Formation Of Social Groups Research Articles

Larval ecology, dispersal, and the evolution of sociality in the sea

AbstractIndividual decisions about whether or not to disperse shape the kin structure of social groups, promoting or disrupting the evolution of sociality via kin selection. It is often assumed that the great dispersal potential of marine larvae driven by ocean currents disrupts kin association and, as a consequence, reduces the chances that social groups in the sea form via kin selection. Yet, accumulating evidence indicates that the larval dispersal process is not as random as previously assumed and that different mechanisms can promote kin associations in marine species. Here, we review recent findings in the marine larval ecology literature, emphasizing key aspects of larval development that may limit or promote dispersal and the evolution of sociality in the sea. We find ample evidence that marine larvae settle closer to home than has been previously assumed. A variety of different mechanisms, including lack of planktonic dispersal, limited larval duration, larvae traveling together, variability in reproductive success, and behavioral and physical processes, can generate kin association in marine species and potentially lead to the formation of social groups via kin selection. Uncovering post‐settlement dispersal patterns is also important for understanding how groups of unrelated individuals are formed. By integrating different larval dispersal strategies into the dual benefit framework for the evolution of sociality, we provide examples of alternative pathways for the evolution of sociality in marine species. Finally, we discuss how the increased use of parentage analysis in marine species will provide an opportunity for investigating whether kin selection is indeed much rarer in marine than terrestrial species. Ultimately, determining the role that dispersal and kin selection play in the evolution of sociality in marine species will require an increased effort to gather both behavioral and genetic data for the same species.

Prison in Iran: A Known UnknownN.R.Anaraki. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan (2021) 117pp. €106.99hb; €85.99e‐book ISBN 978‐3‐030‐57169‐6; 978‐3‐030‐57169‐9

<i>Prison in Iran: A Known Unknown</i>N.R.Anaraki. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan (2021) 117pp. €106.99hb; €85.99e‐book ISBN 978‐3‐030‐57169‐6; 978‐3‐030‐57169‐9

THE EFFECT OF CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING WITH THE INTERVENTION SOCIAL SKILLS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CREATIVE TASKS

This research aims to determine the social skills intervention with the student’s ability to solve problems creatively towards understanding the concepts and procedures: the objectives of learning. A quasi-experimental research design was used to see the interaction between attitudes and treatments. The research sample was students who took computer courses in reality-based laboratories in vocational schools. Data analysis was performed using descriptive analysis techniques and inferential statistical multivariate analysis of variance two paths. Creative problem solving is intervened by a background in social skills to understand concepts and procedures. Social skills have a greater influence on the creative process. This can be seen when giving creative problem-solving tasks. The abilities they have, about; readiness to learn, the ability to understand one’s own needs, and the ability to understand one’s own learning style, greatly support the performance of their creative assignments. At the same time, external factors have less influence on the performance of creative tasks. These external factors are influenced by the class social environment, group formation, and class management. Students who have high social skills find it easier to complete creative tasks, and students who have low social skills have problems adapting and adjusting to the learning process

Management tools in modern distributed social communities

The article is devoted to the consideration and generalization of modern management capabilities and tools of distributed social communities formed based on online resources (social networks) to achieve the set socio-economic management goals. The authors conducted a problem analysis of the identified opportunities for managing specialized social thematic resources in the implementation of joint projects, the formation of social groups based on interests and hobbies, and the promotion of brands and products. The authors identify software tools for managing social network media resources. These tools allow collecting data on consumer interaction (b2c), monitoring thematic information, and attracting a new target audience.

Walking the Intra-Racial Tightrope: Balancing Exclusion and Inclusion within a Black Social Club

ABSTRACT Exclusion and inclusion constitute the formation of social groups and their boundaries. Historically, middle- and upper-class African Americans formed social organizations to engage in racial uplift and status enhancement. Recent work suggests the purposes of such organizations have shifted from status enhancement toward preserving intra-racial ties. Drawing on nearly four years of participant observation and 29 in-depth interviews with members of a middle-class Black men’s social club, this article analyzes the tensions imbued in maintaining solidarity amid class-based divisions. Beyond providing social respite from the white gaze, this Black space offers escape from the Black gaze, or the burdens of racial uplift. Studying Black social clubs and symbolic boundary formation is richly informative for understanding boundary maintenance and group solidarity within racialized organizations.

