Formation Of Imagery Research Articles

The Influence-Network Model of the Photojournalistic Icon

Iconic images are those that rise to the forefront of our collective, visual public consciousness to become the defining, enduring image of an event: a naked Vietnamese girl screaming out in pain following a napalm attack, U.S. Marines raising the American flag at Iwo Jima, and a German dirigible engulfed in flames and falling to the ground. Iconic images have a discursive value that helps citizens navigate and understand the political and social contexts of complex events. Traditionally, news photographs became iconic largely through their prominent placement on the front pages of elite newspapers across the globe. But, undeniably, in the age of digital news, mobile phones/tablets, and social media, the media component has changed the equation for the formation of iconic imagery and collective visual consciousness. With the speed, ease of access, and abundance of information sources available in the current age, a volume of images can now represent a significant (or not so significant) event. This monograph traces the development of iconic image literature and then proposes a model termed the “influence-network model of the photojournalistic icon,” which predicts how photographs of events become iconic (or not).

Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing Approach for Simultaneous Target Detection and Image Formation.

Finding out interested targets from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery is an attractive but challenging problem in SAR application. Traditional target detection is independent on SAR imaging process, which is purposeless and unnecessary. Hence, a new SAR processing approach for simultaneous target detection and image formation is proposed in this paper. This approach is based on SAR imagery formation in time domain and human visual saliency detection. First, a series of sub-aperture SAR images with resolutions from low to high are generated by the time domain SAR imaging method. Then, those multiresolution SAR images are detected by the visual saliency processing, and the corresponding intermediate saliency maps are obtained. The saliency maps are accumulated until the result with a sufficient confidence level. After some screening operations, the target regions on the imaging scene are located, and only these regions are focused with full aperture integration. Finally, we can get the SAR imagery with high-resolution detected target regions but low-resolution clutter background. Experimental results have shown the superiority of the proposed approach for simultaneous target detection and image formation.

Counstucting Visual Mental Imagery Formation Question in Literature Appreciation Education

Counstucting Visual Mental Imagery Formation Question in Literature Appreciation Education

Ethnocultural Specific of Idioms: From Traditional to Innovative Paradigms

The ethno-cultural aura of phraseology is revealed in conjunction with the comprehension of the secrets of the linguistic mentality of peoples that generates the idiomatics of native languages. Since traditionally ethno-cultural specificity of phraseology was studied at the level of a country study description, an attempt was made to elucidate the work of cognitive-pragmatic mechanisms for the formation of phraseological imagery. The first method is aimed at revealing the ethno-cultural component in the value-semantic potential of phraseme building components, called culturally significant realia. However, the authors do not confine themselves to this method, which narrows the reference of phraseme building components. An integrated approach to the identification and description of the ethno-cultural component is proposed, using the analysis of the integrated configuration of the four factors of the formation of the axiological content of phrasemes.

Wake Up in a World of Light: Memory, Grief, and Temporality in W. S. Merwin’s Later Writings

This essay examines the recurrent and polysemic image of the sunlight and its underside darkness in W.S. Merwin’s later writings such as Opening the Hand (1983), The Rain in the Trees (1988), The Vixen (1996), Present Company (2005), and The Shadow of Sirius (2008). Sunlight represents the transient object that prompts Merwin to contemplate time, origin, grief, and death. Merwin’s father-complex, I argue, plays an indispensable role in the formation of sunlight imagery in his recent poetry, as the Sun, according to Freud’s study on psychosis, symbolizes paternal authority. Largely foreclosing the Lacanian Name-of-the-Father in search of fluid and infinite realizations, Merwin has incurred a strong sense of guilt through the years, which finally erupts into a poetry of endless mourning after his father’s death. To overcome grief, Merwin evokes ancestral origins and memory traces from childhood; his yearning for anonymous origins to surpass the paternal function summarizes his lifelong pursuit of the infinite Other outside the socio-symbolic order.

