Formation Of Rhythm Research Articles

KAJIAN KONSEPTUAL SILABEL RITME GANDANG MINANGKABAU

This article tryes to initiate the concept of Minangkabau rhythm syllables, which is a method in music learning related to audiation in rhythm learning, the urgency in this study explores the basic elements of the audiation system that can be applied to music learning related to rhythm syllables based on local approaches, taking into account previous concepts that have been popular in recent schools. In West Sumatra, the concepts of syllable rhythm such as Zoltan Kodaly, Kannokol, American Style Syllables, and Edwin Gordon are not so popular, but environments such as schools and art studios have their own ways of approaching learning music related to pronouncing sounds, so that in this study it is addressed as an interesting and crucial thing to study and formulate further into formulations. The method used in this research uses a qualitative paradigm with a literature review approach. Where the concept of previous rhythmic syllables is used as a reference in analyzing, bringing up findings, and juxtaposing the findings with the initiated Minangkabau rhythmic syllable formula, so that the Minangkabau rhythmic syllables can be generalized and adapted, but still referring to the habits of the local community material. Based on the results of the analysis, like Gordon’s concept, it is found that syllables or audiation appear after the formation of rhythms, patterns and sound colors from an instrument, which can then strengthen the form of audiation into verbal form.

The Triple Synthesis of Rhythm

Stemming from a general study of rhythm in the work of Gilles Deleuze, we propose a distribution of this concept throughout three levels: a topic level, in which we place rhythm between chaos and measure; a dynamic level, in which we analyse the formation of rhythm towards its stabilisation as a spatio-temporal dynamism; and an unfolding, in which these dynamisms take on the form of rhythmic machines applied in music (refrain), in painting (sensation) and in cinema (montage and time crystals). In this last phase, the rhythmic devices of various arts lead to a genesis of time. We are thus driven to think and elaborate on the link between these two concepts, rhythm and time, in the writings of Deleuze. Bearing this purpose in mind, we turn to the schema of the three syntheses of time in Difference and Repetition. These syntheses show how time emerges from different ways of understanding repetition, in the place of which rhythm will then appear. We will compare this schema with the argument articulated by Deleuze in Logic of Sensation regarding rhythm in its pictorial form. This comparison will enable us to deduce that both concepts follow a parallel path arising from the same series of processes: vibration, coupling, resonance and forced movement. We will conclude that the schema proposed in Difference and Repetition and its aesthetic purpose delineate the ways in which rhythms unfold creatively. These three syntheses of rhythm are implicated in artistic processes.

Circadian Clock and Body Temperature.

The circadian fluctuation of body temperature is one of the most prominent and stable outputs of the circadian clock and plays an important role in maintaining optimal day-night energy homeostasis. The body temperature of homothermic animals is not strictly constant, but it shows daily oscillation within a range of 1-3°C, which is sufficient to synchronize the clocks of peripheral tissues throughout the body. The thermal entrainment mechanisms of the clock are partly mediated by the action of the heat shock transcription factor and cold-inducible RNA-binding protein-both have the ability to affect clock gene expression. Body temperature in the poikilotherms is not completely passive to the ambient temperature change; they can travel to the place of preferred temperature in a manner depending on the time of their endogenous clock. Based on this behavior-level thermoregulation, flies exhibit a clear body temperature cycle. Noticeably, flies and mice share the same molecular circuit for the controlled body temperature; in both species, the calcitonin receptors participate in the formation of body temperature rhythms during the active phase and exhibit rather specific expression in subsets of clock neurons in the brain. We summarize knowledge on mutual relationships between body temperature regulation and the circadian clock.