Social consequences of energetically costly nest construction in a facultatively social bee.

Social groups form when the costs of breeding independently exceed fitness costs imposed by group living. The costs of independent breeding can often be energetic, especially for animals performing expensive behaviours, such as nest construction. To test the hypothesis that nesting costs can drive sociality by disincentivizing independent nest founding, we measured the energetics of nest construction and inheritance in a facultatively social carpenter bee (Xylocopa sonorina Smith), which bores tunnel nests in wood. We measured metabolic rates of bees excavating wood and used computerized tomography images of nesting logs to measure excavation volumes. From these data, we demonstrate costly energetic investments in nest excavation of a minimum 4.3 kJ per offspring provisioned, an expense equivalent to nearly 7 h of flight. This high, potentially prohibitive cost of nest founding may explain why females compete for existing nests rather than constructing new ones, often leading to the formation of social groups. Further, we found that nest inheritors varied considerably in their investment in nest renovation, with costs ranging more than 12-fold (from 7.08 to 89.1 kJ energy), probably reflecting differences in inherited nest quality. On average, renovation costs were lower than estimated new nest construction costs, with some nests providing major savings. These results suggest that females may join social groups to avoid steep energetic costs, but that the benefits of this strategy are not experienced equally.

New Social Groups as the Factor of Political Instability in the Modern Society

Introduction . The basic reasons of increasing turbulence in the political sphere of different state entities are analyzed. It is emphasized that the main fault of this phenomenon was the active formation of the new social groups. Methodology and sources. A sociological analysis of stratification models of society, starting from the 19th century and up to our days in the context of the works of K. Marx, M. Weber, R. Florida, G. Stending, I. Vallerstein and others is used. Results and discussion. The conclusion is made that the political sphere itself is self-sufficient, political groupings play an independent and very important role, and new tendencies of the modern global market significantly change of the society. As new social groups are formed different factors of growth emerge which include functional flexibility and lack of guarantee of the working place. It can also asserted that technological progress at the present stage doesn’t recognize civilizational boundaries and ignores the factor of backwardness of some countries and regions which leads to ambiguous results and can cause social cataclysms. Conclusion. A number of important conclusions follow from these circumstances. Among the active participants and actious of participants there are no clear of stratification barriers. Financial indicators still play a role. Indicators of financial position, level of education, and professional classification in combination with other factor still play a role. Blurred social boundaries inevitably imply the absence of a solid ideological base, which is replaced by protest trends often unrelated to political events and demands. The actions of the green eco-activists or LGBT community can serve as an example. The problem is that the political individuals react actively to any movement, which make the sphere of political decisions lose its authentic character.

New opportunities to redesign the capacity of extension and advisory services amid COVID-19 pandemic

Agricultural extension and advisory services (AEAS) aim to improve the capacity of resource-poor farmers in terms of farm practices and market participation, formation of social groups and pro­ducer associations, conflict regulation and/or overall political empowerment by providing access to the necessary knowledge, information, and technologies. AEAS may also provide important contributions to building the resilience of resource-poor farmers against COVID-19 turbulences by increasing their accessibility to information and inputs. Yet, AEAS globally are under tremendous pressure after the onslaught of COVID-19. Mobility of advisors has been temporarily suspended, regular services have been disrupted, and tension among farmers is on the rise. Farmers and extension personnel are in­creasingly concerned that a continuing pandemic will negatively affect productivity, aggravate economic problems, and ultimately threaten the existence of many farm enterprises. . . .

Genetic relatedness in social groups of the emerald coral goby Paragobiodon xanthosoma creates potential for weak kin selection.

