Formation Of Recrystallization Texture Research Articles

Formation of cube texture affected by neighboring grains in a transverse-directionally aligned columnar-grained electrical steel

The formation of stronger cube recrystallization texture in a transverse-directionally aligned columnar-grained electrical steel than columnar-grained ND and RD samples with initial columnar grains' longitudinal axis being along normal and rolling direction respectively was analyzed experimentally and theoretically, and cube texture was indicated to be attributed to the specific deformation and recrystallization behaviors of cube oriented columnar grains. The specific deformation behaviors of cube oriented grains were revealed focusing on the interactions of specially aligned columnar grains in comparison with {001}〈100〉 single crystal and other two kinds of samples. In addition, reaction stress model was selected to simulate the orientation evolution of {001}〈100〉 orientation by cold rolling, and the modeled result coincided with the experimental results and confirmed the effects of neighboring grains.

Effect of the size and dispersion of precipitates formed in hot rolling on recrystallization texture in ferritic stainless steels

In the present paper, the size and dispersion of precipitates in ferritic stainless steels have been varied by applying different hot rolling processes, the effect of which on the evolution of recrystallization textures was investigated. The precipitate characterization was observed and studied by transmission electron microscopy and the texture evolution processes were characterized by X-ray diffraction and electron backscattering diffraction. The results show that low temperature finish rolling can promote the formation of a large number of fine and dense TiC precipitates in hot band. These fine and dense precipitates can be inherited in the final sheet, and are beneficial to facilitating the nucleation of randomly oriented grains by promoting the formation of inhomogeneous cold rolled microstructure, strongly suppressing the growth of recrystallized grains by pinning grain boundary migration, thereby weakening the formation of γ-fiber recrystallization texture and deteriorating the formability of final sheet. By contrast, strong γ-fiber recrystallization texture is developed in the sample with sparsely distributed coarse precipitates. Therefore, the size and dispersion of precipitates formed in hot rolling have significant effects on the nucleation of randomly oriented grains and the growth of recrystallized grains during recrystallization annealing, which play important roles in controlling the γ-fiber recrystallization texture in ferritic stainless steels.

Cubic texture of recrystallization of ribbon substrates made of nickel alloys alloyed with W, Mo, and Re refractory elements

The processes of the formation of deformation and recrystallization textures in nickel alloys containing W, Mo, and Re are studied. The problems of optimizing the annealing regimes for recrystallization are considered taking into account the increase in the starting temperature of primary recrystallization in nickel alloys that contain refractory metals after rolling to large strains. The mechanical and magnetic properties of all the alloys are analyzed. The tendency of Ni95.3Mo4.7, Ni95.2W4.8, Ni95.9Re4.1, and Ni95.2Re4.8 to oxidize is studied by the thermogravimetry technique. It has been found that, of all the studied alloys, the Ni95.3Mo4.7 alloy has the best corrosion-resistant properties at high temperatures (600–700°C) and the lowest specific magnetization at working temperatures of a high-temperature superconductor.

Texture evolution and formability under different hot rolling conditions in ultra purified 17%Cr ferritic stainless steels

A very non-uniform γ-fiber recrystallization texture usually takes place in ferritic stainless steels, which can deteriorate the formability of final sheets. In order to work out the way of improving the uniformity of γ-fiber recrystallization texture, conventional rolling and warm rolling processes have been carried out with an ultra purified ferritic stainless steel. Texture evolution under different hot rolling conditions was investigated by using macro and micro-texture analyses. It was observed that a non-uniform γ-fiber recrystallization texture was obtained in the final sheet after conventional rolling process, while a nearly uniform γ-fiber recrystallization texture was formed in the final sheet after warm rolling process. Therefore, the formability of the final sheet was significantly improved after warm rolling process. It was indicated that the formation of non-uniform γ-fiber recrystallization texture was attributed to oriented nucleation, whereas the formation of uniform γ-fiber recrystallization texture was explained by a combination of oriented nucleation and preferred growth. ► Effect of hot rolling conditions on texture evolution was studied. ► Uniform γ-fiber recrystallization texture was formed after warm rolling process. ► Formability was improved by employing the warm rolling process. ► The development mechanism of recrystallization texture was explored.