Predictive brains, dreaming selves, sleeping bodies: how the analysis of dream movement can inform a theory of self- and world-simulation in dreams

In this paper, I discuss the relationship between bodily experiences in dreams and the sleeping, physical body. I question the popular view that dreaming is a naturally and frequently occurring real-world example of cranial envatment. This view states that dreams are functionally disembodied states: in a majority of dreams, phenomenal experience, including the phenomenology of embodied selfhood, unfolds completely independently of external and peripheral stimuli and outward movement. I advance an alternative and more empirically plausible view of dreams as weakly phenomenally-functionally embodied states. The view predicts that bodily experiences in dreams can be placed on a continuum with bodily illusions in wakefulness. It also acknowledges that there is a high degree of variation across dreams and different sleep stages in the degree of causal coupling between dream imagery, sensory input, and outward motor activity. Furthermore, I use the example of movement sensations in dreams and their relation to outward muscular activity to develop a predictive processing account. I propose that movement sensations in dreams are associated with a basic and developmentally early kind of bodily self-sampling. This account, which affords a central role to active inference, can then be broadened to explain other aspects of self- and world-simulation in dreams. Dreams are world-simulations centered on the self, and important aspects of both self- and world-simulation in dreams are closely linked to bodily self-sampling, including muscular activity, illusory own-body perception, and vestibular orienting in sleep. This is consistent with cognitive accounts of dream generation, in which long-term beliefs and expectations, as well as waking concerns and memories play an important role. What I add to this picture is an emphasis on the real-body basis of dream imagery. This offers a novel perspective on the formation of dream imagery and suggests new lines of research.

Pitch Imitation Ability in Mental Transformations of Melodies

Previous research suggests that individuals with a Vocal Pitch Imitation Deficit (VPID, a.k.a. “poor-pitch singers”) experience less vivid auditory images than accurate imitators (Pfordresher & Halpern, 2013), based on self-report. In the present research we sought to test this proposal directly by having accurate and VPID imitators produce or recognize short melodies based on their original form (untransformed), or after mentally transforming the auditory image of the melody. For the production task, group differences were largest during the untransformed imitation task. Importantly, producing mental transformations of the auditory image degraded performance for all participants, but were relatively more disruptive to accurate than to VPID imitators. These findings suggest that VPID is due partly to poor initial imagery formation, as manifested by production of untransformed melodies. By contrast, producing a transformed mental image may rely on working memory ability, which is more equally matched across participants. This interpretation was further supported by correlations with self-reports of auditory imagery and measures of working memory.

An empirical examination of online restaurant reviews on Yelp.com

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the effect of two types of presentation formats (textual and imagery) involving online restaurant reviews (ORRs). The study examines ORRs on the basis of review usefulness and review enjoyment; the study investigates the effects of the two presentation formats on review usefulness and review enjoyment.Design/methodology/approachData from 1,776 reviews were collected from Yelp.com using a Web data-harvesting technique. Hypothesized relations in the model were tested by Tobit regression analysis.FindingsEmpirical results show that different formats of ORRs affect review usefulness and review enjoyment in different manners; whereas both attributes of textual format (review length and readability) affect review usefulness, both aspects of imagery format (physical environment images and food and beverage images) are positively related to review enjoyment. However, review length and food and beverage images are the most important factors affecting both review usefulness and review enjoyment. In particular, the relation between the two formats of ORRs and review usefulness is mediated by review enjoyment.Research limitations/implicationsThe focus of this study is the two formats of ORRs in terms of dual coding theory and the mediating role of review enjoyment. The findings help online review website organizers manage the operation of various review formats in a proper manner. Managers can effectively select those formats that would achieve the desired effect.Originality/valueUnlike previous studies on the relation of attributes to online reviews, this study examines the perceptions of ORRs’ usefulness and enjoyment. In addition, this study encompasses diverse ORR factors (review length, review readability, physical environment images, food and beverage images) for a more comprehensive interpretation of ORRs.

