Formation Of Fatty Acids Research Articles

Lipid metabolic characteristics and marker compounds of ripened Pu-erh tea during pile fermentation revealed by LC-MS-based lipidomics

Ripened Pu-erh tea (RPT) is a unique microbial fermented tea. Herein, we investigated the lipid composition of RPT and its metabolic changes during pile fermentation, by nontargeted lipidomics profiling and quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A total of 485 individual lipid species covering 26 subclasses were detected, and fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) was detected in tea for the first time. Among them, 362 species were significantly altered during fermentation. Chlorophylls decomposition, phospholipids degradation (especially phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine), formation of free fatty acid (FFA) (especially FFA18:3, FFA18:2), and formation of FAHFA, were annotated as the key pathways. Particularly, FAHFAs were undetected in raw tea and gradually enriched to 227.0 ± 9.6 nmol/g after fermentation (p < 0.001), which could serve as marker compounds of RPT associated with microbial fermentation. This study will advance understanding the lipid metabolic fate in microbial fermentation and its role in RPT quality.Chemical compounds studied in this article: Linolenic acid (PubChem CID: 5280934); Linoleic acid (PubChem CID: 5280450); Oleic acid (PubChem CID: 445639); PS(22:0/18:2) (PubChem CID: 52925820); PS(20:0/18:3) (PubChem CID: 52925629); Pheophytin a (PubChem CID: 135398712); Pheophorbide a (PubChem CID: 253193)

Fatty acids and free amino acid composition of synbiotic goat cheese with free and encapsulated probiotics

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in free fatty acids and amino acids during storage of synbiotic microcapsule-added goat cheeses and determine the effect of microencapsulation on these changes during storage. Another objective was also to determine the effects of probiotics and synbiotics (probiotic + prebiotics) added in free form during the production of white goat cheese on amino acid and fatty acid values. In the study, three types of microcapsules including probiotic bacteria (Lacticaseibacillus casei and Bifidobacterium longum), probiotic + fructooligosaccharide (FOS), and probiotic + inulin containing microcapsules were prepared and cheeses were produced using these microcapsules. Cheese samples were stored at +4 °C for 180 days and the amino acids and free fatty acid content of the cheeses were determined during the storage period. The saturated fatty acid with the highest ratio in goat cheeses was palmitic acid (C16) whereas the unsaturated fatty acid with the highest ratio was determined as oleic acid (C18:1). At the end of ripening, the amino acid with the highest amount was glutamic acid in cheese samples, followed by leucine, proline, aspartic acid, and lysine, respectively. It has been determined that inoculation of probiotic cultures, either in free or microencapsulated form, into cheese milk positively influences the total amino acid and fatty acid levels. The addition of inulin along with probiotics on the 180th day of storage was effective in amino acid formation compared to cheeses with free FOS added. It could also be concluded that the addition of free or microencapsulated FOS was effective in the formation of free fatty acids. In addition, regardless of the used form (free or microcapsules), inulin was more effective in amino acid formation.

Modification Of Gelamai Payakumbuh Through the Addition Of Yellow Pumpkin (Cucurbita Moschata Duch) And Improved Packaging

This study entitled “Modification of Gelamai Payakumbuh through the Addition Yellow Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) and Improved Packaging” was conducted in order to empower local roots based on the traditional foods of the Payakumbuh area and also incorporating it with proper packaging techniques using various types of packaging materials to extend product shelf life. The research objective is to diversify the product of processed pumpkin gelamai, a specialty food from the city of Payakumbuh. This involves determining the proper formulation in the manufacturing of gelamai with the addition of yellow pumpkin, as well as extending the shelf life of processed gelamai through treatment and packaging modifications. Research was carried out for six months at the Payakumbuh Erina Gelamai Company and the Laboratory of Food Microbiology at the State Food Chemistry and Agriculture Polytechnic of Payakumbuh. The design used in this laboratory study was a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) arranged in a factorial with two factors, where each treatment was repeated three times. The first factor was modification by the addition of pumpkin waluh at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. While the second factor was the treatment of the packaging type by using polypropylene plastic, aluminum foil, dried banana leaves, dried corn leaves, and glassine paper. The results showed that the diversification of product in the manufacturing of processed pumpkin gelamai can enhance flavor, fat content, and extend shelf life. The addition of pumpkin in the production of gelamai can suppress the formation of free fatty acids and the oxidation process during the storage. The best treatment was found to be modification by the addition of 30% pumpkin with the use of aluminum foil packaging, which can extend shelf life for 20 days at room temperature.