Effects of melatonin on the circadian functions of sleep-wake cycle, metabolism, hormonal regulation and immune activity: A recent review

Rhythms following a period of approximately 24 hours are called circadian (from Latin circa diem, approximately one day) rhythms. These rhythms are observed in the activities of various vital body functions. Melatonin is considered as an important molecule participating in the formation of circadian rhythms of virtually all organisms. As a molecular regulator of the circadian clock, melatonin has various regulatory functions in both physiological and pathological conditions. Sleep-wake cycle depends on CSF melatonin levels, and melatonin also has a protective effect on the disrupted sleep-wake cycle in various pathological conditions. Melatonin ensures the proper function of vital metabolic pathways; therefore, it improves metabolism-related systems and protects them from damage. A bidirectional relationship between hormonal activity and melatonin ensures it having a healing effect on various reproductive disorders. Finally, melatonin can target inflammation pathways and various elements of immune system by changing their behavior and structure. In summary, melatonin has important effects on vital body functions mediated by its receptors, signaling pathways and clock genes, and has the capacity to protect and improve these functions under pathological conditions.

Domestic researchers who have made important contributions to the study of digestive system diseases: images in art. Maks Moiseyevich Gubergrits

A few main directions can be distinguished in the scientific and practical activities of M. M. Gubergrits. Even his first studies contributed to the history of the development of domestic cardiology. He continued the work started by V. P. Obraztsov on the III normal heart sound, studied changes in heart tones and the formation of a gallop rhythm, the rhythm of a neurasthenic quail, was one of the first to evaluate the clinical significance of the electrocardiographic technique, and tried to use it for better understanding the effect of certain drugs on the heart. He described disorders of the cardiovascular system in severe infectious diseases (epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and typhoid fever) and thrombosis of the splenic vein. An important part of the scientific activity of M. M. Gubergrits was the pain problem. An outstanding humanist scientist could not ignore this human suffering from various diseases. He was interested not only in the origin of pain in diseases of the heart, liver, and kidneys but also in pain as a general problem of physiology and pathology. However, he most clearly revealed himself as a talented clinician in gastroenterology by constantly combining thoughtful observation at the patient’s bedside with clinical and physiological experimentation. Back in 1929, in his work on the mechanism of gastric secretion, he established the effect of mechanical irritation of the gastric mucosa on the secretion of gastric juice. He described a unique palpatory symptom of a bigastric stomach (changes in the position of the lower border of the stomach, re‑determined by splashing noise). He had a keen interest in peptic ulcer disease. His studies on pancreatic physiology and pathology have retained their value to the present day: data on excretory function, the adaptability of exocrine function to different diets, the possibility of a partial violation of this function (dyspancreatism), as well as the organ’s functional study technique developed in his clinic. M. M. Gubergrits described the pain zone in the pathology of the head and body of the pancreas. In addition, he described concomitant diseases of the liver and pancreas and the liver’s involvement in the pathological process in gastric, duodenal, and large intestinal diseases. The studies by M. M. Gubergrits on the clinical picture of pancreatic diseases played a significant role in the further research. To a large extent, his statements on the diagnosis of pancreatitis have retained their significance. He emphasized the importance of such symptoms as pathological hunger, thirst, polyuria, weight loss, pain in the epigastric area, sometimes jaundice, diarrhea with creatorrhea and steatorrhea, and changes in the blood and urine.

REHABILITATION OF ROWING ATHLETES DURING THE FORMATION OF RESPIRATORY RHYTHMS IN COURSE OF BONE TISSUE PROSTHETICS

Athletes who are engaged in rowing are subject to a number of occupational health problems that require not only long-term rehabilitation but also long-term recovery. The purpose of the article is to highlight the rehabilitation of rowing athletes during the formation of respiratory rhythms in course of bone tissue prosthetics. The aspect of the restoration of disturbed breathing rhythms and the activity of the cardiovascular system is of particular relevance. Since disorders of the cardiovascular system usually take place when associated physical damage occurs, the issue of forming a model of medical intervention during operations and rehabilitation activities is of primary importance. The main research method was the experimental method. With its help, experimental measurements and analysis of the obtained results were carried out. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the formation of a system of rehabilitation measures should be determined by the requirements for the achievement of previously shown results. The authors determine the structure of the model, its practical application and the formation of a graphic model on its basis that will be used when replacing parts of the skeletal support. It was determined that this allows to form not only stable functioning support, but also the respiratory systems, and thus lay the foundation for the athlete’s further physical rehabilitation for practical activities and return to sports. The practical significance of the subject matter is determined by the need to form adaptive potential, which will allow athletes to maintain positive dynamics of performances in the future at the level of international competitions.

СОПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОСТЬ И ГЕОКУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ТЕКСТЫ: ОТ ЛИТЕРАТУРНЫХ КОЛОНИЗАЦИЙ К ТРАНСГРАНИЧНЫМ КАРТОГРАФИЯМ ВООБРАЖЕНИЯ

Any literary text is an act of ontological development of new territories. Culture, being always local, can develop the same territories more than once in physical terms — based on the epoch of its development, as well as on the geo-cultural transformations of these territories. The process of literary colonization means multiplication of geo-cultural processes, as a result of which new “clusters” of hybrid geo-cultural texts are created. Сo-spatiality in relation to literary colonization can be considered as a process of ontological identification of a territory with geo-cultural texts that have not previously been identical to it. At the same time, newly created geo-cultural texts turn out to be both co-spatial with themselves and with the texts of geo-cultures that have interacted. Literary colonization can be considered as a process of intensive intercultural interaction that generates hybrid texts, characterized by fundamentally new co-spatialities and also forming cross-border cartographies of imagination. Different geo-cultural traditions of colonization form different cartographies of the imagination of the same territory, in which there are images of colonizing territories. The integrity of the process of literary colonization is ensured by geo-cultural analysis, which combines places, mentalities and realities that are initially far from each other, and contributes to the construction of complex meta-cartographies of imagination, combining various cartographies of imagination in origin and content. The role of literary colonization lies in the “discovery” of geo-cultural transcoding — one or more significant literary works in the geo-cultural colonization context structure a new territory with the help of a newly developed complex meta-cartography of the imagination, offering common original rules of perception and reading of environmental features. The geo-culture of the colonization text consists in the “invention” of territorial strata, representing a new territoriality as an immanent necessity for the expansion and transformation of the author’s own consciousness. New colonization geo-cultures, mostly intermediate, become more co-spatial with each other, which leads to the formation of a planetary rhythm of colonization processes.

Precision caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity and circadian rhythms: New possibilities open up.

Caffeine is the globally consumed psychoactive substance and the drug of choice for the treatment of apnea of prematurity (AOP), but its therapeutic effects are highly variable among preterm infants. Many of the molecular underpinnings of the marked individual response have remained elusive yet. Interestingly, the significant association between Clock gene polymorphisms and the response to caffeine therapy offers an opportunity to advance our understanding of potential mechanistic pathways. In this review, we delineate the functions and mechanisms of human circadian rhythms. An up-to-date advance of the formation and ontogeny of human circadian rhythms during the perinatal period are concisely discussed. Specially, we summarize and discuss the characteristics of circadian rhythms in preterm infants. Second, we discuss the role of caffeine consumption on the circadian rhythms in animal models and human, especially in neonates and preterm infants. Finally, we postulate how circadian-based therapeutic initiatives could open new possibilities to promote precision caffeine therapy for the AOP management in preterm infants.

The Role of Breast Mılk in The Cırcadıan Rhythm In Newborns

The circadian rhythm regulates various physiological and psychological events such as sleep/wake rhythms, body temperature, blood pressure, hormone synthesis and release in living organisms in a period of approximately 24 hours. In the postnatal period, the immature circadian rhythm of the baby develops rapidly under the influence of environmental factors such as nutrition, light, and mother-infant interaction. Breastfeeding is universally the most appropriate method for infant feeding in the first year after birth. In addition to being a nutrient for babies, breast milk plays an active role in the formation of the baby's circadian rhythm by transmitting information about the time of day to babies through components such as hormones and immune elements. In this context, while cortisol and amino acids that promote activity are high in breast milk during the day, high levels of melatonin and tryptophan in night milk, on the contrary, promote sleep in infants, relieve digestion and support growth and development. The circadian rhythm, which develops rapidly in the first three months of life, is essential for the health and development of the baby, as well as for the temporal harmony within the family and especially for the coordination between the mother and the baby. Babies in case of disruption of circadian rhythm or delayed formation; may face health problems related to sleep, metabolism and neurocognitive development. In this study, the role of breast milk in infancy, which is an important stage in the formation of circadian rhythm, was investigated.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ АНГЛОМОВНОГО ФОНЕТИЧНОГО АСПЕКТУ ЯК КОМУНІКАТИВНО-ЛІНГВІСТИЧНОЇ СУБКОМПЕТЕНЦІЇ СТУДЕНТІВ-ФІЛОЛОГІВ У МОВНОМУ ЗВО