Service recommender system based on emotional features and social interactions

PurposeMost existing recommendation systems or technologies are functional-oriented. Recommending services, nevertheless, requires the consideration of service experiences perceived by customers being individually unique and emphasizing the emotional experiences and the co-created value-in-use. This paper aims to present a new recommender system to capture customer emotional needs and address social interactions among service stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a color imagery-based recommender system (CIRS) capable of capturing customer emotional needs and addressing social interactions among service stakeholders that can collectively co-create the individual value-in-use and beneficial outcomes for customers. Based on the Color Image Scale, the recommender system uses the color imagery format as the uniform representation of customers’ psychological expectations, service providers and the service system, to facilitate the scoring and ranking of recommendations.FindingsThis study uses an application context of destination tourism to demonstrate and justify the recommender system’s attempted contributions preliminarily. That is, CIRS can recommend destinations and tour services that meet tourists’ emotional needs with a satisfactory precision of 70 per cent. CIRS can also make stakeholders’ image models evolve over time considering the dynamic interactions among stakeholders. CIRS can also help lesser-known tourism destinations be discovered by tourists who can be emotionally satisfied.Originality/valueCIRS uses the color imagery as the uniform representation for customers’ expectations, service providers (e.g. small and medium enterprises) and service system (e.g. tourism destinations), considering the continued interactions among the service stakeholders that collectively co-create the individual value-in-use and beneficial outcomes for each customer.

Uni-Representational Vs. Cross-Representational Difference in Imagery Formation: Verification of Dual Coding Theory

Dual coding theory states that information is stored by visual and verbal channel separately. During formation of imagery the visual and verbal channels are used distinctly. The study explores how retrieval of visual imageries of natural scenes varies with the variation in representational forms of encoding and recognition. Each stimulus set contained two different cards for encoding and recognition purpose. Both encoding and recognition of visual scenes were varied in both pictorial (picture form) and linguistic (word form) mode. Thus four plausible conditions are pictorial encoding associated with pictorial recognition, pictorial encoding and linguistic recognition; linguistic encoding and linguistic recognition and lastly, linguistic encoding with pictorial recognition. The aim of the study is to see whether the mode of object representation influences imagery formation. The aim of the study is to explore which kind of representation benefits recognition of imagery. 40 female University students (21 to 23 years) were selected and randomly assigned in to four experimental conditions. From each participant data was collected in the laboratory set up in a single session. Nine stimulus cards were presented to each subject. Presentation of a single stimulus card in encoding situation was followed by the recognition situation. The two way ANOVA result shows changing the representational forms has significant effects on retrieval. The present finding supports the notion of Dual coding hypothesis with an additional observation that poor retrieval in case of pictorial recognition when the information has been encoded linguistically.

Scattering-Based Nonlocal Means SAR Despeckling

Speckle noise greatly limits both synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data human readability, especially for non-SAR-expert users, and performance of automatic processing and information retrieval procedures by computer programs. Therefore, despeckling of SAR images is an essential preprocessing step in SAR data analysis, processing, and modeling, as well as in information retrieval and inversion procedures. Up to now, one of the most accurate and promising despeckling approaches—among those based on a single SAR image—is the one relying on the nonlocal means concepts. However, at the best of our knowledge, most of the state of the art considers the despeckling problem only within a statistical framework, completely discarding the electromagnetic phenomena behind SAR imagery formation. In this paper, we introduce the novel idea of a physical-based despeckling, taking into account meaningful physical characteristics of the imaged scenes. This idea is realized via the implementation of a physical-oriented probabilistic patch-based (PPB) filter based on a priori knowledge of the underlying topography and analytical scattering models. This filter is suitable for SAR images of natural scenes presenting a significant topography. An adaptive version of the proposed scattering-based PPB filter for denoising of SAR images including both mountainous and flat areas is also developed. The performances of the proposed filter and its adaptive version are evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively in numerical experiments using both simulated and actual SAR images. The proposed technique exhibits performance superior w.r.t. the standard PPB filter and comparable or, in some cases, superior to the state of the art, both in terms of speckle reduction and texture and detail preservation.