The Molecular Network behind Volatile Aroma Formation in Pear (Pyrus spp. Panguxiang) Revealed by Transcriptome Profiling via Fatty Acid Metabolic Pathways.

Simple SummaryPear is a widely eaten fruit all over the world. Volatile aroma is an important factor affecting fruit quality and the fatty acid metabolism pathway is important in synthesizing volatile aromas. In this study, Panguxiang (Pyrus spp. Panguxiang) is a new variety bred from P. bretschneideri Rehd. cv. ‘Biyang piaoli’ and, unlike most white pear varieties cultivated in China, its aroma is also vital. The study aimed to explore unique pear resources of rich fruit aroma and to clarify the metabolism and regulation mechanism of the aromatic components in pear fruit. This paper used physiological and transcriptome methods to explore the molecular network behind volatile aroma formation in Panguxiang revealed via fatty acid metabolic pathways. Through transcriptome sequencing, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified yellow functional modules and several biological and metabolic pathways related to fatty acid formation. Finally, we identified seven and eight hub genes in the fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid metabolism pathways, respectively. Further analysis of the co-expression network allowed us to identify several key transcription factors related to the volatile aroma, including AP2/ERF-ERF, C3H, MYB, NAC, C2H2, GRAS, and Trihelix, which may also be involved in fatty acid synthesis and further influence the formation of aroma.Pears are popular table fruits, grown and consumed worldwide for their excellent color, aroma, and taste. Volatile aroma is an important factor affecting fruit quality, and the fatty acid metabolism pathway is important in synthesizing volatile aromas. Most of the white pear varieties cultivated in China are not strongly scented, which significantly affects their overall quality. Panguxiang is a white pear cultivar, but its aroma has unique components and is strong. The study of the mechanisms by which aroma is formed in Panguxiang is, therefore, essential to improving the quality of the fruit. The study analyzed physiological and transcriptome factors to reveal the molecular network behind volatile aroma formation in Panguxiang. The samples of Panguxiang fruit were collected in two (fruit development at 60, 90, 120, and 147 days, and fruit storage at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) periods. A total of nine sample stages were used for RNA extraction and paired-end sequencing. In addition, RNA quantification and qualification, library preparation and sequencing, data analysis and gene annotation, gene co-expression network analysis, and validation of DEGs through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-;PCR) were performed in this study. The WGCNA identified yellow functional modules and several biological and metabolic pathways related to fatty acid formation. Finally, we identified seven and eight hub genes in the fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid metabolism pathways, respectively. Further analysis of the co-expression network allowed us to identify several key transcription factors related to the volatile aroma, including AP2/ERF-ERF, C3H, MYB, NAC, C2H2, GRAS, and Trihelix, which may also be involved in the fatty acid synthesis. This study lays a theoretical foundation for studying volatile compounds in pear fruits and provides a theoretical basis for related research in other fruits.

Nitrated Fatty-Acids Distribution in Storage Biomolecules during Arabidopsis thaliana Development.

The non-enzymatic interaction of polyunsaturated fatty acids with nitric oxide (NO) and derived species results in the formation of nitrated fatty acids (NO2-FAs). These signaling molecules can release NO, reversibly esterify with complex lipids, and modulate protein function through the post-translational modification called nitroalkylation. To date, NO2-FAs act as signaling molecules during plant development in plant systems and are involved in defense responses against abiotic stress conditions. In this work, the previously unknown storage biomolecules of NO2-FAs in Arabidopsis thaliana were identified. In addition, the distribution of NO2-FAs in storage biomolecules during plant development was determined, with phytosterol esters (SE) and TAGs being reservoir biomolecules in seeds, which were replaced by phospholipids and proteins in the vegetative, generative, and senescence stages. The detected esterified NO2-FAs were nitro-linolenic acid (NO2-Ln), nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA), and nitro-linoleic acid (NO2-LA). The last two were detected for the first time in Arabidopsis. The levels of the three NO2-FAs that were esterified in both lipid and protein storage biomolecules showed a decreasing pattern throughout Arabidopsis development. Esterification of NO2-FAs in phospholipids and proteins highlights their involvement in both biomembrane dynamics and signaling processes, respectively, during Arabidopsis plant development.