The article is devoted to the substantiation of theoretical aspects of teaching English phonetic competence. Its definitions and its structural components are given. The ways and methods of teaching phonetic competence that favour the development of pronunciation skills as part of the overall process of speech skills and abilities development in the process of learning a foreign language are identified. It has been proven that phonetic skills can be considered to be formed when phonemic hearing developed and connections established between the auditory and acoustic and phonemic aspects of speech, as a result of which the language acquires a sufficient degree of accuracy. A number of prerequisites for successful learning of phonetic material are examined: formation of auditory processing, rhythm and intonational skills, i.e. ability to listen and hear, development of phonemic hearing, pronunciation skills, i.e. automaticity of articulation base of a foreign language, ways of intonation, development of internal speech as a psychophysiological basis for external speech. The research is focused on the stages and content of pronunciation learning, which includes mastering the necessary knowledge of pronunciation of individual sounds and phrases, the formation of automaticity of sounds and sound combination perception, i.e. the shaping of their auditory images, assimilating the mechanisms of sounds and sound combination articulation – the need to get acquainted with intonation, phrasal stress and rhythm of a foreign language. The study aims the importance of adjusting the phonetic skills that the students have already acquired in accordance with the phonetic system of the language under study and the need to supplement it with those elements of pronunciation that are absent in the native language or a second one. The article presents examples of exercises for practice and correct phonetic design of different statement types. Fragments of formation of receptive rhythmic and intonation skills at training ascending and descending intonation to improve professionally oriented phonetic competency are illustrated.

Dysfunction of parvalbumin-expressing cells in the thalamic reticular nucleus induces cortical spike-and-wave discharges and an unconscious state.

Spike-and-wave discharges and an accompanying loss of consciousness are hallmarks of absence seizure, which is a childhood generalized epilepsy disorder. In absence seizure, dysfunction of the cortico-thalamo-cortico circuitry is thought to engage in abnormal cortical rhythms. Previous studies demonstrated that the thalamic reticular nucleus has a critical role in the formation of normal cortical rhythms; however, whether thalamic reticular nucleus dysfunction leads directly to abnormal rhythms, such as epilepsy, is largely unknown. We found that expressing the inhibitory opsin, archaerhodopsin, including in the thalamic reticular nucleus, caused abnormal cortical rhythms in Pvalb-tetracycline transactivator::tetO-ArchT (PV-ArchT) double transgenic mice. We validated the PV-ArchT line as a new mouse model of absence seizure through physiological and pharmacological analyses, as well as through examining their behavioural features. We then discovered that archaerhodopsin expression exclusively in thalamic reticular nucleus parvalbumin-positive neurons was sufficient to induce cortical spike-and-wave discharges using adeno-associated virus-mediated thalamic reticular nucleus targeting. Furthermore, we found that archaerhodopsin expression impaired rebound burst firing and T-current in thalamic reticular nucleus parvalbumin-positive cells by slice physiology. Although T-current in the thalamic reticular nucleus was impaired, the T-current blocker ethosuximide still had a therapeutic effect in PV-ArchT mice, suggesting a gain of function of T-type calcium channels in this absence seizure model. However, we did not find any over- or misexpression of T-type calcium channel genes in the thalamus or the cortex. Thus, we demonstrated that thalamic reticular nucleus dysfunction led to an absence seizure-like phenotype in mice. In a final set of experiments, we showed that the archaerhodopsin-mediated absence seizure-like phenotype disappeared after the removal of archaerhodopsin by using a time-controllable transgenic system. These data may provide a hint as to why many absence seizures naturally regress.

