Formation Of Entrepreneurial Intentions Research Articles

Influence of creative, social, and practical imaginativeness on self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention of engineering students

Despite the importance of imagination to entrepreneurship, it is underexplored by researchers in the field. Imaginativeness is a cognitive ability that coalesces the capacity for imagination with the knowledge required to rationally conjure up a variety of task-related scenarios. It is especially helpful for those who lack prior experience and therefore can be beneficial for recent graduates and anyone who wants to launch their own business. In our study, we examine whether imaginativeness, in its three forms, can influence engineering students’ entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. Our study recorded 216 responses to prove the hypotheses employing partial least squares path modeling using SmartPLS3, and we inferred that creative imaginativeness, social imaginativeness, and practical imaginativeness are positively related to entrepreneurial self-efficacy thereby strengthening entrepreneurial intention. The study provides distinctive insights into the study of imagination in the formation of entrepreneurial intention among engineering students in a developing economy, where studies are few.

The Influence of Social Media and Perceived Barriers on Formation of Social Entrepreneurial Intention: A Conceptual Framework

Social entrepreneurship is garnering global attention and emerging as a noteworthy business model. Scholars and practitioners assert that social entrepreneurship is pivotal in addressing and resolving social problems through sustainable solutions. However, evidence suggests that barriers can impede individuals from becoming social entrepreneurs or postpone the decision to initiate a social venture. Furthermore, despite the influential role of social media in shaping general public attitudes and behavior, there is limited attention given to its impact on social entrepreneurship. Consequently, this study employs the theory of planned behavior to create a new framework that incorporates various variables potentially influencing social entrepreneurial intention (SEI). This study contributes to the social entrepreneurship literature by offering new insights into the factors affecting SEI. Beyond advancing theoretical knowledge, it enhances policymakers' understanding of the antecedents of SEI, enabling them to formulate effective policies that encourage suitable individuals to pursue social entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship Education Position and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Perception of Malaysian Undergraduate Students

The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of Entrepreneurship education factors, as well as personal attitude, perceived behavioural control, and subjective norms on entrepreneurial intentions among undergraduate students. Primary data were obtained from 311 final year students at public universities in east coast Malaysia involving two fields of study (social sciences and science and technology). Descriptive and multiple regression methods were used to analyse the study data. Entrepreneurship education was found to be positively and significantly related to entrepreneurial intention in social science students and the overall study sample. Both variables under the category of entrepreneurial cognitive factors (Personal attitude and Perceived behavioural control) revealed a significant positive influence on entrepreneurial intention. Meanwhile, only for the overall sample did the perceived subjective norm factor have a positively significant relationship with entrepreneurial intention. The findings of the study also revealed that social science students showed higher entrepreneurial intentions compared to science and technology students. This study can accentuate to policymakers and university management that the formation of entrepreneurial intentions among students is dependent not only on cognitive factors, but also on the empowerment of the entrepreneurship curriculum and the entrepreneurship ecosystem on campus.

Influence of culture and personality factors in Vietnam: in view of theory of planned behaviour towards formation of entrepreneurial intentions

Purpose Culture plays a significant role in shaping the decision of the youths to start the new venture, and Vietnam being one of the collectivist societies in Asia, it is critical to know whether culture plays any role in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions (EI) of the Vietnamese youth. However, there are limited studies in Vietnam that investigate the effect of culture on the EI of students. Hence, this study aims to integrate the direct influence of culture and personality factors in view of mediating role theory of planned behaviour components to measure the EI of students. Design/methodology/approach The data for this study were collected from 393 undergraduate/post-graduate university students using an online survey. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling to test the designed hypotheses of the study. Findings The study results showed that attitude (PA) towards entrepreneurship and perceived behavioural control (PBC) mediated the relationship between risk-propensity (RP) and EI, subjective norms (SN) and EI and also had a direct influence on EI. Risk-propensity was found to have a direct influence on students’ entrepreneurship intentions. Further, there was no direct influence of culture and SN on EI of students, but culture had a direct influence on SN, while SN indirectly influenced EI mediated by PA and PBC. Originality/value Only a few studies have been conducted to determine the role of culture affecting entrepreneurial intentions of the students in Vietnam, where strong emphasis is put on society and culture. The study demonstrates that culture plays a significant role indirectly, as the societal culture influences the close networks and family’s approval (SN) towards encouraging the youths to become entrepreneur and further this encouragement enhances the attitude and self-belief (PA and PBC) of an individual in their capabilities which affects their intentions (EI) to become an entrepreneur. Hence, this study adds this new important dimension of culture in existing academic literature in Vietnam’s context.