Azadirachtin inhibits the development and metabolism of the silk glands of Spodoptera frugiperda and affects spinning behavior.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a major agricultural pest, and the dispersal of its larvae by spinning silk is one of the causes of crop damage. At present, there are relatively few reports of pest control that affect larvae spinning silk. In this study, the effect of spinning behavior of the S. frugiperda larvae was investigated through a series of experiments. The 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda were exposed to azadirachtin, and the pathological changes in the silk glands of S. frugiperda and the differences in their metabolites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, histological sectioning, transmission electron microscopy and metabolomics. The results showed that azadirachtin could affect the silk gland of S. frugiperda. After 48 h of treatment with azadirachtin, the silk gland lumen of S. frugiperda appeared vacuolated. KEGG showed that 31 different metabolites were identified, of which 12 were upregulated and 19 were downregulated. These metabolites were enriched in 15 different metabolic pathways, which indicated that the silk gland of S. frugiperda was closely related to the formation of fatty acids and energy metabolism for the silk formation process. This study provides a preliminary report of the effect of azadirachtin on the spinning behavior of the S. frugiperda larvae. Metabolomic results indicated that histidine, glycine and leucine, which are related to serine protein synthesis, were down-regulated. Azadirachtin can damage the silk glands of S. frugiperda and thus affect spinning behavior. This provides the basis for the control of S. frugiperda by spinning silk. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of Dietary Supplements Farmatan TM and Pine Tree Energy on the Regulation of Ruminal Digestion and Microbiocenosis of Lactating Black and White Cows

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplements on ruminal digestion and intestinal microbiocenosis of lactating cows. The study was carried out under production conditions on three groups of new black-and-white heifers (10 heads each). Mean live weight of cows was 500±20 kg. The cows of the control group received a basic diet, which included haylage of perennial grasses, corn silage, legume hay, concentrate feed, and molasses. Cows of the experimental groups, in addition to the basal diet (BD), received the Farmatan TM supplement (consists of a balanced combination of tannins, essential oils of clove and cinnamon, sodium acetate, and organic zinc) at a dose of 40 g. head-1 per day (experimental group 1) and a pine tree energy supplement at a dose of 150 g. head-1 per day (experimental group 2). The supplement was mixed with concentrate feed and given once in the morning feeding. In the course of the study, the parameters of ruminal fermentation in experimental animals and the microorganisms of the rumen and the large intestine were studied. At the same time, it was found that the inclusion of the Farmatan TM feed additive (40 g per day) and pine tree energy supplement (150 g per day) in the diet of cows at the beginning of lactation contributed to the strengthening of enzymatic processes in the rumen, which was expressed in an increase in the formation of volatile fatty acids by 7.6 and 20.3%, an increase in the proportion of propionic acid and a slight decrease in the proportion of acetic and butyric acids. When using feed additives (Farmatan TM and pine tree energy supplement), a decrease in the content of Clostridium in the rumen of cows was noted by 26.3 and 30.3% in the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, respectively, compared with the control group. In cows of the experimental groups, a decrease in the content of molds and yeast-like fungi in the rumen was also noted. The results obtained allow recommending the studied additives (Farmatan TM and pine tree energy supplement) to enhance enzymatic processes in the rumen.

In vivo kinetics of oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acid biohydrogenation in the rumen of dairy cows.

Ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of unsaturated fatty acids (FA) reduces absorption of essential FA and can result in formation of bioactive FA that cause milk fat depression. Rates of biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA are commonly observed using in vitro systems and are not well described in vivo. Seven ruminally cannulated cows were enrolled in a 3 × 3 Latin square design study to quantify biohydrogenation of 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3 using a recently developed in vivo BH assay. All cows were fed a common high corn silage basal diet. Biohydrogenation was quantified using a perturbation model that consisted of a bolus dose of 200 g of an oil enriched in each unsaturated FA (oleic acid, OA = 87% 18:1n-9 sunflower oil; linoleic acid, LA = 70% 18:2n-6 safflower oil; and α-linolenic acid, ALA = 54% 18:3n-3 flaxseed oil) and 12 g of 17:0 as a marker of rumen outflow. Rumen contents were sampled before and after the bolus and enrichment of the bolused FA modeled. Using first-order kinetics to model FA disappearance, the fractional rates of disappearance of 18:1n-9 was 0.597 per hour, 18:2n-6 was 0.618 per hour, and 18:3n-3 was 0.834 per hour, similar to rates previously reported with this approach. Rumen turnover of 17:0 was 0.123 per hour, 0.065 per hour, and 0.106 per hour during the OA, LA, and ALA treatments, respectively. The extents of BH were calculated to be 82.8, 90.4, and 88.6% for 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, and 18:3n-3, respectively. Finally, compartmental modeling was used to quantify the amount of each unsaturated FA metabolized through trans-10 and trans-11 BH pathways. The recently developed in vivo BH assay was able to predict rates of BH and provide insight into rumen metabolism of individual FA and may be useful to future investigations.

Dual role of pseudogene TMEM198B in promoting lipid metabolism and immune escape of glioma cells.

Dysregulation of pseudogenes, enhancement of fatty acid synthesis and formation of immunosuppressive microenvironment are important factors that promote the malignant progression of glioma. It is of great significance to search for the molecular mechanism of interaction between the three and then perform targeted interference for improving the treatment of glioma. In this study, we found that pseudogene transmembrane protein 198B (TMEM198B) was highly expressed in glioma tissues and cell lines, and it could promote malignant progression of glioma by regulating lipid metabolism reprogramming and remodeling immune microenvironment. Applying the experimental methods of gene interference, lipidomics and immunology, we further confirmed that TMEM198B promoted PLAG1 like zinc finger 2 (PLAGL2) expression by mediating tri-methylation of histone H3 on lysine 4 (H3K4me3) of PLAGL2 through binding to SET domain containing 1B (SETD1B). Increased PLAGL2 could transcriptional activate ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) expression, and then influenced the biological behaviors of glioma cells via enhancing the de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid acyl chain elongation. At the same time, TMEM198B promoted macrophages lipid accumulation and intensification of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) through glioma-derived exosomes (GDEs), further induced macrophages to M2 polarization, which subsequently facilitated immune escape of glioma cells. In conclusion, our present study clarifies that the TMEM198B/PLAGL2/ACLY/ELOVL6 pathway conducts crucial regulatory effects on the malignant progression of glioma, which provides novel targets and new ideas for molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy of glioma.

Influence of psychological stress to platelet activation and fatty acid composition in platelet phospholipid membrane

Background and Aims : Platelet membrane is susceptible to oxidative stress. Prolonged stress and platelet-granulocyte aggregates (PGAs) have a synergistic effect on developing cardiovascular lesions. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the interface between platelet membrane fatty acids (FAs) composition and formation of PGAs under psychological stress.

Effects of phosphate-containing additives and zeolite on maturity and heavy metal passivation during pig manure composting

This study investigated the effects of the combination of phosphogypsum with calcium oxide (PPG + CaO), superphosphate with calcium oxide (SSP + CaO) and zeolite (Zeolite) on composting maturity and heavy metal passivation in pig manure composting. The results showed that all treatments reached the maturity requirements and the phosphorus-containing additive treatments had higher final germination indices (GIs). Compared with CK, additive treatments enhanced the compost maturity by promoting volatile fatty acids (VFAs) decomposition (26.4%-30.5%) and formation of stable humus substances. All additive amendment treatments increased humic acid-like substances by over 20%, and the PPG + CaO treatment had the highest level of humus. Composting process reduced the bioavailability of Cu (49.2%), Cd (5.0%), Cr (54.3%), and Pb (26.6%). Correlation analysis found that the heavy mental passivation rate was significantly negatively correlated with the contents of VFAs and nitrogenous substances, and positively correlated with the pH, GI, humic acid content and the ratio of humic acid to fulvic acid (HA/FA). Therefore, the PPG + CaO treatment further increased the passivation rates of Cu (65.6%), Cd (21.7%), and Pb (48.7%) and decreased the mobilization of Zn by promoting maturity and humification during composting.