Quantitative Analysis of Micro‐Textures during Recrystallization in an Interstitial‐Free Steel

AbstractTwo interstitial‐free steel samples were prepared by normal and by cross rolling. The effect of the resulting different deformation textures and microstructures on the subsequent recrystallization behavior was studied by micro‐texture analysis. The differences in recrystallization textures of the two differently rolled samples can be attributed to the microstructural differences in the as‐deformed state. The orientation distribution of the recrystallized grains forming at the early stages of the recrystallization dominated the final recrystallization textures, pointing to the importance of oriented nucleation in the formation of recrystallization textures of interstitial‐free steels.

The Recrystallization Behavior Study of 3%Si Nonoriented Electrical Steel

The recrystallization behavior of the cold rolled 3%Si nonoriented electrical steel at different temperatures is investigated by OIM(Orientation Imaging Microscopy). The results show that the recrystallization process and texture of 3%Si nonoriented electrical steel at different temperatures are determinated by different recrystallization mechanisms. At low annealing temperatures, the formation of recrystallization texture in this specimen can be explained by the mechanism of oriented nucleation theory, but at higher annealing temperatures, the formation of recrystallization texture in this specimen can be explained by the mechanism of oriented growth theory, the twin nucleation mechanism may penetrate the whole recrystallization process.

Effect of Electric Current Direction on Texture Evolution in a Cold Rolled Fe-3%Si Steel under Electric Current Pulses Treatment

The effect of electric current on the recrystallization texture evolution with the rolling direction both parallel and perpendicular to the current flow during electric current pulses (ECP) treatment was investigated. The results showed that the exerted current direction played a great role on the formation of recrystallization texture {111}<112> and Goss texture {011}<100> at the primary stage of recrytallization induced by ECP treatment. However, with the current density increasing, the effect of current direction on texture evolution almost could be ignored and the final texture components in the two cases all are Goss texture.

Formation and Development of Strong Cube Recrystallization Texture in an Aluminium of Commercial Purity

The goal of the present study inspired by previous works on high purity aluminiun was to manufacture aluminium sheets of commercial purity, grade 1050, with a strong cube texture. In this preliminary work on AA1050, sheets which cube volume fraction reaches 65% have been manufactured. Parameters controlling cube orientation development are mainly the solute dragging due to impurities in solid solution and the stored deformation energy. Besides the 85% cold rolling (CR), two extra annealings and a slight cold rolling are introduced in the processing route to increase the cube volume fraction. The cube orientation, whose substructure is equiaxed, is important for its recovery. It develops thanks to the difference of stored energy relative to that of its first neighbors; the slight cold rolling enhances growth of these cube grains.

Comparison of recrystallization textures in interstitial free and interstitial free high strength steels

The present work investigates the evolution of microstructures and textures in an ordinary interstitial free and a high strength interstitial free steel during recrystallization. Hot band textures showed the presence of favourable {3 3 2}〈1 1 3〉 texture component in both the steels. 85% cold rolling develops strong deformation texture consisting of partial α (RD∥〈1 1 0〉) and complete γ (ND∥〈1 1 1〉) fibers. After complete recrystallization, the textures of the high strength interstitial free steel were stronger as compared to ordinary interstitial free steel indicating the beneficial effect of phosphorus in texture formation. The microstructure was uniform with equiaxed grains. {3 3 2}〈1 1 3〉 texture component strengthened with recrystallization. The γ-fiber grains store more energy during deformation as compared to other orientations – leading to preferential nucleation of γ-fiber grains from the deformed matrix. The γ-fiber grains also have frequency advantage which leads to the formation of strong γ-fiber recrystallization textures.

