Formation Of Strategic Alliances Research Articles

Rural Community Tourism in adry forestofPeru: Diagnosis and proposal for sustainability

Community rural tourism is a driving force for local economic development by making sustainable use of a community's resources. The Juan Velasco Alvarado Hilly Dry Forest Private Conservation Area -JVA HDF PCA- has latent tourism potential, which to date, has not been properly exploited by the Juan Velasco Alvarado Peasant Community -JVA PC-. The objective of the study is to formulate a proposal for the development of community rural tourism of the JVA HDF PCA. A situational analysis of the tourist supply and demand of the area was carried out where Pilán Hill, the Inca Mine, the Jaguayes Salas and Cerezo were recognized as the most important tourist resources, whilst the main problem identified was the poor management of tourism in the area. JVA HDF PCA by the JVA PC. As a final result, a proposed action plan was prepared that proposes capacity building, the improvement of ecological infrastructure, and the formation of strategic alliances in order to achieve the sustainability of the natural resources management in the dry forest and the progress of the local community.

The effect of digital adoption and service quality on business sustainability through strategic alliances at port terminals in Indonesia

Effective port management is vital for a nation's economic growth. Amid global advancements, ports must ensure business sustainability across social, environmental, and economic domains due to regulations and market demands. Stakeholders often rely on two strategies: digital technology adoption and service quality enhancement. As ports involve diverse stakeholders, collaborative strategies in alliances gain importance. Therefore, this study investigates digital adoption, service quality, and strategic alliances' impact on Indonesian ports’ business sustainability. Using quantitative methods, 72 respondents' questionnaire data from Indonesian port terminals was analyzed with structural equation modeling. Results show digital adoption and service quality positively influence strategic alliance formation, which then enhances business sustainability. Interestingly, the direct impacts of digital adoption and service quality on business sustainability are absent, which emphasizes the need for strategic alliances. Thus, Indonesian port terminals should forge alliances as resource-sharing vehicles, promoting business sustainability. This research advances Resource-Based View theory and offers practical insights for navigating Indonesia’s port industry challenges while also giving valuable insight about port characteristics in archipelagic countries.

СТРАТЕГІЧНІ АЛЬЯНСИ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТ СИНЕРГІЇ МІЖНАРОДНОГО БІЗНЕСУ

The article investigates the role of strategic alliances in developing international business. This study aims to analyze the essence, forms, types, advantages, and disadvantages of strategic alliances, as well as to identify key success factors and potential risks associated with their formation. The research methodology includes a comprehensive literature review and a case study analysis of successful strategic alliances between leading international companies in various industries. The study results demonstrate that strategic alliances have become a powerful tool for achieving synergy and enhancing the competitiveness of companies in international markets. The article highlights the importance of careful planning, partner selection, clear goal setting, and continuous monitoring for the effective implementation of strategic alliances. The study also examines current trends in the development of strategic alliances in the context of globalization and digital transformation of business. The practical value of the study lies in providing insights and recommendations for companies considering the formation of strategic alliances to expand their global presence and achieve sustainable growth in the face of increasing competition and technological challenges. The article concludes by emphasizing the growing significance of strategic alliances as a key instrument for synergy and competitiveness in the international business environment and outlines potential directions for future research in this field. The study delves into the various motivations behind the formation of strategic alliances, such as access to new markets, sharing of risks and costs, acquisition of complementary resources and capabilities, and enhancement of innovation potential. The article also discusses the critical role of trust, communication, and cultural compatibility in the success of strategic alliances, highlighting the need for effective governance mechanisms and conflict-resolution strategies. The article also addresses the challenges and limitations of strategic alliances, such as the potential for opportunistic behaviour, loss of autonomy, and difficulties in integration and coordination, and suggests ways to mitigate these risks through proper due diligence, contractual safeguards, and ongoing relationship management.