English

An experiment was conducted to determine fatty acid (FA) pro?les in Chinese Maiwa yak milk across the lactation cycle. Sixty-one healthy, similar weight, 4-7 years old, 3-6 parity Maiwa yaks with unrelated background were selected randomly from Hongyuan County, Sichuan province, in southwest of China (with the altitude over 3500 m). The yaks graze on natural pasture all year around without irrigation, fertilizer, or other changes to the pasture. The samples for each animal were collected separately at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 days postpartum for fatty acid composition analysis. The most abundant FA species in yak milk were C16:0, C18:1c9, C18:0 and C14:0, all of which varied significantly with the lactation periods. C10:0, C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0 was positively correlated with each other, and negatively correlated with C18:0. C18:2t9c11 was negatively correlated with saturated FA (SFA). C18:1t11, iso-C15:0, C22:0 and C16:1c7 were located in the central positions of the correlation network. C18:1t11 showed close correlation with C18 unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) (C18:1t13 and C18:3n3), C16:0, C19:0, and anteiso-C17:0. Besides with each other, iso-C15:0 and C22:0 were associated with C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, C19:0, C20:0, and C20:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C14:0, 9,10-hexyl-C17:0, respectively. C16:1c7 was closely associated with C13:0, C17 FA (C17:0 and 9, 10-hexyl-C17:0), C16:1c9, C20:5n3 and C20:4n6. In conclusion, these data will be informative for the study on the regulatory mechanism of milk FA formation in yaks. &nbsp; Key words: Correlations, fatty acid profile, lactation periods, Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, yak. &nbsp;

In Vitro Measurements of True Digestibility and Products of Digestion Using Multiple Cultivars of Non-Extracted and CBD-Extracted Industrial Hemp Biomass (Cannabis sativa)

Since 2018, the growth of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) for extraction of cannabidiol (CBD) oil has increased in popularity. By-products resulting from the extraction of the oil have become more available but remain largely unutilized due to their novelty and current restrictions on animal feeding. One potential use for the leftover inflorescence may be as a feedstuff, but reports examining its nutrient quality are limited. Therefore, experiments were conducted to evaluate 9 cultivars of non-extracted and 9 separate cultivars of CBD-extracted foliage. Ground alfalfa cubes were included in experiments as a control. All samples were analyzed for ash, ether extract, crude protein, lignin, ash-free neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent insoluble crude protein, and neutral detergent insoluble crude protein. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) were calculated using summative equations. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) was determined using a filter bag technique and 48-h digestion period. Cumulative gas production was measured in batch culture over a 48-h period, with methane and ammonia production, volatile fatty acid (VFA) formation, and dry matter disappearance (DMD) measured following this period. Substrates for gas production measurements were composed of the hemp sample, rye silage, and ground corn mixed at a 30:35:35 ratio. Grind size (0.5 vs. 2.0 mm) was evaluated using non-extracted hemp and did not influence IVTD. Nutrient composition ranges of non- and CBD-extracted samples were similar, except for a numerically higher mean ether extract (17.66% vs. 9.29%) and TDN (73.01% vs. 54.03%) in non-extracted hemp. None of the measured nutrients for alfalfa cubes fell within the observed concentration ranges of either hemp group, but TDN was numerically similar to that of CBD-extracted hemp. IVTD was numerically similar between both hemp groups and alfalfa cubes. In comparison to alfalfa cubes, VFA (both concentration and molar proportions), ammonia concentrations, pH, DMD, methane, and total gas production were numerically similar with concurrently run non- and CBD-extracted hemp groups. The results of this study serve as a foundation from which a larger database of nutrient component values for hemp may be compiled. Such databases are necessary to fully evaluate the feasibility of a feedstuff for inclusion in animal diets.

Review on solid-state anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass and organic solid waste.