НАРУШЕНИЕ ЦИРКАДИАННОГО РИТМА РЕЧЕВЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ У ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ С АРТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ГИПЕРТЕНЗИЕЙ

This article is devoted to the study of the features of the dynamics of speech function (using associative activity as an example) in the circadian cycle of children and adolescents with hypertension (HTN). The research aims to distinguish between various approaches to teaching them. All participants were divided into the following two groups: the main group comprising 62 patients with HTN; the control group of 62 mostly healthy children. Both groups were matched for gender and age and then investigated by daily monitoring of blood pressure (BP) and multiple (threefold) neuropsychological testing following A.R. Luria’s method in accordance with the conditional biorhythmological division of the day into three periods. Speech skills were assessed using C.G. Jung’s associative experiment. In the participants with HTN, a comparative analysis of the dynamics of speech function in the circadian rhythm was carried out, and its results revealed a clear relationship between arterial pressure rhythm disturbances and speech activity. It was demonstrated that either an insufficient or significant decrease in blood pressure is commonly accompanied by a disruption of the circadian rhythm of speech activity. The observed daily fluctuations in the speech activity of the participants with HTN indicated desynchronosis and the formation of an altered biorhythm type, which is inverted with respect to the normal circadian rhythm of speech. In the participants with HTN, there was a change in the daily profiles of speech activity (associative processes), with the formation of a pathological circadian rhythm and the deterioration of speech activity.

Infradian 4-Day Rhythm of Proliferative Activity of L-929 Mouse Fibroblast Culture in the Logarithmic Growth Phase Is Exogenous.

We studied the dynamic of proliferative activity of cultured mouse transformed fibroblast-like L-929 cells in the logarithmic growth phase. During a long period (December 5-23, 2020), we revealed a 4-day rhythm of daily increase in the number of L-929 cells with an amplitude not lower than in a culture of embryonic fibroblast-like cells. Hence, the formation of the 4-day rhythm is not associated with the molecular mechanisms of inhibition of proliferation, which are absent in transformed cells. Daily thawing of samples of one culture over 17 days showed the presence of a 4-day rhythm synchronous between all thawed samples and the control cell culture. As deep freezing leads to the cessation of all life processes in cells, the formation of a 4-day rhythm of proliferative activity of cell culture is determined by an exogenous mechanism.

Enterprise Strategy Rhythm and Competitive Advantages: A Theoretical Framework

Based on the review of 45 domestic and foreign articles from the perspective of time in the strategy management field, this paper makes a comprehensive study on the rhythm of the process of strategic activities. Firstly, the concept of strategy rhythm is defined, and the dynamic characteristics of the execution process of strategic activities are summarized as “strategy rhythm”. Secondly, from the speed and variability of time, it can be divided into four basic types of strategy rhythm: low speed and low variation, high speed and low variation, low speed and high variation, high speed and high variation. On this basis, the main causes of the strategy rhythm of enterprises are analyzed from managers, enterprises and the external environment, and the influence mechanism of strategy rhythm on the strategic effect is further analyzed from the two temporal dimensions of speed and variability, so as to form a research framework of strategy rhythm and competitive advantages. Finally, the future direction is put forward to lay the foundation for the further study of strategy rhythm.This paper mainly has four theoretical contributions: Firstly, from the perspective of time, it analyzes the process of strategic activities and defines the concept of strategy rhythm, which helps to analyze the problems in enterprise strategy management, such as why the same type of strategic activities in different enterprises have different effects, and why different enterprises in the process of strategy implementation present different growth patterns. Secondly, it classifies four basic types of strategy rhythm, which is helpful to have a fundamental cognition of strategy rhythm from the perspective of time, and to further understand the connotation of strategy rhythm and its influence mechanism on the construction of competitive advantages of enterprises. Thirdly, it sorts out the causes of strategy rhythm at the three levels of managers, enterprises and the external environment. The three reasons directly affect the process of strategic activities of enterprises, and to a large extent determine what kind of strategy rhythm enterprises use. By sorting out the main causes of strategy rhythm at three levels, this paper is conducive to further research on the formation of enterprise strategy rhythm. Finally, it discusses the theoretical explanation mechanism of strategy rhythm on competitive advantages. Through sorting out the explanatory theory of the influence of speed and variability on strategy results, it is helpful to deepen the understanding of the double-sided influence of speed and variability on enterprises. The analysis of theoretical explanation mechanism in this paper, on the one hand, is helpful for enterprises to understand their own time management ability in strategy management, that is, the ability to control strategy rhythm; on the other hand, it is helpful for enterprises to further explore the influence and mechanism of different types of enterprise strategy rhythm on their competitive advantages from different theoretical perspectives.

EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIODISM ON DAILY RHYTHMS OF BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE IN DIFFERENT SEASONS OF THE YEAR IN THE ARCTIC

Objective: To study the effect of the rhythm of natural light on circadian rhythms of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in the Arctic. Design and method: Analysis of 24-hour BP monitoring was performed in 373 male patients with arterial hypertension (AH) stage II engaged in rotational shiftwork in the Arctic compared with the group of the same type of 144 patients living in moderate climate (Tyumen, 57 N) 93 randomly selected patients of the Northern group and 64 patients of the Tyumen group. Based on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring chronobiological and standard parameters, daily BP profile, circadian BP and HR indices, percentage contribution value (PC), amplitude of a rhythm (RA), acrophase and BP MESOR in different seasons were analyzed. Results: In the conditions of Arctic shift work circadian BP and HR rhythms in patients with AH differed significantly compared with Tyumen patients regardless of season and were characterized by the absence of seasonality signs of BP and HR rhythms and the presence of inside desynchronosis of rhythms. Lack of natural light during the polar day and polar night leads to flattened HR and circadian BP in patients with AH in the Far North. The major differences were the loss of 24-hour period components and low-amplitude spectrum profile. Seasonal changes in the HR parameters were not significant in the comparison group versus northern group with a clear flattening of HR in the polar day period. In the main group of patients the worst condition for 24-hour BP profile was winter period (polar night) characterized by the peak flattening of circadian rhythms and the prevalence of high-frequency oscillations in the spectrum. Conclusions: In patients with AH in the conditions of Arctic shift work, formation of daily rhythm and absence of seasonality signs of HR and BP is associated with nature of work and climate factors, including natural light rhythm in the northern latitude.

Role of α2δ3 in Cellular Synchronization of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Under Constant Light Conditions

By the effort to identify candidate signaling molecules important for the formation of robust circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the mammalian circadian center, here we characterize the role of α2δ proteins, synaptic molecules initially identified as an auxiliary subunit of the voltage dependent calcium channel, in circadian rhythm formation. In situ hybridization study demonstrated that type 3 α2δ gene (α2δ3) was strongly expressed in the SCN. Mice without this isoform (Cacna2d3−/−) did not maintain proper circadian locomotor activity rhythms under a constant light (LL) condition, whereas under a constant dark (DD) condition, these mice showed a similar period length and similar light-responsiveness as compared to wild type mice. Reflecting this behavioral phenotype, Cacna2d3−/− mice showed a severely impaired Per1 expression rhythm in the SCN under LL, but not under DD. Cultured SCN slices from Per1-luc transgenic Cacna2d3−/− mice revealed reduced synchrony of Per1-luc gene expression rhythms among SCN neurons. These findings suggest that α2δ3 is essential for synchronized cellular oscillations in the SCN and thereby contributes to enhancing the sustainability of circadian rhythms in behavior.

Инфрадианный 4-суточный ритм пролиферативной активности культуры фибробластов мыши L-929, находящихся в логарифмической фазе роста, является экзогенным

We studied the dynamic of proliferative activity of cultured mouse transformed fibroblast-like L-929 cells in the logarithmic growth phase. During a long period (December 5-23, 2020), we revealed a 4-day rhythm of daily increase in the number of L-929 cells with an amplitude not lower than in a culture of embryonic fibroblast-like cells. Hence, the formation of the 4-day rhythm is not associated with the molecular mechanisms of inhibition of proliferation, which are absent in transformed cells. Daily thawing of samples of one culture over 17 days showed the presence of a 4-day rhythm synchronous between all thawed samples and the control cell culture. As deep freezing leads to the cessation of all life processes in cells, the formation of a 4-day rhythm of proliferative activity of cell culture is determined by an exogenous mechanism.