A novel coexistent resilience index to evaluate the supply chain resilience of industries using fuzzy logic

PurposeThis study aims to explore supply chain resilience (SCR) and provides a unique resilience index. The work measures the resilience status of 37 organizations across 22 industries and provides insight into accessing the supply chain (SC) vulnerability in an uncertain environment.Design/methodology/approachThis study involves measuring the resilience status of 37 organizations across 22 industries based on a subjective decision-making approach using fuzzy logic. Experts from industries rated the importance and level of implementation of 33 attributes of SCR, which are used to develop a fuzzy index of implementation that explains the resilience status of organizations.FindingsA novel coexistent resilience index is computed based on mutualism to exhibit the proportion of contribution or learning of each attribute of an organization in an industry. The research will enhance the response plans and formation of strategic alliances for mutual coexistence by industry.Research limitations/implicationsEvidence-based interpretations and suggestions are provided for each industry to enhance resilience through coexistence.Originality/valueThe work uniquely contributes to academic literature and SC strategy. The novel coexistent resilience index is computed based on mutualism, facilitating researchers to access SC resiliency.

Green innovation and cross-border strategic alliance announcements: Evidence from China

This paper investigates how corporate green innovation affects the formation of cross-border strategic alliances. The results show that firms in China developing green innovation have a greater chance of forming cross-border strategic alliances. This positive effect is more pronounced for Chinese firms with environmental disclosure and located in cities with stricter environmental regulations. Our study sheds light on how green innovation affects the formation of cross-border strategic alliances and has important implications for Chinese firms seeking to build a cross-border strategic alliance.

Inter-group alliance dynamics in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus).

The social intelligence hypothesis holds that complex social relationships are the major selective force underlying the evolution of large brain size and intelligence. Complex social relationships are exemplified by coalitions and alliances that are mediated by affiliative behavior, resulting in differentiated but shifting relationships. Male Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia, form three alliance levels or 'orders', primarily among non-relatives. Strategic alliance formation has been documented within both first- and second-order alliances and between second-order alliances ('third-order alliances'), revealing that the formation of strategic inter-group alliances is not limited to humans. Here we conducted a fine-scale study on 22 adult males over a 6-year period to determine if third-order alliance relationships are differentiated, and mediated by affiliative interactions. We found third-order alliance relationships were strongly differentiated, with key individuals playing a disproportionate role in maintaining alliances. Nonetheless, affiliative interactions occurred broadly between third-order allies, indicating males maintain bonds with third-order allies of varying strength. We also documented a shift in relationships and formation of a new third-order alliance. These findings further our understanding of dolphin alliance dynamics and provide evidence that strategic alliance formation is found in all three alliance levels, a phenomenon with no peer among non-human animals.

Rhizomic authoritarianism: power, biopolitics and transnational authoritarian practices in Cameroon

ABSTRACT This article discusses a rhizomic authoritarianism that generally operates through a complex network of connections. It provides a genealogical reading of the authoritarian rule in Cameroon, with a particular focus on the roles of France and China, using both primary and secondary sources. Specifically, it seeks to enlighten the complex processes through which a transnational authoritarianism has been established in Cameroon over the past six decades, as well as how the formation of strategic alliances between local political actors and international institutions has contributed to the normalization of authoritarian policies and practices that sometimes occur in transregional contexts. The paper’s main argument is that the authoritarian system Cameroon has experienced since the late 1950s is rhizomatic in nature and is partially the result of the hegemonic interventions of international powers such as France and China in the country's politics and economy, as well as its development and modernization processes.