Effect of Texture on r-value of Ferritic Stainless Steel Sheets

The effects of cold rolling texture on the formation of recrystallization texture and the relationship between recrystallization texture and r-value were investigated for sheets of titanium-stabilized extra-high purity Type 436L and Type 409L ferritic stainless steels. The recrystallization texture and average r-value were affected by the cold rolling texture. Annealed sheets with a sharp γ-fiber texture and very high average r-values were obtained from cold-rolled sheets with a strong γ-fiber texture (Type A). On the other hand, the {h,1,1} fiber texture developed from cold-rolled sheets with a strong α-fiber texture (Type C). In terms of the relationship between {111} intensity and the average r-value, chromium content had less effect than the cold rolling texture. The planar anisotropies of r-values and the average r-values of Type 436L and 409L sheets with Type A cold rolling textures agreed well with those calculated from the textures in the center layers by using the relaxed-constraints model and the CRSS ratio τc{211}/τc{110} of 1.1. On the other hand, for the sheets with Type C cold rolling textures and a marked texture gradient, it was necessary to consider the texture gradient in the thickness direction. The texture inhomogeneity by the orientations other than {111} texture affected the relationship between {111} intensity and average r-value.

Evolution of Recrystallization Microtexture of Cold-Rolling Low Carbon Sheet Steel Based on CSP during Batch Annealing

The mechanism responsible for the formation of recrystallization texture is still disputed although recrystallization texture has long been a subject of research. This is mainly related to the complexity of recrystallization itself .The mechanism of recrystallization microtexture Cold-rolling low carbon sheet steel based on CSP was investigated by the electron back scatter diffraction(EBSD) was investigated. In addition, the origin of nuclei with specific orientations was studied. The results showed that the formation of recrystallization texture is explained by oriented nucleation and the nucleis show around 50% frequency of 15–60°misorientation with their surrounding deformed matrices. Deformed γ-fibre texture components increase more rapidly during the early stage of recrystallization. In contrast, the deformed α-fibre components, such as {001}<110> components disappear rather rapidly early stage of recrystallization and {112}<110> components increases rapidly late stage of recrystallization and grains growth. By microcosmic orientation distribution analyse find that the new {011}<100> grains are nucleated within shear bands in the deformed {111}<112> grains, New {111}<112> grains are nucleated within deformed {111}<110> grains and new {111}<110> grains originated in the deformed {111}<112> grains .

Microstructure and Texture Evolution during Recrystallization of Interstitial Free Steel

The evolution of microstructure and texture due to recrystallization was investigated in cold rolled interstitial free (IF) steel. Samples taken from the cold band of a 0.07%Ti bearing IF steel with total cold rolling reduction of 75% were investigated by using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron back-scattered diffraction etc. The aim of this study was to obtain a real picture of the formation of the recrystallization texture of IF steel, which would contribute to proper texture control for improving deep drawability. The mechanism responsible for the evolution of texture is discussed experimentally from four aspects. First of all, the microstructure of partially annealed cold rolled specimen is obtained. The recrystallized grain form earlier in more darkly etched regions from the micrographs, which belong to the ND//<111> fiber components. In addition, the fractions of the {111}<110> and {111}<112> components increase slowly during the early stage of recrystallization, because the γ-fiber recrystallized texture is growing, while at the same time the γ-fiber deformed texture is being consumed. Moreover, The texture formation has been discussed taking into consideration of the stored energy and the misorientation between the orientation of the recrystallized grain and that of the surrounding deformed matrix. The work indicates that the recrystallized grains, which migrate into the deformed grains, are mainly with the high misorientation angles. The large percentage of the recrystallized grains, whose misorientation angles with deformed grains exceed 15°, are corresponding to the {111} transformation texture. Nucleation first starts at colonies that have the highest stored energy of deformation, which has the same orientation as the deformed grains. By analysis, the formation of recrystallization texture was well explained by oriented nucleation mechanism rather than by selective growth mechanism.