Application for Displaying Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery in Real-time Implementation and Results

Abstract The paper presents implementation and results of the application for displaying SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery operating in real-time. The application performs SAR imagery formation and displays results in real-time after receiving of preprocessed data via an SAR processing application. The application was used in SARape (Synthetic Aperture Radar for all weather penetrating UAV application) project founded by the European Defence Agency. The real-time operation is achieved thanks to implementation based on multithreading.

Place, Space, Time

Media gatekeeping has been a critical theoretical tenet in the formation of iconic images. Traditionally, news photographs became iconic, in large part, through their prominent placement on elite newspaper front pages. But as we move away rapidly from print news towards a digital news environment, what is the effect on this traditional tenet of iconicity? Additionally, with the rise of social media, elite media outlets are no longer the sole gatekeepers. Within the age of digital news and social media, this research seeks to understand differences between identification of iconic imagery, comparing a prompt of commonly used elite media images to an unprompted response in an effort to ascertain which images are, in fact, considered most iconic by audiences. The research also considers events across time, from historic events to more recent events that have fallen within the timeframe of the rise of digital news and social media. Findings indicate that the democratization of the news via social media has had the unanticipated effect of rescinding the uniformity of collective visual consciousness and the traditional formation of iconic imagery. Indeed, elite media outlets are no longer the sole dictators of “crowning images.”

МОЖЛИВОСТІ ПОГЛИБЛЕНОГО СПРИЙМАННЯ ПОЕТИЧНОГО ТЕКСТУ ПРИ ЗАСТОСУВАННІ КОМПАРАТИВНОГО АНАЛІЗУ МУЛЬТИЛІНГВАЛЬНИХ ПЕРЕКЛАДІВ

Sound instrumentation of poetic speech as one of the drivers producing direct influence on the emersion and genesis of sound symbolism in the tissue of poetic texts has always been, and remains a subject of vivid scientific interest and polemics among linguists and literary theorists of both the past and nowadays. A correlation between phonetic significance and semantic meaning still remains a subject of clarification and more precise definition. Those who tried to find a correlation between the formal and the notional used to apply for studying appropriate stylistic means of sound arrangement of poetical works, such as paronymic attraction, parallelism, and poetical etymology. In the later research works it is stated that while the stylistic means foregrounded by the precursors are comprehended as those deliberately used by poets to their full extent, the area of the subconscious mind should be considered of at least equal importance in this regard, as the latter produces great influence on the ways of artistic imagery formation as well as ability of its further perception and appreciation. In this sense it appears that the connection between sounding and meaning, or sound symbolism, can hardly be revealed in monolingual poetic sample. Contemporary linguistics has no doubt about the fact, that sounds of speech, even spelled separately, do have an ability of forming non-sound associations and images. The aim of this article is to find links which unite a unique poetic whole with its multilingual translations.

V. Woolf’s Literary Interpretation of the Body without Limits: A Conceptual Study

This research focuses on the specific features of literary representation of human body in the literary texts of the English modernist writer Virginia Woolf. The research is aimed at the analysis of linguistic aspects of corporeality as the basis of imagery formation in literary text by means of studying the ways of conceptualization of the HUMAN BODY domain in V. Woolf’s literary prose. The aim is realized with the methods of semantic and cognitive types of linguistic analyses applied, which imply the process of reconstruction of conceptual metaphors in the text. The results obtained demonstrated that HUMAN BODY is metaphorically represented as the BODY WITHOUT LIMITS by means of the images of a “deformed” or “shapeless” BODY, which in V. Woolf’s figurative interpretation reveal the correlation of physical “losing limits” with the depressive and unstable states of mind and soul of the individual.

Art Therapy and the Neural Basis of Imagery: Another Possible View

Absent direct research on the neural concomitants of the processes involved in art therapy, art therapists have relied on theories of visual perception and imagery to form their understanding of expression through art media. The theory of convergence-divergence zones (CDZs) in the brain's architecture involved in imagery formation in recognition and memory offers a potential model for understanding basic art therapy processes. Emphasizing the importance of sensorimotor brain activity in imagery formations, early studies of imagery in art therapy suggests that divergent sensorimotor activity is involved in imagery formations. This paper considers the potential compatibility of the CDZ framework with three aspects of art therapy: the process of art therapy, art therapy approaches that emphasize the sensorimotor aspects of visual expression, and the perception of images as living entities.