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПРЕНАТАЛЬНОГО ПАССИВНОГО КУРЕНИЯ ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНЫХ МЕХАНИЗМРОВ РЕГУЛЯЦИИ ДЫХАНИЯ У НОВОРОЖДЕННЫХ КРЫС IN VITRO

In the prenatal period, neural networks undergo the most significant morphological changes and subsequent functional transformations. The influence of a combination of factors of passive tobacco smoking to the development of the central mechanisms of respiratory control in the prenatal period remains unexplored. The present study was devoted to the study of the prenatal effect of passive smoking factors on the functioning of the central mechanisms of respiratory control in newborn rat. The study was carried out on 107 isolated brain stem-spinal cord preparations of the brain of newborn white outbred rats in vitro. Passive smoking was modeled by fumigating experimental animals with cigarette smoke. To simulate the hypercapnic effect, the bulbospinal preparations were perfused for 10 minutes with a solution of artificial cerebrospinal fluid with a saturated gas mixture, consisting of 10 % CO2 and 90 % O2; to simulate hypoxic exposure, the preparations were irrigated with a solution of artificial cerebrospinal fluid with a saturated gas mixture for 20 minutes 5 % CO2 and 95 % N2. As a result of the study, it was found that in newborn rats that underwent prenatal passive smoking, there is a high frequency of generation of inspiratory discharges, a shift in the spectral power density peaks of respiratory discharges in both ranges towards low frequencies, a decrease in their power, a decrease in the amplitude and a shorter duration of inspiratory discharges. in comparison with intact animals. A feature of the reaction to hypoxia in newborn rats who have undergone prenatal passive smoking is a late formation of the hypoxic depression of respiratory rhythm, reaction to hypercapnia characterized by no reduction in duration respiratory cycle. Thus performed by us research shows that prenatal secondhand smoke affects the mechanism of formation of the respiratory rhythm and pattern and also modifies the respiratory response to change in the partial tension of respiratory gases in cerebrospinal fluid in vitro.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLUENT READING SKILL IN CHILDREN WITH GENERAL SPEECH UNDERDEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE RHYTHMIC STRUCTURE OF A PROSE TEXT

Introduction. The paper presents the results of a study on the influence of identifying the prose text rhythm on the development of fluent reading skills in children with the general speech underdevelopment. Materials and Methods. The methods employed in the study are analysis of scientific literature on the issues of formation of rhythm in the text and syntagmatic division of the text, the rhythmic analysis, and the statistical method. Results. Identification of a rhythmic structure in the text and division of the text into syntagmas help improve the technical aspect of reading and affect the development of fluent reading skills in children with the general speech underdevelopment. Conclusion. The findings suggest that it is essential to teach primary school children with the general speech underdevelopment to feel the text rhythm, identify it at the level of syntagmatic division, and find semantic dominants in the text to overcome the difficulties of developing fluent reading skills. The identification of rhythmic patterns in the text enables children both to upgrade their fluent reading skills and to understand better the meaning of what they read.

The effectiveness of the use of breathing exercises in training shooters

Breathing plays a leading role in ensuring human life processes. Breathing exercises promote the formation of a certain breathing rhythm in accordance with the muscle movements produced. Each sport requires the formation of its optimal functional state. In bullet shooting, an athlete does not experience intense physical exertion, but must show high coordination, attention and psychological stability. The paper presents an assessment of the effectiveness of the use of breathing exercises as a means of recovery for athletes involved in bullet shooting. The functional capabilities of the shooters' respiratory system have been studied. The assessment of the tolerance of hypoxic load An improvement in the functional capabilities of the respiratory system of shooters, an increase in tolerance to hypoxic loads were revealed. In both groups, there is a positive effect of the course of breathing exercises on the functional state of the respiratory system. The shooters showed a higher increase in the indicators of functional tests than those who do not go in for sports. The inclusion of respiratory gymnastics in the process of sports training as a means of recovery is effective. The course use of breathing exercises made it possible to improve the functional capabilities of the shooters' respiratory system, to increase their tolerance to hypoxic loads.