The Role of Strategic Alliances on Performance of County Assembly Wards: An Assessment of Nakuru County Government in Kenya

The main purpose of this study was to assess the influence of strategic alliances on the performance of the Nakuru County Government in Kenya by assessing the County Assembly Wards. The specific objectives focused on public-private partnerships, research and development, resource sharing, and risk sharing. The study was underpinned on the RBV, knowledge-based, transaction-based, and prospect theories. The study adopted descriptive research design targeting all the 55 Assembly wards in Nakuru County. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to draw out 141 respondents. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire and analyzed both as well as inferentially. The study found that there was a strong and positive relationship between public-private partnerships and performance and that public-private partnerships had the strongest relationship with the performance. Further, the study found that public-private partnerships positively and significantly influence the performance. Also, the study found a strong and positive relationship between resource sharing and performance. On the other hand, the study revealed that resource sharing positively and significantly influences the performance and while holding public-private partnerships, research and development sharing and risk sharing constant, resource sharing would have the most positive influence on the performance. In addition, the relationship between research and development and performance also showed a strong and positive relationship. However, the findings showed that while research and development sharing would help improve the performance, it did not have a statistically significant influence on the performance. The findings also indicated that the relationship between risk sharing and performance showed a moderate but positive relationship. On the other hand, the regression analysis revealed that risk sharing did not have a significant influence on the performance. The study hence recommended that future researcher should conduct a comparative study to understand the influence of strategic alliances on the performance of other county assembly wards in Kenya. Finally, this study hopes that these findings will be relevant for stakeholders to address opportunities and challenges that exist in the formation of strategic alliances in public sector organizations. Keywords: Strategic Alliance; Public-Private Partnership; Resource Sharing; Risk Sharing DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/15-9-05 Publication date: May 31 st 2023

Tension and transition between technical and conformance devices in sino-foreign university alliances towards innovativeness

Organisational literature draws a tension between technical and conformance goals and means for socio-economic development and the merits of one versus the other. However, the tension between the technical and conformance core might be transitive when the focus shifts from evaluating the outcome to assessing the intentions. This study addresses this issue in the context of the Sino-foreign university alliance and its technical-conformance tension at the earlier stages of organisational development through innovativeness. How does conformance influence the link between the intended technical core and organisational innovativeness? This study addresses the question of the tension and transition between conformance and technical core devices used in the strategic alliance formation between universities. We used a unique set of data: the MOU (memorandum of understanding) signed for the Sino-foreign alliance in the internationalisation of Chinese universities. Based on 831 MOUs (1994 to 2013) available in the press release, we coded and developed integrated three main concepts: innovativeness (dependent variable), technical core for technical devices, and conformance for normative devices. After normalising and standardising the dependent variable, we tested the direct and interaction effects. The main effect of the technical core is positive, but the main effect of the conformance core is negative. Thus, the interaction between them is positive. Furthermore, the path of the conformance-to-technical core has stronger effects on the negative correlation than the path from technical-to-conformance.

A real options perspective on international strategic alliance formation: the role of distance and strategic motives

A real options perspective on international strategic alliance formation: the role of distance and strategic motives

A one-hundred-year structural topic modeling analysis of the knowledge structure of international management research.

International Management is a vast and multidisciplinary research domain that is heavily influenced by several other disciplines, such as Economics, Organizational Theory and Strategic Management. Based on 28,973 research articles, this study aims to analyze the knowledge structure of the international management domain from 1920 to 2019. Using computational text-based topic modeling analysis, we trace the evolution of international management knowledge by examining the major academic topics/latent themes discussed in the field. The study also diachronically visualizes the variations in topic prevalence over time. Our methodology is akin to “inductive mapping” as it is neither biased by our position nor it is guided by assumptions related to the topics we expect to find. Results indicate the existence of a wide variety of important research foci in the domain of international management. These include, among others, strategic alliances formation, international entry modes, corporate social responsibility, cross-cultural consumer behavior, technological innovation and entrepreneurship. Results also show that some topics such as “financial risk and return on investment” and “corporate social responsibility” show a declining time trend, indicating that academic research focusing on such topics was more likely to be published early on and less so recently. On the other hand, other topics such as “Emerging (East) Asian nations” and “global mergers and acquisitions” show an increasing trend, indicating that more papers were published recently. Taken together, although our findings might reflect the breadth and depth of research in international management, they might also suggest that the bounds of this field are not well defined.

