology services, the Global Distance Learning Network (GDLN) of Udayana University must reconsider the implementation of static routing protocols that have been applied to meet the increasing demands of computer networks. Dynamic routing protocols, such as Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS), can be used to address the challenges currently faced with static routing, and serve as a more viable option for larger network requirements. This research evaluates the implementation of static routing protocols and IS-IS at the UNUD Denpasar campus using Graphical Network Simulator-3 to assess the future utilization of the IS-IS routing protocol. Quality of Service (QoS) parameters are used to assess network performance, while the scenarios include PING intervals with settings close to streaming YouTube videos. The research findings reveal that both routing protocols exhibit good service quality, meeting TIPHON criteria with excellent evaluations for packet loss, throughput, and delay, in addition to satisfactory criteria for jitter. Simulation tests demonstrate the superiority of the IS-IS routing protocol compared to static routing when transmitting data in high-resolution streaming video formats like 480p, 720p, and 1080p. On the other hand, static routing is more suitable for disseminating data consisting of lower-resolution streaming videos (360p). Based on the research results, it can be inferred that the dynamic routing protocol IS-IS is more suitable for meeting network demands on a larger scale.

In vitro analysis of clinically relevant aspects of a polymer-coated phacoemulsification tip vs a traditional tip.

To compare the in vitro incisional temperature, acoustic energy, transient cavitation, and turbulence of the polymer-coated hybrid phacoemulsification tip with the balanced tip. Pasteur Ophthalmology Clinic, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile. Laboratory study. The Centurion Vision System with Active Sentry handpiece was used with tips operated in torsional mode, and stroke was normalized. For thermal measurements, controlled loads were applied over the tip sleeve simulating the pressure applied at the expected level of the corneal incision. Heat generated was recorded on a blackbody filmstrip using infrared imaging. A directional hydrophone provided 360° mapping of acoustic pressure. Cavitation patterns with increasing ultrasound power were imaged with high-speed video recording. Particle image velocimetry was used to evaluate turbulence, streaming, and bubble formation. The temperature rise for the hybrid and balanced tips was lower than with the control mini-flared Kelman tip ( P ≤ .0001). The hybrid tip generated reduced acoustic output compared with the balanced tip. Ultrasound threshold for cavitation was higher for the hybrid vs balanced tip (55% vs 25%). Fluid turbulence was more evident with the balanced tip compared with the hybrid tip at all flow conditions when normalized for stroke at 60% and 80% power for balanced and hybrid tip, respectively. The polymer-coated hybrid tip showed reduced heat generation compared with the control mini-flared Kelman tip and had lower acoustic output, lower cavitation, and lower turbulence compared with the balanced tip, suggesting potential for improved clinical safety.