Sustainable management of organic solid wastes especially the municipal solid waste (MSW) is essential for the realization of various sustainable development goals (SDGs). Resource recovery centric waste processing technologies generate valorizable products to meet the operations and maintenance (O&M) costs while reducing the GHG emissions. Solid-state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) of organic solid wastes is a biomethanation process performed at a relatively higher total solids (TS) loading in the range of 10-45%. SSAD overcomes various limitations posed by conventional anaerobic slurry digesters such as higher degradable matter per unit volume of the bioreactor resulting in a smaller footprint, low freshwater consumption, low wastewater generation, simple upstream and downstream processes, relatively lower operation, and maintenance costs. This review elucidates the recent developments and critical assessment of different aspects of SSAD, such as bioreactor design, operational strategy, process performances, mass balance, microbial ecology, applications, and mathematical models. A critical assessment revealed that the operating scale of SSAD varies between 1000 and 100,000 ts/year at organic loading rate (OLR) of 2-15g volatile solids (VS)/L·day. The SSAD experiences process failures due to the formation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), biogas pockets and clogging of the digestate outlet. Acclimatization of microbes accelerates the startup phase, steady-state performances, and the enrichment of syntrophic microbes with 10-50 times greater population of cellulolytic and xylanolytic microbes in thermophilic SSAD over mesophilic SSAD. Experimental limitations in the accurate determination of rate constants and the oversimplification of biochemical reactions result in an inaccurate prediction by the models.

De Novo lipogenesis inhibitors: as the other innovative agents for therapy of metabolic diseases (obesity, NAFLD/NASH, CVD)

For survival fatty acids are necessary, working as substrates for bioenergy generation, structural constitutents along with signaling molecules. With their key part, evolutionary modes bycells for fatty acids formation from alternative carbon resources via a event labelled as de novo’’ lipogenesis ( DNL). In spite of the knowledge of significance regarding its up regulation abnormalities being correlatedwith numerous types of pathological conditions. Attempt at hampering core DNL enzymes inclusive ofcitrate/iso citratecarrier(CIC), ATP citrate lyase ( ACLY), acetyl CoA carboxylase(ACC) along with fatty acid synthase( FAS) apparently should turn out to be a good therapeutic approach. Although numeroushurdles anticipated regarding effectiveness, selectiveness besides safety variable newer classes of synthetic DNL hampering agents have reached clinical stage generation besides becoming the basis for a newer class of treatment substances. Having earlier reviewed numerous articles regarding obesity along with its co-morbidities type2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) NAFLD /NASH here we have presented a narrative review regarding the evolutionary generation of DNL hampering agents as potential treatment agents. For this we review utilizing search engine pubmed, google scholar; web of science; embase; Cochrane review library for which we have extracted data from earliest data with the recognition of significance of various enzymes besides their allosteric, covalent, transcriptional control of fatty acids generation &amp; the problems encountered for their generation till date. Apart from obesity associated therapeutics their utility extends to acne vulgaris, various cancer thrapies besides treating neurod generational diseases.

Evolution of lipid damage and volatile amine content in Patagonian squid (Doryteuthis gahi) by‐products during frozen storage

SummaryBy‐products (viscera, tails, skin, etc.) resulting from Patagonian squid (Doryteuthis gahi) commercialisation were pooled together and stored at −10 and –18 °C for 12 months. During this storage time, 81.1–83.7 and 1.7–2.4 (g 100 g−1) ranges were detected for moisture and lipid values, respectively. An increased storage time and temperature led to free fatty acid formation and phospholipid content decrease (P &lt; 0.05). Meantime, peroxide levels were low and included in 2.1–3.6 meq. active oxygen kg−1 lipids range. Contrary, substantial formation (P &lt; 0.05) of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and fluorescent compounds was proved, values being higher by increasing the time and temperature of storage of squid by‐products. Related to amine formation, trimethylamine values increased notably (P &lt; 0.05) with storage, higher values being obtained by increasing the storage time and temperature. For total volatile amines, increased levels with storage time were detected in samples stored at −10 °C; contrary, by‐products stored at the lowest temperature tested did not provide differences (P &gt; 0.05), resulting from the storage time. This study shows the need of appropriate storage conditions to offer the current by‐products as a source of valuable marine constituents. Present results meet the present global interests in the search for new and undervalued marine substrates to be employed commercially.