Social entrepreneurial intention among university students in China

The issues of employment, social inequality, and resource scarcity can be effectively addressed through social entrepreneurship, contributing to the growing research interest on the formation of social entrepreneurial intention. Using the theory of planned behaviour, the current study examined the influence of selected key factors on social entrepreneurial intention among university students. Based on the cross-sectional quantitative research design, online survey was conducted, which involved 684 students and graduates from five universities in Southern China. The obtained results demonstrated the significant and positive influence of perceived values on sustainability, opportunity recognition competency, attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control on social entrepreneurial intention. Additionally, attitude towards entrepreneurship partially mediated the relationships of risk-taking propensity, self-efficacy, and need for achievement on social entrepreneurial intention. The multi-group analysis results also showed that need for achievement and social entrepreneurial intention differed significantly between genders, which provides new ideas for future investigations into the impact of gender on social entrepreneurial intentions. Based on the findings of this study, it is crucial that university students are exposed to relevant courses or training to develop social entrepreneurship competencies and promote sustainable values. The findings of this study will provide policymakers with relevant policy guidelines and more effective theoretical support to achieve the goal of promoting social entrepreneurship among university students in a more resource-efficient and effective manner.

Perspective-Taking or Feeling? The Role of Cognitive and Affective Empathy for Adolescents’ Social Entrepreneurial Intentions

Given the world’s current challenges, including poverty, health care, and migration, adolescents will most likely play a critical part in the development of social entrepreneurial solutions that affect their own futures. Nonetheless, previous research mostly overlooks adolescents as prospective founders. This paper analyses how cognitive and affective empathy can affect adolescents’ intention to create a social enterprise. Data from 343 adolescents show that respondents are more prone to start a social venture if they have a high level of cognitive empathy. Affective empathy, however, plays a minor role in this regard. This indicates that perspective-taking abilities (i.e. cognitive empathy) are advantageous for the formation of social entrepreneurial intentions in adolescence, while emotional responses (i.e. affective empathy) may be less meaningful. We discuss implications for future research, policy making, and importantly, education to identify and support future social entrepreneurs at an early age.

The impact of education on the transition from university students to entrepreneurs: a theory of planned behaviour perspective

PurposeEntrepreneurship represents a complex decision-making process capable of influencing the conditions of a socio-economic system. For this reason, stimulating entrepreneurship is a topic that has always fascinated scholars and attracted the attention of public policy makers. This study, from the perspective of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), aims to contribute to the analysis of entrepreneurial intention (EI) in university students. Factors such as entrepreneurship education (EE), mediation of personal attitude (PA), perceived behavioural control (PBC), EI, regulatory support (RS) and opportunity recognition (OR) for university students.Design/methodology/approachResearch data was collected using a questionnaire, and a cross-sectional sample was selected from senior business and engineering students who are most likely to participate in entrepreneurial activities. The survey was conducted in the Delhi NCR region. 240 students were interviewed. Partial least square structural equation modelling using SmartPLS-4 was used to test the explanatory and predictive power of the proposed model.FindingsThe results of this study offer interesting contributions to the academic debate. First, EE has a significant impact on PA, PBC and entrepreneurial intentionality. Second, PBC, recognition of opportunities and EI have a significant impact on entrepreneurial education. Finally, PA and PBC significantly mediate the “entrepreneurial education – entrepreneurial intention” relationship.Originality/valueInteresting elements of originality are offered by this study. First, entrepreneurship is studied as a decision-making process influenced by intentions and not behaviours. Second, the authors limited the efforts to unraveling the effect of the five variables on the formation of EI. Finally, the large size of the sample allows the authors to obtain significant results, directing future studies to other territorial contexts. Additionally, incorporating some control variables, such as gender and family background, would explore the relationship between the model variables more meaningfully.