Acquisition and processing of backscatter data for habitat mapping – Comparison of multibeam and sidescan systems

Often marine habitat surveys use multibeam bathymetry systems to model the seafloor. This describes the morphology but not the terrain lithology or substrate. Backscatter imagery helps the interpreter to better classify the physical environment that may support a particular biological community. In this contribution, the acquisition performance of both multibeam and sidescan sonar backscatter imagery are contrasted and examples shown. The logistical factors affecting the two systems during surveying are discussed and data from both systems compared. Choice of systems for habitat mapping is discussed. A relative cost analysis of the various survey systems is presented with varying resolution and coverage. The size and shape of the footprint, and thus resolution, is variable dependant on many factors, including ship speed, data processing and sampling. The resolution and formation of imagery is important, but high sampling rates are shown not to be a complete solution as over-sampling can present a false impression of high resolution. However, it is suggested that backscatter imagery should have least 7 bit sensitivity to aid visual and digital inspection. Habitat mapping examples are shown using multibeam backscatter and sidescan sonar, where the processing has been optimised for backscatter imagery. A key question is how much of high resolution bathymetry data is essential for habitat mapping, and whether backscatter imagery can provide more of the information required at a higher resolution than a bathymetric morphology map.

Experience in Imagery and Imagery Vividness

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of experience in mental imagery, imagery type (normal, bizarre, or mixed), and the repetition of mental imagery formation on imagery vividness. Two experiments were carried out: Experiment 1 consisted of a sample of 152 Spanish compulsory secondary education students who were shown a list of 16 simple sentences describing normal, bizarre, or mixed normal and bizarre situations prior to rating their imagery vividness. The procedure was repeated with the same imagery after a 24-hour interval. Subjects were also asked about their experience in using mental imagery. Subjects with mental imagery experience rated imagery vividness higher than inexperienced subjects. Image vividness scores were higher after repeating imagery formation than in the first imagery vividness ratings. Mixed and bizarre imagery obtained higher imagery vividness scores than normal imagery. In Experiment 2 a sample of 146 students, of the same academic background as in Experiment 1, were shown a list of 16 complex sentences under the same experimental conditions. Significant differences in imagery vividness ratings were observed in terms of experience and repetition of imagery. Ratings were higher for experienced than inexperienced subjects, and in the second ratings following the repetition of imagery formation. No significant differences in imagery vividness ratings were observed between both experimental groups in terms of imagery type. The results are discussed in the context of previous studies, and new lines of research are proposed.

Dream Imagery as a Result of Emotions Matching with Images

In this article I argue that the function of matching is to bind together emotions and mental images; in so doing it plays an essential role in dream imagery formation. I take it further that matching is a necessary condition in the agency of mental awareness and that it operates in a similar way during both the waking state and dreaming.

Aging, Encoding Fluency, and Metacognitive Monitoring

ABSTRACT Encoding fluency (how rapidly one generates a mediator for a new association) may be a cue used to judge one's own learning. To evaluate age differences in utilization of this cue, older and younger adults were instructed to use interactive imagery to study paired associates, pressing a button to indicate when an image had been formed for a given pair. A judgment of learning (JOL) was also made immediately after each pair had been studied. Hence, at least two cues pertaining to encoding fluency—whether an image had been formed (a diagnostic cue) and the latency of formation (a nondiagnostic one)—were available when making JOLs. Age equivalence was found in JOL accuracy, and JOLs for both age groups were positively related to imagery formation and were negatively related to the latency of image formation. Moreover, subjectively judged latency correlated higher with JOLs than actual (objective) latency, supporting the hypothesis that perceived fluency is a cue used in constructing JOLs.