Biochemical and Metabolomic Responses of Antarctic Bacterium Planococcus sp. O5 Induced by Copper Ion.

Heavy metal pollution in the Antarctic has gone beyond our imagination. Copper toxicity is a selective pressure on Planococcus sp. O5. We observed relatively broad tolerance in the polar bacterium. The heavy metal resistance pattern is Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Hg2+ > Zn2+. In the study, we combined biochemical and metabolomics approaches to investigate the Cu2+ adaptation mechanisms of the Antarctic bacterium. Biochemical analysis revealed that copper treatment elevated the activity of antioxidants and enzymes, maintaining the bacterial redox state balance and normal cell division and growth. Metabolomics analysis demonstrated that fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates played dominant roles in copper stress adaptation. The findings suggested that the adaptive mechanisms of strain O5 to copper stress included protein synthesis and repair, accumulation of organic permeable substances, up-regulation of energy metabolism, and the formation of fatty acids.

Health benefits of resistant starch: A review of the literature

• The consumption of resistant starch has positive effects on human health. • Resistant starch may improve carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and body weight. • Resistant starch as a prebiotic improves intestinal function. Starch is an essential source of energy for the human diet. Resistant starch is the portion of starch that is not digested in the small intestine and is fermented in the colon by microorganisms, resulting in the formation of short-chain fatty acids, which may be associated with some metabolic effects. In this regard, this review aims to present relevant research on the health benefits of consuming resistant starch and its effects on physiological properties such as intestinal health, glycemic balance, lipid metabolism, and body weight to be evaluated. However, the effect of resistant starch in reducing the risk of diet-dependent disorders such as diabetes, obesity, lipid disorders, and intestinal health is promising but still inconclusive.

Pharmaceutical standardization and physicochemical characterization of traditional ayurvedic mineral drug red ochre roasted in cow‘s ghee (Shuddha Gairik)

Rasashastra is a pharmaceutics branch of Ayurveda describing scientific methods to convert metals and minerals into bio-compatible formulations that are used individually or plant admixed to enhance their bioavailability and efficacy. In the present study, red ochre (Gairik) powder was processed in cow’s ghee by textual method of roasting. The steps of preparation and changes in the properties therein were documented and validated in triplicate batches to develop a monograph. Ayurvedic and basic tests were performed to determine the properties of Shuddha Gairik. The physical characterization included Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-red (FT-IR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA). Elemental composition was estimated by titration and gravimetric analysis while heavy metal limits were assessed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrophotometry (ICPOES). This study depicted that crude red ochre, containing Kaolinite with high iron percentage, on roasting in cow’s ghee led to the formation of fatty acids adsorbed red ochre particles. The developed monograph will be a guideline to the Ayurvedic industry for precise formulation of Shuddha Gairik. This will help researchers for better understanding the importance of Ayurvedic methods of pharmaceutical preparations and carry out their mechanistic studies in various diseases.

Biogas production from food waste from a prototype biogas digester

Food waste from a school feeding nutrition program, if not correctly disposed, has a high level of pollution. Food waste can be utilised as a substrate for biogas production. The aim of the research was to construct a low-cost biogas digester for Bongumusa FET School in Mpumalanga province in South Africa and to assess its performance when fed with available food waste. A prototype biogas digester was designed, constructed and fed with food waste namely: vegetable peels, mealie meal, samp, rice, pilchards and fruit peels. The food waste was crushed and mixed with water before it was fed into the biogas digester. Cow dung was used as inoculum for the food waste. The temperature of slurry, the pH and biogas production were measured during a retention time of thirty days. It was observed that the initial pH dropped at the start of the experiment and this was attributed to the volatile fatty acid formation in acidogenesis and acetogenesis. The pH began to rise gradually as the volatile fatty acids were consumed by the methanogens to methane and carbon dioxide. From the results, it was observed that food waste is a good source of biogas for the school. In addition, the food waste was found to be an attractive method for environmental protection and energy saving for Bongumusa FET School. The biogas from the food waste can be used to replace imported Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) that is used in the school for heating purposes.