Opportunity perception as a missing link: Adjustment of the Theory of Planned Behavior to entrepreneurial process

Goal: to define the role of business opportunity perception within the Theory of Planned Behaviour applied to entrepreneurial process. Metodology: the data from the Russian part of the “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor” project were collected in 2021, when the turbulence caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was still active. Methodologically, the study relies on logistic regression, ordinary least squares modelling and mediation testing techniques. Findings: the Theory of Planned Behaviour is specified in relation to entrepreneurship. As such, the study determines the relationships between self-efficacy (proxy for perceived behavioural control), evaluation of social attitude to entrepreneurship as a career choice (proxy for subjective norms), fear of failure (proxy for personal attitude to entrepreneurship), formation of entrepreneurial intentions and their translation into actions, taking into account perception of business opportunities. Originality and contribution of the authors: the study specifies mechanisms that shape the early stages of the entrepreneurial process. It also contributes to the literature on entrepreneurial opportunities by scrutinizing their role in new venture formation.

The formation of entrepreneurial intentions: Study in young people in Vietnam

This study aims to determine the extent to which various factors influence the entrepreneurial intentions of young people in Hanoi, based on 372 survey responses. The study also examined factors such as initial capital and self-confidence, finding that they do not significantly impact entrepreneurial intentions. One of the significant factors identified is the influence of startup experience. Additionally, institutional support plays a significant role in shaping the entrepreneurial intentions of young individuals in Hanoi. The study's results highlight key policy implications for both policymakers and educational institutions.

The Role of Subjective Norms in the Formation of Entrepreneurial Intention: The Case of a Matrilineal Society

The consideration of intention holds significant importance within the entrepreneurial process for individuals who are contemplating the initiation of a new business venture. It is the pre-self-employment contemplative process. The primary aim of this study is to examine and substantiate Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour model, specifically exploring the predictive nature of personal attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control in relation to entrepreneurial intention. Another part of this article will investigate and analyse the specific role that subjective norms play in the formation of the entrepreneurial intention of the youth within the context of a matrilineal society. The study pertains to 929 undergraduate and postgraduate students studying in various colleges and universities of Meghalaya. Statistical techniques such as path analysis, ANOVA and regression analysis are employed in the study. The findings of the study show that personal attitude and subjective norms have a significant effect on entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, it has been revealed that the kinship system has an impact on subjective norms.

Perceived behavioral traits as key determinants of entrepreneurial intention in higher education institutions

This article examines how a business school's environment encourages the formation of entrepreneurial intentions among its students. Building on insights from the theory of planned behaviour and the business event model, a structural equation model was applied on a sample of 283 Costa Rican university students. The main results of the study suggest that the entrepreneurial training provided by the business school contributes to improve students' entrepreneurial intentions. However, this effect develops through an indirect mechanism: that is, entrepreneurial training positively influences students’ attitudes toward entrepreneurship which, in turn, impact students’ perception on entrepreneurial self-efficacy. The proposed model rooted in cognitive frameworks allows business schools, and higher education institutions in general, to measure and evaluate the effectiveness of their entrepreneurial training programs in promoting entrepreneurial intentions.

Navigating entrepreneurial terrain: The role of technology readiness and gender in shaping intentions

The pervasive influence of information technology across various life sectors, particularly in the business realm, has prompted this study to investigate the impact of technology readiness on entrepreneurial intentions within a student context. A purposive sampling method was employed to select a sample comprising 213 college students, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized to assess the interrelationships among the study's constructed variables. The findings underscore the significant impact of technology readiness on attitudes, which, in turn, plays a pivotal role in shaping entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, the research highlights the influential roles of subjective norms and perceived behavioral control in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Conversely, results from the Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) do not support the gender variable as a moderating factor. However, a noteworthy revelation emerges from the bootstrapping analysis, unveiling gender-based differences in the influence of subjective norm variables on entrepreneurial intentions when comparing male and female groups.

A REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION THEORIES AND RESEARCH

This study aims to review and identify the existing theoretical framework in the area of entrepreneurial intention and understand the importance of encouraging and teaching entrepreneurial behaviours to youths by planting the seed of intention in their mind and also studying the key predictors that lead to having such an intention in the first place. This study may help various institutions, policymakers, practitioners and researchers understand the formation of entrepreneurial intentions so that they can inspire further research on such topics. KEYWORDS: Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial intention, Entrepreneurial behaviour, Entrepreneurial intention theories.

Prior entrepreneurship exposure and work experience as determinants of entrepreneurial intentions among South African university of technology students.