Formation of Rolling and Recrystallization Textures in IF Steel Cold-rolled by Cross-Roll Rolling Mill

Formation of Rolling and Recrystallization Textures in IF Steel Cold-rolled by Cross-Roll Rolling Mill

Cold rolling and recrystallization textures of a Ni–5 at.% W alloy

The formation of recrystallization texture has been studied in a sintered Ni–5 at.% W alloy after heavy cold rolling (∼95%) and annealing. Although the cold-rolled texture is a typical pure metal or Cu-type deformation texture on a global scale, variations in microstructure and microtexture are found in the deformed material between locally sheared regions and away those from these regions. The primary recrystallization texture consists of the cube ({1 0 0}〈0 0 1〉), a RD-rotated cube ({0 1 3}〈1 0 0〉) and twin-related orientations of these two components. The presence of both cube and the RD-rotated orientations are identified in thin bands of materials in the deformed matrix. However, predominantly cube-oriented grains nucleate and grow in regions away from the locally sheared regions. In contrast, the nucleation and growth of non-cube grains are observed in the vicinity of locally sheared regions. The formation of cube texture in Ni–5 at.% W alloy appears to occur primarily via the oriented nucleation of cube grains owing to the special properties of the cube bands.

Effect of Lubrication during Hot Rolling on the Evolution of Through‐Thickness Textures in 18%Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel Sheet

Samples of a ferritic stainless steel sheet were hot‐rolled with and without application of lubrication. The effect of the different hot rolling processes on the evolution of texture and microstructure after hot rolling, cold rolling and subsequent recrystallization annealing was studied by means of macro and micro‐texture analysis and microstructure observations. After hot rolling, the sample rolled with lubrication displayed uniform rolling textures through the sheet thickness, while the sample rolled without lubrication showed shear textures in the outer layers of the sheet. The finite element method was employed to reveal the strain states during hot rolling with and without lubrication. The texture of the hot rolled sheet strongly influenced the formation of texture after cold rolling and final recrystallization and, therewith, planar anisotropy as well as the severity of ridging of the final gauge sheet. Hot rolling with lubrication was beneficial to the formation of strong recrystallization textures through the whole thickness layers leading to an enhanced planar anisotropy of the sheet. The recrystallized sheet hot‐rolled without lubrication displayed less severe ridging, however, which was attributed to a less frequent formation of orientation colonies in the outer thickness layers of the sheet.

On recrystallization texture formation in polycrystalline fcc alloys with low stacking fault energies

Abstract The texture and microstructure transformations during the annealing of highly cold-rolled silver, α-brass and phosphorus copper were studied using electron microscopy and calorimetry. The results imply that recrystallization is a superposition of several local processes which proceed in two stages. In all materials analyzed, the first stage is governed by oriented nucleation, comprising the nucleation of new grains in the areas of localized strain and their further growth accompanied by the generation of recrystallization twins. The orientation distributions of nuclei and the new grains of all materials analyzed have certain features in common at the beginning of recrystallization. The second stage in phosphorus copper is governed by oriented nucleation, while in silver and in α-brass, it is dominated by oriented growth of grains, characterized by low orientation pinning.

Recrystallisation, Grain Growth and Texture Evolution in Nonoriented Electrical Steels

The magnetic properties of nonoriented electrical steels are influenced by grain size and texture of final products. The key technology in the commercial production of nonoriented electrical steels is to grow grains with {hk0}<001> texture up to the optimum size in the final annealing process. The problems related to grain size control have been extensively investigated, while texture control has received much less attention. Therefore, there is enough room to improve the magnetic properties through the control of texture. In this study, systematic investigations on the texture evolution during both recrystallization and grain growth have been made. The formation of recrystallization texture is explained by oriented nucleation. This is supported by the fact that the area fraction of nuclei or recrystallized grains with specific orientation to all new grains remains almost constant during the progress of recrystallization. Most nuclei have a high misorientation angle of 25∼55° with the surrounding deformed matrices. During the progress of grain growth, the Goss texture component continues to decrease because the Goss grains have a high percentage of low angle, low mobility grain boundaries. The grains of Goss orientation have a smaller grain size than those of random orientation.