Animals forming social groups that include breeders and nonbreeders present evolutionary paradoxes; why do breeders tolerate nonbreeders? And why do nonbreeders tolerate their situation? Both paradoxes are often explained with kin selection. Kin selection is, however, assumed to play little or no role in social group formation of marine organisms with dispersive larval phases. Yet, in some marine organisms, recent evidence suggests small-scale patterns of relatedness, meaning that this assumption must always be tested. Here, we investigated the genetic relatedness of social groups of the emerald coral goby, Paragobiodon xanthosoma. We genotyped 73 individuals from 16 groups in Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea, at 20 microsatellite loci and estimated pairwise relatedness among all individuals. We found that estimated pairwise relatedness among individuals within groups was significantly higher than the pairwise relatedness among individuals from the same reef, and pairwise relatedness among individuals from the same reef was significantly higher than the pairwise relatedness among individuals from different reefs. This spatial signature suggests that there may be very limited dispersal in this species. The slightly positive relatedness within groups creates the potential for weak kin selection, which may help to resolve the paradox of why breeders tolerate subordinates in P. xanthosoma. The other paradox, why nonbreeders tolerate their situation, is better explained by alternative hypotheses such as territory inheritance, and ecological and social constraints. We show that even in marine animals with dispersive larval phases, kin selection needs to be considered to explain the evolution of complex social groups.

Property, wealth, and social change: Piketty as a social science engineer.

This paper applauds the vision and originality of Piketty's Capital and Ideology. We draw attention to the distinctive methodological perspective which he adopts, which we liken to call "social science engineering." This allows a problem oriented perspective on long-term global social change which sidesteps siloed disciplinary debates in social science and history about the meaning of modernity, the rise of capitalism, the formation of social groups, and the primacy of nations. We bring out how his theory of property permits him to take forward his overarching insight that economic growth leads to wealth accumulation. This, therefore, challenges long standing sociological perspectives by insisting that modernity is a conservative, rather than a revolutionary and transformative process. We build on this essential contribution by noting some areas where his work can push forward even further, notably that his focus on shifting relativities obscures qualitative historical changes, and more particularly means his analysis of the 20th century is not as provocative as that of the 19th century.

СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ СИСТЕМЫ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ «ОБЩЕСТВО И ГОСУДАРСТВО» В УСЛОВИЯХ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19

The purpose of the article is to consider the processes of social transformation of the "society - state" system in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of sociological research are analyzed on the basis of three aspects: the transformation of the picture of the world of Russians, social interaction, public administration during the coronavirus pandemic. Attention is focused on the need to take into account the substantive and dynamic aspects of the transformation of the "society - state" system. The factors that determine the transformation of the picture of the world into pandemic-reality conditions, the characteristics and reasons for the formation of such social groups as covid dissidents and coronasceptics are analyzed. The features of the transformation of social interaction of Russians in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the resolution of the contradiction between solidarity and social disunity are analyzed. The attitude of the population to the measures implemented by the state administration apparatus, taken to reduce the dynamics and negative consequences of the spread of coronavirus, is considered. As a result of the secondary analysis of sociological research data, factors are highlighted that make it possible to consider the key trends of social transformation in society during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The structure of an agent-oriented model of the formation of social groups from a random set of individuals (part 1)

This article describes a model for the formation of groups of individuals from a random set of individuals who have a certain amount of knowledge about the environment and have a certain relationship to each of the phenomena (further – notion) of the world around them that they know. The rules of combining individuals from this initial set into groups of individuals and the rules for changing the attitude of individuals to notions known to them under the influence of their contacts with other individuals are described. The process of formation of groups of individuals and changes in their attitudes to the notions is cyclical, with an unlimited number of repetitions of this cycle. The model is based on the theory of agent-oriented models (AOM) and is implemented in a set of programs written in Visual Basic.

Проблема социологического измерения социально-сетевого группообразования в условиях реализации российских национальных проектов

Проблема социологического измерения социально-сетевого группообразования в условиях реализации российских национальных проектов

Racial dynamics among clients in a residential substance use disorder treatment program in South Los Angeles and its impact on clients' treatment experiences

This study seeks to investigate racial dynamics among clients in a female-only residential substance use disorder treatment facility in South Los Angeles and its effects on treatment experiences. Clients were interviewed about their interracial interactions, perceptions of clients of races and ethnicities different from their own and how racial dynamics might affect their experiences in treatment. Nine interviews were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants recounted that racial differences do not play a significant role in their treatment experiences, although racial identities shape social group formation. Motivation to recover from addiction and other shared lived experiences facilitate interracial harmony.