This study used the theory of planned behaviour to investigate the effects of prior entrepreneurship exposure and work experience on entrepreneurial intentions among students at a South African university of technology. Data was gathered using an online survey questionnaire and convenience sampling. The online survey was completed by 301 entrepreneurship diploma students from the Tshwane University of Technology, and the data were analysed using Smart-PLS 4. The findings of this study revealed that prior work experience has a positive and statistically significant relationship with subjective norms and an insignificant relationship with perceived behavioural control, attitude towards behaviour and entrepreneurial intentions. Prior entrepreneurship exposure had a negative but statistically significant relationship with entrepreneurial intentions, subjective norms, attitude towards behaviour and perceived behavioural control. The relationship between prior entrepreneurship exposure and entrepreneurial intentions was partially mediated by subjective norms, attitude towards behaviour and perceived behavioural control. The findings further revealed that perceived behavioural control, subjective norms and attitude towards behaviour had a positive and statistically significant relationship with entrepreneurial intentions. The study tested the effects of both prior entrepreneurship exposure and work experience on entrepreneurial intentions and its antecedents which have not been explored fully in previous research. Thus, the study advances the theory of planned behaviour as a model for testing the role of prior entrepreneurship exposure and work experience in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions in the South African context.

Identification of Determinants Entrepreneurial Intentions during the Covid Pandemic on Open Unemployment in Tasikmalaya

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the business sector experienced a slowdown due to declining purchasing power. Dozens of companies had their revenue decline, forcing them to focus on cost efficiencies, including laying off workers. As a result, the unemployment rate has surged. Becoming an entrepreneur is a viable option to generate income for those who are unemployed. This research aims to identify the factors driving individual motivation to become entrepreneurs in adverse conditions, especially during a pandemic. The conceptual model employed in this research was modified from the Theory of Planned Behavior by adding resilience as an additional independent variable. Using simple random sampling for sample selection, a total of 225 respondents who live in Tasikmalaya City and Tasikmalaya Regency participated in this study. The multiple linear regression methods was deployed for further analysis and hypothesis testing. The results reveal that the formation of entrepreneurial intentions in the unemployed in Tasikmalaya City and Tasikmalaya Regency is influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, perceptions of behavioral control, and resilience.

Antecedents of immigrants' entrepreneurial intention formation process: an empirical study of immigrant entrepreneurs in Canada.

Economic integration of ever-increasing number of immigrants in the host country is a challenge both for the immigrant and their host government. Immigrant entrepreneurship can be one of the solutions to this challenge. However, little is known about how immigrant entrepreneurship intention formation process takes place. Immigrants face various challenging situations that make them psychologically and cognitively distinct. This study models from a holistic perspective, the dimensions of individual and contextual variables as antecedents of Immigrants' entrepreneurial intention (IEI). The study aims to identify the key factors responsible for developing EI of immigrants with an implementation intent. Cross-sectional data from Canada is examined using a sample of 250 immigrants. The analysis adopts a structural equation modelling approach. In addition to risk perception, bridging social network, and experience, we postulate that the perceived distance of entrepreneurial culture (country of origin versus host country) and entrepreneurial support are crucial factors that influence IEI. Empirical analyses based on survey data partially confirmed our hypotheses. The results show the role of psychological and cognitive factors in determining immigrants' intention to start a new business. We extend the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) by identifying certain understudied determinants in the literature and presenting a holistic decision-making process in the context of immigration-entrepreneurship nexus. Examining specific factors that appropriately contextualize immigrant entrepreneurship research and relativize the EI through a learning-based approach advances current literature. It offers insights to policymakers and practitioners to contemplate entrepreneurial culture as a shared liability issue (foreignness, host country), and adapt their entrepreneurship guidance accordingly. Thus, this study opens the way to a better understanding of the business behaviour of immigrants. Their impact matters for the entrepreneurial diversity that resilient ecosystems need.

The importance of context: How university entrepreneurial climates enhances entrepreneurship in tourism and hospitality graduates

Universities play a key role in shaping Tourism and Hospitality (T&H) students' entrepreneurial intentions (EI), referring to one's willingness and desire to consider the creation of a new venture as a career option. However, the importance of a university climate for entrepreneurship is often overlooked in enhancing entrepreneurial career aspirations in T&H students. Drawing on Social Cognitive Career Theory and Institutional Theory, this study examines the role of entrepreneurial climates within universities and the mechanism through which it can shape T&H students' entrepreneurial intentions. Using data from 190 T&H students in the final year of a tourism and hospitality program, the PLS-SEM results reveal that T&H students' entrepreneurial self-efficacy and outcome expectations play key sequential roles in translating entrepreneurial climates into greater EI. The findings highlight the importance of individual and contextual-level factors in the formation of EI among T&H students.