Texture Development in 6000 Series Al-Mg-Si Alloys for Car Body Panels

Recovery, recrystallization and the formation of recrystallization textures were investigated in three representative Al-Mg-Si alloys used for car body panels. Commercial hot bands of AA6016, AA6111 and AA6061 Al-Mg-Si alloys finished at low temperatures were cold rolled to a rolling reduction of 95 % in thickness and isothermally annealed at temperatures between 250 and 500 °C. In these alloys, precipitation was completed for the most part during low temperature hot rolling, and the sizes and the amount of fine precipitates formed during this low temperature hot rolling strongly affected recrystallization and the development of recrystallization textures. As a result, in the specimens annealed at 300 °C, quite different recrystallization behavior and recrystallization textures were observed. In the AA6061 alloy, in which, among three alloys, the maximum amount of Mg2Si should be precipitated, recrystallization was significantly suppressed. This resulted in the formation of strong {110} <111> and {100} <013> recrystallization textures. Also in the AA6111 alloy, in which precipitation of a medium amount of Mg2Si was expected, recrystallization was retarded to the same extent. In this alloy, however, recrystallization textures consisted of very strong {100} <001> and rather strong {110} <111> main orientations. In theAA6016 alloy, in which the minimum amount of Mg2Si and a large amount of Si particles should be precipitated, recrystallization occurred very rapidly, forming very weak recrystallization textures. In all alloys, annealing at higher temperatures resulted in the formation of weak textures, since fine precipitates were dissolved during annealing. Thus, the solution treatment, which is a necessary step to induce bake hardening in these alloys, randomizes their recrystallization textures.

Effect of Niobium Addition on the Texture Formation of High Strength Cold-Rolled Low Carbon Steel Sheets

The effect of niobium (Nb) addition on recrystallization texture formation in cold-rolled low carbon steel sheets containing 2% manganese (Mn) was investigated. The microstructures of hot-bands were significantly refined by Nb addition, which led to the development of the cold-rolling texture in both the γ-fiber (<111>//ND-fiber) and the α-fiber (<110>//RD-fiber). Recrystallization was retarded by Nb addition, in particular, the growth of <110>//ND grains was retarded. However, the γ-fiber and {112}<110> grains developed during annealing even in the intercritical (α-γ) region. Consequently, the r-value increased as the content of Nb was increased due to the development of the intensity ratio of the <111>//ND texture to the <100>//ND texture, which is desirable for deep-drawable high strength steel sheets.

Texture Evolution during Recrystallization in Nonoriented Electrical Steels

In nonoriented electrical steels, the control of texture has received little attention, and hence there is an unexplored possibility to improve the magnetic properties of nonoriented steels through texture control. Furthermore, the formation of recrystallization texture in these steels has not yet been systematically studied. In this study, such systematic investigations are undertaken for nonoriented electrical steels with 2% Si. New information obtained from EBSD measurements on partially recrystallized specimens will allow us to know what is happening during the recrystallization stage. The formation of recrystallization texture is much better explained by oriented nucleation. This is supported by the fact that the area fraction of nuclei or recrystallized grains with specific orientations for all new grains remains almost constant during the progress of recrystallization. Most nuclei have a high misorientation relationship with the surrounding deformed matrix: 25~55. The main texture components of nuclei or recrystallized grains during the progress of recrystallization are Goss and {111}<112>. Deformed {111}<110> and {111}<112> grains generally disappear at the early stage of recrystallization whereas deformed {001}<110> and {112}<110> grains are mostly consumed at the late stage of recrystallization.