Aiding Transition to University Through an Outdoor Orientation Program: Accelerated Friendships

Outdoor orientation programs are used to provide experiences which aid transition to university. We investigated how an outdoor orientation program for first-year university students in England, UK accelerates social group development, which in turn aids transition and adaptation to university. We employed mixed methods data collection, including the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) (Baker &amp; Siryk, 1989) and semi-structured interviews. The questionnaire indicated that the outdoor orientation program significantly aided adaptation to university. The benefits of accelerated social group formation for transitioning young adults are explored through thematic analysis and explained through psychological theory.

Family Business Institutionalization, Governance, and Social Distinction Among Colombia’s Elite Business Families

While the institutionalization of some of Colombia’s largest family-owned businesses is often explained with reference to the global economic liberalization of the 1990s and the need for smooth intergenerational transference of property and management, this article connects the increasing popularity of these specialized managerial measures to long-standing structures of social hierarchy and group formation in the country. Drawing on twenty months of ethnographic research among members of industrial elite business-owning families, I argue that the increasing prevalence of these measures cannot be fully explained without attention to dynamics of symbolic social distinction in the country. I ground family business governance in its social context by considering it in light of three important forms of distinction: in-group and cosmopolitan connections, conspicuous industriousness and enactment of “modern” values, and the adoption of governance as a form of family lineage.

English

Poor animal health is reported as one of the major constraints of goat production leading to mortality in pastoral areas like Karamoja Sub-Region in Eastern Uganda. Based in Napak District, this study was aimed at gaining an understanding of the role of proper health management in reducing goat mortality in Kraals. Through convenience sampling, 312 pastoralists out of 388 who own animals in community kraals were reached. The study was carried out using mixed methods approach through structured interviews and focus group discussions to collect both primary and secondary data. The health management index (HMI) as a measure of proper goat health management was constructed using seven routine farm practices (Vaccination, Deworming, Use of Antibiotic, Spraying, Isolation of sick animals, Sanitation and Hygiene and Navel Cord Disinfection). Multivariable regression was conducted using STATA (12) software. The first regression was conducted to find out which socio-economic factors have influence on HMI. It was established that accessibility to training and membership to social groups improve HMP while involvement in other occupation has a negative influence. A second regression was conducted to ascertain if HMI scores affect goat mortality levels. The results revealed a negative and significant influence, implying that an improvement in HMP leads to a reduction in mortality. Enhancing mechanisms which favor practical training and social group formation in form of technology intervention platforms can enhance HMP which will ultimately reduce goat mortality. Key words: Socio-economic factors, goat health management index, Karamoja, goat, multivariable regression.

A Short Period of Darkness after Mixing of Growing Pigs Intended for PDO Hams Production Reduces Skin Lesions.

Simple SummaryMixing unacquainted growing pigs is a common practice in commercial herds to adjust the group size to the pen dimensions and to balance the body weights of pigs within pens. Aggressive behavior following regrouping may include fights that can result in skin lesions and detrimental economic effects. Strategies aimed at limiting such issues can therefore improve animal welfare in practice. In the present study, we investigated the effects of darkness, maintained for 48 h after the formation of new social groups, on the expression of agonistic behavior and on the accumulation of skin lesions of growing pigs. The provision of 48 h of darkness significantly reduced the number of skin lesions on the mid- and rear thirds of pigs’ body. However, no corresponding reduction was observed in agonistic behavior, suggesting that darkness decreases the efficacy of aggressions, rather than how often or for how long they are expressed. Furthermore, an analysis of the location of lesions indicates that aggressions towards a fleeing companion, rather than reciprocal ones, were those mostly affected by darkness. The present results identify in the provision of darkness an easily applicable and relatively inexpensive intervention, that leads to the reduction of one of the most problematic consequences of agonistic interactions, i.e., skin lesions.Agonistic behavior after the regrouping of unfamiliar pigs has been recognized as one of the major welfare issues for pig husbandry, as it may result in lesions, lameness, and health problems. One scarcely investigated strategy to curb agonistic behavior is reducing the availability of visual stimuli potentially eliciting aggressions. In this study, we investigated the expression of agonistic behavior by growing pigs and the resulting accumulation of skin lesions over a period of 14 days following the formation of new social groups, which occurred in a condition of darkness maintained for 48 h. Compared to a simulated natural photoperiod (12 h light/day), darkness significantly reduced the number of skin lesions on the mid- and rear thirds of pigs’ body (p ≤ 0.01). A lack of corresponding decrease in frequency and duration of agonistic interactions suggests that darkness acts by decreasing the efficacy, not the expression, of aggressions. Furthermore, the location of lesions mostly affected by darkness indicates that the latter mostly acted by reducing the possibility of pigs to convey damage to a fleeing conspecific, rather than to one involved in a reciprocal fighting. The lighting regime provided did not affect growth performance traits of a 17-weeks feeding trial. The present results identify in the provision of darkness an easily applicable, and relatively inexpensive intervention, that leads to the reduction of skin lesions.