Partner Related Motives and Strategic Alliance Formation: Evidence from Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya

This study investigates the effect of partner-related motives on firm performance, and the study targeted manufacturing SMEs based in Kenya. The partner-related motives were operationalized as the social factors of reputation-based motives, historical-based motives, and institutional-based motives, while firm performance is operationalized as sales growth and net profit. The target population for the study consisted of 74 SMEs based in Nairobi City County with existing strategic alliances. The study adopted descriptive and explanatory research designs and collected data from company CEOs or senior managers. The survey data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The survey findings showed that partner-related motives have been adopted and practiced by manufacturing SMEs to a high extent (M=3.68; S.D.=0.83). The study findings indicate that partner related motives have a significant effect on performance of manufacturing SMEs (Adj R2=0.525, β=0.444, p<0.05). Accordingly, manufacturing SMEs in Kenya are motivated to form strategic alliances by reputation-based motives and institutional-based motives, with the same motives having a positive effect on SME performance. In contrast, historical-based motives have no significant effect on SME performance. Therefore, the study concluded that reputation-based motives push manufacturing SMEs in Kenya to engage in strategic alliances while, historical-based motives and institution-based motives pull manufacturing SMEs in Kenya to form strategic alliances with other firms. The study recommended that top managers in the manufacturing SMEs need to adopt a vigorous diagnostic process to identify and define their partner-related motives. The study observes that such a move will enable the manufacturing SMEs to identify the most suitable alliance partner(s) who can offer complementary resources to improve performance.

Portugal nautical stations: Strategic alliances for sport tourism and environmental sustainability.

Nautical tourism is a tourist product with great development in the European space and a lot of potential to promote and develop tourist destinations. Considering the dynamics of nautical tourism management and the importance of meeting the specificities of this market niche, the objective of this study was to analyse the strategic alliances for the development of the offer of nautical tourism products, namely the strategic goals and sustainable environmental practices adopted by their actors which integrated the strategic alliances in order to certificate a plethora of nautical stations in Portugal. Between September and December 2021, 17 Portuguese nautical stations' application forms were collected. Content analysis using Nvivo software was the technique used for data analysis. The results showed a multiplicity of strategic objectives associated with the strategic alliance established between the nautical stations. The strategic vision of nautical stations for the development of strategic alliances is built, firstly, on the objective of structuring the tourism offer, followed by increasing governance and promoting and marketing nautical tourism using the image of the destination. Based on these results, it is possible to infer the importance of nautical stations in destination competitiveness and the role of strategic alliances in facilitating penetration in the nautical tourism market. The managers of nautical stations should consider the use of strategic alliances to make a cooperative marketing in order to improve the experience of the clients. Regarding environmental sustainability practices, the results exposed the prominence of environmental education actions in contrast to the reduced number of nautical stations developing actions for the adoption of sustainable transport. This study contributes to a better understanding of nautical tourism and Portuguese nautical stations, a project of strategic investment in sport and tourism, inferring on the objectives underlying the formation of strategic alliances and on the adopted environmental sustainability practices. The conclusions of this study point to the need for future scientific research on the actual operationalization of the objectives underlying the formation of strategic alliances, as well as the environmental practices developed by nautical stations.

The Effect of Preferred Cash Flow and Control Provisions on Venture’s Subsequent Alliance Formation

Nascent ventures require resources for growth. Prior literature has focused on venture capitalists (VC) and alliances as the sources of these resources and has shown that VCs play a significant role in providing such resources. While VCs facilitate forming strategic alliances with incumbents, prior work has revolved around comparing VC-backed ventures to non-VC backed ventures. In this paper, we depart from this traditional comparison by acknowledging the heterogeneous nature of VCs. We explore how contracts design affect the post-investment behavior of the VCs, impacting the formation of strategic alliances. Through an analysis of 1,167 Series A contracts between the VC and the biotechnology ventures, we argue that preferred cash flow provision influences VC’s incentive and VC board representation impacts VC’s effectiveness and, consequently, show that both facet of contract design are positively related to the likelihood of forming an alliance. In addition, we investigate numerous boundary conditions to tease out our mechanisms. We discuss the theoretical implications of our study.