Otantik Liderlik ile Sosyal Girişimciliğe İlişkin Niyet Oluşumunun Kavramsal Kesişimi

ABSTRACT 
 Founders of social enterprises become the initiators of their institutions by prioritizing their missions, and dedicating their efforts and time. Their goals become real as a result of hard work of a group of people, who unite around their missions. Based on the literature of authenticity and authentic leadership (AL), and social entrepreneurial intention formation; it was realized that there is a high degree of intersection between some of the authenticity concepts and the previously proposed antecedents of social entrepreneurial intention. The purpose of this paper is to conceptually merge the relevant dimensions of AL with a previously suggested social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) model. The strength of SEs is often based on their values, resilience, and personal experiences of solving problems. Based on the Constructivist Self Development Theory, it is suggested in this paper that a reason why these people do their best to solve others’ – often similar- problems, may be their increased levels of authenticity throughout their challenging life experiences.

Researching Entrepreneurial Beliefs in Career Decision-making

Abstract Entrepreneurship is suggested as a key-mechanism for endogenous growth and social cohesion in modern, knowledge-driven societies and economies. Whether the youth will develop entrepreneurial competencies and initiatives has been considered crucial for economic growth and development and a key-subject of education and career counseling. Despite an increasing body of theoretical and empirical literature which mainly emphasize the formation of entrepreneurial intention and the strengthening of entrepreneurial self-efficacy -usually as a result of some intervention-, the findings show deficiencies or relative ambiguity, in terms of explaining the complex factors (e.g. entrepreneurial mindset, dysfunctional beliefs) associated with entrepreneurial intention and behavior. The present conceptual paper presents a synthetic literature review aiming at a deeper understanding of entrepreneurial intention and behavior. Based on the emergence of new, more explanatory, models to predict entrepreneurial behavior we emphasize how relevant research could approach this topic through the lens of the Socio-Cognitive Career Theory - driven by self-efficacy, outcome expectations and goal-directed activity - given that to date few studies have used this theoretical framework. We also suggest that the traditional entrepreneurial self-efficacy concept is investigated along with a new framework (ASKO) to measure beliefs regarding success of new ventures. ASKO typology traces a variety of different entrepreneurial mindsets within the person-environment dichotomy. Moreover, the potential contribution of dysfunctional career beliefs and locus of control in the formation of entrepreneurial behavior is examined. Career decision process and entrepreneurial career choices are highly complex and entail elements of various theoretical perspectives. The present literature review sheds light to our understanding of entrepreneurial career choices and suggests holistic in-depth research that will provide rich explanatory information on a wide range of behaviors. Finally, the present review provides opportunities to get insights regarding the nature and potential influence of support interventions in the context of entrepreneurship education and career counseling. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, career beliefs, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, ASKO typology, career counseling, entrepreneurship education.

The Role of Entrepreneurial Personality Mediation and Technological Competencies Moderation in Determining Entrepreneurial Intentions in Vocational Education

The importance of intention in producing graduates who are ready for entrepreneurship has not been addressed indepth invocational education. The lack of entrepreneurial personality that is supported by technological competence is the main problem. In addition, low social and psychological capital is a consequence of theseproblems. This study examines the determination of the influence of social and psychological capital, and entrepreneurial personality on entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, the entrepreneurial personality is tested for its role as a mediator and the moderating effect of technological competence is tested, which includes technological capacity and capability. Ex-post facto research was conducted involving 647 participants. Data were collected through the entrepreneurial intention scale questionnaire. SEM analysis was used to test the direct effect relationship based on the path coefficient and the mediation and moderating effect based on the bootstrap results. Findings revealed that social and psychological capital, and entrepreneurial personality have a significant effect on entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurial personality plays a significant role in mediating the effect of social capital, but not on the influence of psychological capital. Meanwhile, capacity and capability only play a significant role in moderating the influence of social capital, even though technological capabilities are cansignificantly moderate entrepreneurial personality. These results indicate the importance of social and psychological capital, and entrepreneurial personality as an important foundation for the formation of entrepreneurial intentions in vocational education students. On the other hand, technological competence is very important in strengthening social capital to stimulate the growth of entrepreneurial intentions.