AD FONTES: SOURCE CAPACITY OF THE FIRST GENERAL CENSUS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE POPULATION OF 1897

In fact, this situation with using the materials of the First All-Russian Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 determines the purpose of the article – to prove the fruitfulness of the Census results of 1897 for the analysis of a new, industrial society formation in sub-Russian Ukraine at the end of the ХІХth century and the crisis of the old class structure. The research methodology is determined by the fact that all demographic phenomena recorded by the Census of 1897are considered in the context of historical events and reflect their consequences, i.e., in this case it was an industrial modernization. The authors proceeded from the need to use new methods of calculating the Census results to analyze the social consequences of an industrial modernization in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire, which are based on the adaptation of the demographic statistics methods to the processing of the Census data of 1897. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in historiography new methods have been used to recalculate the results of the Census of 1897 to characterize the trends and consequences of changes in the social structure of the society due to an industrial modernization. This allowed us to correct the existing in historiography ideas about the social consequences of the first post-reform 40th anniversary of 1861 – 1897. The Conclusions. Summing up, first of all, we note that the source analysis of the First All-Russian Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 is quite topical taking into account the preparation for the second, after the restoration of independence, demographic census in Ukraine. The Census materials are published, recognized as a reliable source of a historical demography and are widely used in the domestic and foreign historiography. However, the Census programme does not make it possible to record the social consequences of an industrial modernization and the crisis of the population class structure, and in historiography there are almost no attempts to list the results of the Census. Accordingly, the authors set a goal to analyze possible ways of recalculating the Census data of 1897.The authors suggested the feasibility of using three methods of recalculating the Census results. The first one consists in grouping of 64 groups of population occupations, registered by the Census, into industrial clusters (groups) – civil service, public activities, finance, industry, construction, transport and communications, agriculture, services and traditional industries. On the example of the largest city in the Ukrainian provinces – Odesa, it was proved that the Census recorded considerable progress in forming the social structure of the industrial era, but the remnants of the past, traditional society remained significant (the correspondent observations were compared with other cities).The second method aims at analyzing the mobility of the population, clarify the role of individual social sources in the formation of new strata of the society and urbanization. The method was used to analyze the data of Kharkiv province, especially Kharkiv and other major cities of the province. The method allowed to characterise the mobility of both the population as a whole and its individual states, the role of local people and migrants in the formation of industrial centers, the role of individual social groups in modernization processes.The content of the third method is an attempt to overcome the main flaw of the Census programme of 1897 – the lack of information on the formation of new social groups and the collapse of the states of the Russian Empire. On the example of Katerynoslav and Kamyanets-Podilsky, the formation tendencies of the new social structure elements and disintegration of the old one were characterized. In other words, the source analysis of the results of the First All-Russian Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 proves that its heuristic potential is far from exhausted, and the multiplicity of methods of its study (including recalculation of results) seems appropriate. The Census results make it possible to characterize the leading social consequences of the industrial modernization of the Russian Empire at the end of the ХІХth century.

Wastıng Food – An Insıstent Behavıour Çeviri: Gıda Atıkları - Kalıcı Bir Davranış

The wastage of food occurs at all stages of the life cycle of food, starting from harvesting, through processing and production via trade and finally consumption. Some of the incurred food wastes are not suitable for human consumption any more, while others could be eaten without restrictions. The paper focuses on the latter food waste and reports about food waste in different stages of the life cycle of food in general, the reasons of wasting food with special focus on household level, the impact on waste management systems and on the environment, on the difficulties to overcome food wasting behaviour and options to design prevention measures. Also the ethical issues of wasting food are discussed by taking e.g. donation for people in need or formation of social groups like freegans into account. Keywords: Food waste, Life cycle of Food, Consuption