Alliance Motives among Manufacturing SMES: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

This study was designed to investigate the effect of environmental-based motives on firm performance. The study targeted manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises based in Kenya whose performance has been negatively affected by high industry competition, low technology uptake, and industry regulation. The study was geared towards establishing the environmental-based motives pushing and pulling manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises toward strategic alliance formation. To this end, the study was set to investigate whether compliance with government regulation, the need to grow market share, and the need to increase customer base motivates manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya to form strategic alliances. The target population for the study consisted of 74 SMEs and the study adopted descriptive and explanatory research designs and collected data from company CEOs or senior managers. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the survey data. The study findings indicated that environmental-based motives have a positive and significant effect on the performance of manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya (Adj R2 = 0.484). Based on these findings, the study concluded that environmental-based motives of compliance with the government regulation, market share, and customer base motivate manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises to form strategic alliances and that these motives have a positive and significant effect on firm performance. The study contributed to the general body of knowledge by bridging the contextual and empirical gaps identified after the literature review. The study recommends that top management teams in the manufacturing industry should map environmental-based motives and align such motives to specific aspects of their value chain activities.

Growth Strategies and Sales Performance of Private Security Companies: The Case of WS Insight Limited

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of growth strategies on sales performance of private security companies, namely WS Insight Limited. The specific objective of the study was to find out how market penetration strategy implementation affects the sales success at WS Insight Limited. The resource-based theory, core competency theory, goal attainment theory and contingency theory were used to guide the research. Descriptive survey design was adopted. The target group included 71 management workers from the executive, senior, middle and junior management levels who were in charge of strategy execution. The study discovered that majority of respondents agreed that in the last eight years, WS Insight Limited had boosted its advertising and marketing activities to raise brand awareness and had used new distribution channels to grow market sales. Between 2013 and 2020, there was the implementation of tactics such as price discounts and fair pricing, as well as the formation of strategic alliances, as evidenced by a composite mean of 3.98 and standard deviation of 0.851. The study also discovered that the current economic climate and political considerations influence strategic decision-making. The study concluded there is a link between growth strategies and sales performance, with market penetration strategy execution being the most important independent variable. The study recommended that the company should increase its advertising and marketing operations in order to expand into new markets. It is also suggested that management should encourage the best use of distribution networks and price discounting tactics, as this would help the company penetrate the market and increase sales. Keywords: Growth Strategies, Market Penetration Strategy Implementation, Sales Performance, WS Insight Limited, Kenya

Divergent and Convergent Effects of Business Group Affiliation on Firm Performance in International Strategic Alliances

Business groups (BGs), a prevalent organizational form in many economies are exhibiting evolutionary fitness and are no longer considered an organizational anomaly. We extend the traditional debate around strategic choice and performance paradigm by assessing differential performance effects of BG affiliation in international strategic alliance (ISA) formation choices(alliance scope, alliance governance structure, and alliance orientation). This study integrates the resource-based view and institutional perspective to explore the initial divergence in performance of a BG affiliated firm (BGAF) and non-BG affiliated firm (NBGAF) leading towards convergence later when partner complementarity and institutional evolution shifts from lower to the higher end of the spectrum. Contrasting the effect of different ISA choices on firm’s performance the hypotheses were developed and tested on a panel dataset of 1816 ISAs formed by 224 BGAFs and 242 NBGAFs over a span of 19 years. Findings suggest that the influence of BG affiliation on firm’s performance is more pronounced when alliance scope is broader, alliance governance structure is contractual and alliance orientation is exploratory and that this divergence in performance between BGAFs and NBGAFs weakens as the alliance partner’s complementarity increases and institutions evolve in the economy.

The social and economic outputs of SME-GSI research collaboration in an emerging economy: An ecosystem perspective

ABSTRACT Extant literature on research collaboration between firms and government-sponsored institutions (GSIs) focuses predominantly on the formation of strategic alliances and its resulting economic performance. We take a new perspective and conceptualize the collaboration between small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and GSIs as social and economic pillars in emerging economies. We theorize how the collaborations with GSIs help SMEs increase their social and economic outputs and develop a sustainable ecosystem for business development through ongoing outward knowledge sharing. Our tests with data on Mexico’s industrial sectors evidence a greater positive effect of SME-GSI collaboration on social than economic output. R&D intensity mitigates more on SME-GSI collaboration’s impact on economic than that on social output. A decentralized management structure strengthens the effect of SME-GSI collaboration on only social output. Finally, a sustainable ecosystem is formed when SMEs engage in outward knowledge sharing as retribution to society. Social output exerts a stronger mediation for SME-GSI collaboration’s influence on outward knowledge sharing than economic output. Overall, our findings offer important insights into the theoretical, managerial, and policy implications of SME-GSI collaboration and business development ecosystems in emerging economies.

Strategic Alliances, Competitive Advantages, And Bandwagon Effect In The Perum Perhutani Wood Industry

The establishment of Strategic Alliances or operational cooperation with strategic partners of the Wood Industry around the Perum Perhutani work area is a necessity to increase competitiveness. This study attempts to elaborate on the Strategic Alliance between the Perhutani Wood Industry and its partners to be able to achieve a Competitive Advantage through the development of Market Areas and the development of Product Innovations or in other words to find out to what extent the Strategic Alliance can improve the position of the Perum Perhutani Wood Industry Competitive Advantage. In addition, this study also aims to determine the extent to which the implementation of the Strategic Alliance, through the development of Market Areas and Product Innovation in the Perum Perhutani Wood Industry, influences increasing Competitive Advantage. This research is descriptive and uses a qualitative approach. This research uses a literature study technique and utilizes data sources obtained from several locations, namely (1) Perhutani Forestry Institute Library, (2) Brawijaya University Central Library, and (3) Discussion with colleagues. From the research results, it is known that the Strategic Alliance model that aims to increase Competitive Advantage is the most appropriate to be applied in Perum Perhutani is a form of Strategic Alliance that focuses on the interests of cooperation in increasing Product Innovation to realize Competitive Advantage, compared to the Strategic Alliance through the development of Market Areas. It is necessary to redevelop a good Strategic Alliance with the Wood Industry business partner Perum Perhutani by implementing: (1) Reconciliation of the Wood Industry business actors who join based on compatibility, mutual need, and mutual benefit; (2) Focus and professional; (3) Pooling of resources on what is already owned by the wood industry business partners so that a perfect alliance will have an impact on the success of Perum Perhutani to become a superior company.

The effect of performance feedback on strategic alliance formation and R&D intensity

This study explores whether performance feedback influences firms to form a strategic alliance or engage in R&D, both of which are risk-taking activities. Based on the behavioral theory of the firm and the resource-based view, this study shows that both low- and high-performing firms may engage in risk-taking activities by forming a strategic alliance or engaging in R&D as an organizational response to performance feedback. That is, low-performing firms are more likely to address underperformance in the short term – to solve the immediate performance problem – by forming a strategic alliance, whereas high-performing firms, which have slack resources to sustain their competitive advantage in the long run, will more likely engage in R&D activity over the long term. In addition, the moderating effect of two boundary conditions — government R&D investment and the level of industry competition — are examined to understand the relationship between performance feedback and organizational responses. The results show that as a firm's financial performance falls below its aspiration level, it has a higher probability of forming a strategic alliance. However, as a firm's performance rises above its aspiration level, it has greater R&D intensity. Government R&D investment and industry competition moderate the relationship between the firm's performance feedback and its risk-taking behavior. This research extends recent studies to further explore the effect of performance feedback on firms' strategic decision-making based on their performance feedback.